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1.
The worldwide demand for sea cucumber is outpacing the sustainable harvest capabilities of fisheries. Sea cucumber ranches and farms are striving to supplement wild harvest, but variable temperature and salinity conditions in pond culture systems make sea cucumber production challenging. In this study, we evaluated how water temperature, salinity and body size affected the energy budget of pond-cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. An orthogonal design was used to identify the most suitable conditions for energy consumption and scope for growth (SFG). After the 42-day experimental period, we found that water temperature, salinity and body size significantly influenced energy consumption, while salinity and body size were the main influencing factors on SFG. Based on these results, we suggest that a water temperature of 16 °C and a salinity of 30 g L?1 are optimal conditions for stocking sea cucumber A. japonicus with a body size of 37.34 ± 4.63 g. As such, the optimum stocking seasons for sea cucumber A. japonicus may be April in the spring and October in the autumn.  相似文献   

2.
Juvenile sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (mean length 15.5 ± 1.9 cm, mean weight 68.5 ± 4.8 g), were used to evaluate the effects on growth, oxidative stress, and non-specific immune responses by changes of water temperature (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 °C) and salinity (100 (35.0), 90 (31.5), 80 (28.0), 70 (24.5), 60 (21.0), 50 (17.5), and 40% (14.0) (‰)) for 4 months. The growth performance was significantly increased at the temperature of 12 and 14 °C, and the feed efficiency was notably decreased at the temperature of 18 °C. The growth performance and feed efficiency were also significantly decreased at low salinity. The antioxidant responses such as superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly increased by the high temperature and decreased by the low salinity. The immune responses such as lysozyme and phagocytosis were elevated by the temperature of 18 °C and decreased by the salinity of 50%. The results of this study indicate that the growth performance of juvenile sablefish, A. fimbria, is influenced by the temperature and salinity, and the excessive temperature and salinity levels can affect the antioxidant and immune responses.  相似文献   

3.
Response surface methodology (RSM) in concert with central composite experimental design was firstly applied to optimize the culture condition for larval Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) tilapia. Larvae were reared at different water temperature (16–37 °C) and salinity (0–20 ‰) for 35 days. Results showed that the linear and quadratic effects of temperature and salinity on specific growth rate (SGR), survival and hepatic HAMP-1 mRNA levels were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The interacting effects of temperature and salinity on SGR and survival were significant (P < 0.05), but the interaction on the levels of hepatic HAMP-1 and c-type lysozyme mRNA was not significant (P > 0.05). A significant increase in the levels of c-type lysozyme mRNA was observed as salinity increases; the quadratic effects of salinity were insignificant (P > 0.05). The regression equations of SGR, survival, the levels of hepatic HAMP-1 and c-type lysozyme mRNA toward the two factors of interest were established using multiple regression analysis, with the coefficients of determination being 0.980, 0.982, 0.968, and 0.949, respectively (P < 0.01). Based on RSM, the optimal temperature/salinity combination was obtained at 28.2 °C/6.8 ‰ of which the greatest SGR (10.08 % day?1) and survival (91.34 %) were simultaneously attained. Adequately increasing salinity would improve growth, survival, and innate immune function in larval GIFT tilapia.  相似文献   

4.
Effects of different rearing temperatures (16, 21 and 26°C) on growth, metabolic performance and thermal tolerance of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (initial body weight 7.72 ± 0.96 g, mean ±SD) were investigated in this study. During the 40‐day experiment, growth, metabolic performance, food intake and energy budget at different reared temperatures were determined. Sea cucumbers rearing at 16°C obtained better growth (final body weight 11.96 ± 0.35 g) than those reared at 21 (10.33 ± 0.41 g) and 26°C (8.31 ± 0.19 g) (P < 0.05), and more energy was allocated for growth at 16°C (162.73 ±11.85 J g?1 d?1) than those at 21(79.61 ± 6.76 J g?1 d?1) and 26°C (27.07 ± 4.30 J g?1 d?1) (P < 0.05). Critical thermal maxima (CTmax) values of juvenile sea cucumbers reared at 16, 21 and 26°C were 33.1, 34.1 and 36.6°C, respectively, and the upregulation of hsps in sea cucumbers reared at 26°C was higher than those acclimated at lower temperatures (16 and 21°C), indicating that temperature acclimation could change the thermal tolerance of the sea cucumber, and CTmax and hsps were sensitive indicators of the sea cucumber's thermal tolerance.  相似文献   

5.
Grey mullet ponds situated in Arcachon Bay on the western Atlantic coast of France, display contrasting mixohaline habitats.The pattern of osmoregulation of Chelon labrosus and Liza ramada exhibiting differential penetration of fish ponds has been investigated. Key variables of salinity and temperature have been considered. The tolerances to low salinities and to fresh water have been determined. The dynamics of variation in plasma osmotic pressure and major plasma electrolytes (Na+, Cl?, K+) were studied in terms of: (1) gradual adaptation to a decreasing salinity gradient; (2) effects of a long-term adaptation in fresh water; (3) effects of low temperatures on sea water adapted fish.Both species can adapt to a wide range of salinities; however, while L. ramada show a good hypoosmotic regulation, with no alteration in plasma concentration over a wide range of salinity and after a long stay (5 months) in fresh water, C. labrosus cannot live for long periods of time in a wholly fresh water habitat. Both field samples obtained from thick-lipped grey mullets forced to stay in a freshwater pond and experimentally adapted fish showed, after 3 months, an unequivoqual decrease in plasma sodium and chloride, and plasma osmolality decreased to the same extent; this pattern of no compensation is bound, sooner or later, to end in death. The inability of C. labrosus to develop a long-term hypoosmoregulation in fresh water is referred to salinity preferences which probably limit the upstream penetration of this species.Plasma osmolality and major electrolytes (sodium and chloride) increased in cold (4 °C) sea water. This response might be due to a reduced ability of grey mullets to osmoregulate in cold waters. In the poly-mesohaline ponds, Winter drop in temperature (4–6 °C) causes grey mullets to migrate to the meso-oligohaline ponds where the mean temperature is more elevated (8 °C) and temperature changes less rapid (6–9 °C).  相似文献   

6.
Grouper have to face varied environmental stressors as a result of drastic changes to water conditions during the storm season. We aimed to test the response of brown-marbled grouper to drastic and gradual changes in temperature and salinity to understand the grouper’s basic stress response. The results can improve the culture of grouper. Brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (6.2 ± 0.8 g) were examined for temperature and salinity tolerances at nine different environmental regimes (10, 20, and 33 ‰ combined with 20, 26 and 32 °C), in which the fish were subjected to both gradual and sudden changes in temperature and salinity. The critical thermal maximum (50 % CTMAX) and the upper incipient lethal temperature (UILT) were in the ranges of 35.9–38.3 and 32.7–36.5 °C, respectively. The critical thermal minimum (50 % CTMIN) and the lower incipient lethal temperature (LILT) were in the ranges of 9.8–12.2 and 14.9–22.3 °C, respectively. The critical salinity maximum (50 % CSMAX) and the upper incipient lethal salinity (UILS) were in the ranges of 67.0–75.5 and 54.2–64.8 ‰, respectively. Fish at temperature of 20 °C and a salinity of 33 ‰ tolerated temperatures as low as 10 °C when the temperature was gradually decreased. Fish acclimated at salinities of 10–33 ‰ and a temperature of 32 °C tolerated salinities of as high as 75–79 ‰. All fish survived from accumulating salinity after acute transfer to 20, 10, 5, and 3 ‰. But all fish died while transferred to 0 ‰. Relationships among the UILT, LILT, 50 % CTMAX, 50 % CTMIN, UILS, 50 % CSMAX, salinity, and temperature were examined. The grouper’s temperature and salinity tolerance elevated by increasing acclimation temperature and salinity. On the contrary, the grouper’s temperature and salinity tolerance degraded by decreasing acclimation temperature and salinity. The tolerance of temperature and salinity on grouper in gradual changes were higher than in drastic changes.  相似文献   

7.
Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is the main cultured species in China. The main culture style for this species is the sea ranching model. Field trials were conducted in bottom-cages to preliminary reveal optimal releasing size, as well as maximum density of A. japonicus in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture sea ranching area. Different sizes (4–30 g ind?1) and densities (336–1342 g m?2) of sea cucumbers were cultured for 13 months in Rongcheng Bay, Shandong Province, China. The size experiment showed that sea cucumber of all sizes grew throughout the experimental period. Sea cucumbers <15 g had high mortality in summer and low SGR in winter, while larger individual (>20 g ind?1) had no advantage of growth. Sea cucumber sizes of 15–20 g may be suitable for release, considering their higher survival rate and SGR. The density experiment showed that the high biomass group had a low SGR and that the maximum release biomass was 793 g m?2 based on a regression analysis. The optimal practical release season for sea cucumber was spring based on the results of two field experiments.  相似文献   

8.
This study was performed to determine the optimum dietary carbohydrate (CHO) levels of sea cucumber, based on the parameters of growth, digestive enzymes, digestibility, non‐specific immune enzymes and acute low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress and high‐temperature (30°C) stress tolerance. Diets with eight different CHO (dextrin) levels (32.9, 107.6, 192.5, 257.2, 316.8, 428.0, 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (0.49 ± 0.01 g) for 60 days. Significant higher amylase activity was observed in sea cucumbers fed diet with CHO ranging between 32.9 and 192.5 g/kg than that of other treatments (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5 g/kg CHO showed significantly higher acid phosphatase activity than the treatments of 482.4 and 572.8 g/kg CHO (p < .05), and significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than other treatments (p < .05, except 257.2 g/kg). The treatments of 428.0–572.8 g/kg were found significantly lower values than other treatments in apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein (p < .05). The sea cucumbers fed with 192.5, 257.2 and 316.8 g/kg CHO showed better tolerance to high‐temperature (30°C) and low‐salinity (20 g/L) stress than other treatments. In brief, the optimal dietary CHO level for the growth of juvenile sea cucumber is 177.96 g/kg. However, excessive CHO will inhibit amylase enzyme activity and decrease digestibility, resulting in low growth of sea cucumber.  相似文献   

9.
This study deals with the mortality and related physiological responses of aestivating sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus to acute salinity decrease. Aestivating and active sea cucumbers were exposed to a decrease in salinity (from 30 to 20 psu) at a rate of 2.5 psu every 6 h, and then maintained at 20 psu for 96 h. The mortality of aestivating sea cucumbers was ~30%, which was significantly higher than that of active sea cucumbers (~10%). This result indicated that sea cucumbers in aestivation were more susceptible to hypo‐salinity stress. To elucidate the underlying physiological mechanisms, the osmotic pressure in coelomic fluid and the levels of hsp70 and hsp90 mRNA in aestivating and active sea cucumbers were measured. No significant difference in osmoregulation was observed between the two groups. The osmotic pressure of coelomic fluid in both groups changed with decrease in ambient salinity. There were significant differences in the time course and magnitude of hsp70 and hsp90 expression between the two groups. After exposure to decreased salinity, aestivating sea cucumbers showed a delayed up‐regulation of hsp70 and hsp90 expression compared with animals in active state, and these levels decreased rapidly to control values. The expression of hsp70 and hsp90 in aestivating sea cucumbers were significantly lower than those in active sea cucumbers after salinity change. The differences in hsp70 and hsp90 expression between the states may partly explain the higher mortality of sea cucumbers in aestivation when exposed to low salinity.  相似文献   

10.
We describe the process of cubifrin-induced in vitro oocyte maturation in the Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, and we propose a procedure for practical hatchery application. Oocyte maturation occurred 40–50 min after stimulation of the ovaries by cubifrin. Concurrently, eggs were released from the ovarian tubules, initially by slow peristalsis, followed by active release after about 60 min. The first and second polar bodies were released from the eggs at 90–100 min and about 140 min, respectively. Cubifrin was more effective in inducing oocyte maturation at 1–100 nM than at 100 pM. Cubifrin at 1 pM–10 nM in rearing seawater had no effect on larval development. Delayed fertilization reduced the developmental ability of eggs. Broodstock could be maintained at 15–16 °C for up to about 50 days without affecting the developmental ability of eggs. Eggs matured in vitro and in vivo were similar in their developmental ability. In conclusion, the in vitro induction of oocyte maturation is effective in Japanese sea cucumber and represents a viable alternative to the induction of spawning by cubifrin injection.  相似文献   

11.
There is a particular interest in Mexico for the grow-out and breeding in captivity of the native oyster Crassostrea corteziensis. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the effect of temperature and salinity on the feeding physiology that maximizes the growth and eventually achieves the maturation of C. corteziensis. Our aim was to evaluate the filtration and clearance rates, oxygen consumption, ammonium excretion rates, assimilation efficiency, and scope for growth of the oyster C. corteziensis acclimated during 2 weeks to different combinations of temperature (23, 26, 29, and 32 °C) and salinity (20, 30, 40, and 50 psu). Oysters were fed with a standard suspension of the microalga Chaetoceros muelleri as total particulate matter, which was supplied at 4.2 L h?1 into 10 1-L tanks used as experimental chambers. The results showed that filtration and clearance rates increased with increasing temperature and decreased with increasing salinity, with the highest values obtained at 29 °C and 20 psu. Ammonium excretion and, to lesser extent, oxygen consumption matched with the variations in the feeding rate. The values of the scope for growth (SFG) suggested that C. corteziensis is able to grow out in all combinations of temperatures and salinities tested in this work. However, the SFG decreased at higher salinity (50 psu) in both extreme temperatures (23 and 32 °C), with highest value occurring at intermediate temperature and the lowest salinity. The SFG increased with increasing temperature and decreased with increasing salinity, which was explained by the increase in the feeding rates and ammonium excretion, coupled with higher absorption efficiency of the food. We concluded that higher filtrations and scope for growth of oysters occurred at 29 °C in brackish-water (20 psu) rather than in marine-water conditions. The results obtained can be considered highly useful information for aquacultural management of this oyster species, and useful to establish suitable sites to enhance their cultivation and maximize the growth of C. corteziensis.  相似文献   

12.
We studied the effects of salinity on survival, growth, food conversion efficiency and plasma osmolality of juvenile Siganus guttatus in two independent experiments. In the first experiment, fish were transferred from 30 ‰ salinity to freshwater, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ‰ salinities for 192 h. No fish died when transferred directly from 30 ‰ to salinities >5 ‰. However, all fish died in the freshwater treatment. In the second experiment, survival, growth, feeding rate, food conversion efficiency and plasma osmolality of fish were analyzed during 6 weeks in salinities of 5, 10, 20 and 30 ‰ (control). At the end of this experiment, the final weight and the specific growth rate of fish were significantly greater at 10 ‰ than fish in all other treatments. Feeding rate increased significantly with decreasing salinity: 10 ‰ > 20 ‰ > 30 ‰. However, the food conversion efficiency was not significantly different between fish in any treatment. Plasma osmolality of fish in 20 and 30 ‰ salinity was significantly greater than fish reared at 10 or 5 ‰. A salinity of 13.95 ‰ (411.88 mOsmol/kg) was the point of isosmolality for juvenile S. guttatus.  相似文献   

13.
In this study, we investigated the bacterial communities in the shrimp and sea cucumber culture environment, including shrimp ponds (SP), sea cucumber ponds (SCP), mixed-culture ponds (MCP) and the effluent channel (EC) in Qingdao, China. Bacteria cultivation showed that the counts of heterotrophic, nitrate-reducing and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the sediment of SP were higher than that in the sediment of SCP and MCP, varying between 8.7 × 104 and 1.86 × 106, 2.1 × 104 and 1.1 × 105, and 9.3 × 101 and 1.1 × 104 CFU g?1, respectively. In contrast, the counts of ammonium-oxidizing and nitrifying bacteria in the sediment of SP was lower than that in the sediment of SCP and MCP. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA gene and dendrogram analyses showed that bacterial diversity in the mixed-culture environment was higher than that in the monocultures. The similarity of bacterial community between EC and SCP or MCP was higher than that between EC and SP. These results indicated that sea cucumber culture played a significant role in influencing the environmental bacterial communities that were composed mainly of Flavobacteriaceae (64.3%), Bacteriodetes (21%) and delta proteobacteria (14.7%), including the genera of Croceimarina, Lutibacter, Psychroserpens and so on. The results explained the benefit of sea cucumber culture in shrimp ponds at the level of microbial ecology.  相似文献   

14.
The close relationship between the consumption of sea cucumber and health status stems from the nutritional and functional substances found in sea cucumber that play a key role in the prevention of different diseases. The processing methods have a great effect upon the nutritional and functional substances in sea cucumber. A superior product should not only be abundant in nutritional substances, but also require an easy and cost effective processing method. This study compared the influence of processing methods on the stability of macronutrients and micronutrients present in sea cucumber in order to recommend products that could provide high nutritional quality. The five processes investigated were hot air drying (60°C), vacuum freeze-drying (0.5 cm thickness material, 5–10 Pa vacuum degree, ?85 to ?90°C cold trap temperature, ?25°C material temperature), sun drying, double-distilled water cooking followed by sun drying, and 3.5% sodium chloride solution cooking followed by sun drying. A significant decrease of all the chemical compositions determined was shown in all the sea cucumber products treated by the five processing methods (p < 0.05). Among all the processing methods, hot air drying resulted in the highest nutritional quality of the product. Moreover, hot air drying can be operated easily with low cost.  相似文献   

15.
Heat stress is one of the major environmental concerns in global warming regime and rising temperature has resulted in mass mortalities of animals including fishes. Therefore, strategies for high temperature stress tolerance and ameliorating the effects of heat stress are being looked for. In an earlier study, we reported that Nrf-2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) mediated upregulation of antioxidative enzymes and heat shock proteins (Hsps) provide survivability to fish under heat stress. In this study, we have evaluated the ameliorative potential of dietary curcumin, a potential Nrf-2 inducer in heat stressed cyprinid Puntius sophore. Fishes were fed with diet supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% curcumin at the rate 2% of body weight daily in three separate groups (n = 40 in each group) for 60 days. Fishes fed with basal diet (without curcumin) served as the control (n = 40). Critical thermal maxima (CTmax) was determined for all the groups (n = 10, in duplicates) after the feeding trial. Significant increase in the CTmax was observed in the group fed with 1.5% curcumin- supplemented fishes whereas it remained similar in groups fed with 0.5%, and 1% curcumin-supplemented diet, as compared to control. To understand the molecular mechanism of elevated thermotolerance in the 1.5% curcumin supplemented group, fishes were given a sub-lethal heat shock treatment (36 °C) for 6 h and expression analysis of nrf-2, keap-1, sod, catalase, gpx, and hsp27, hsp60, hsp70, hsp90, and hsp110 was carried out using RT-PCR. In the gill, expression of nrf-2, sod, catalase, gpx, and hsp60, hsp70, hsp90, and hsp110 was found to be elevated in the 1.5% curcumin-fed heat-shocked group compared to control and the basal diet-fed, heat-shocked fishes. Similarly, in the liver, upregulation in expression of nrf-2, sod, catalase, and hsp70 and hsp110 was observed in 1.5% curcumin supplemented and heat shocked group. Thus, this study showed that supplementation of curcumin augments tolerance to high temperature stress in P. sophore that could be attributed to nrf-2-induced upregulation of antioxidative enzymes sod, catalase, gpx, and the hsps.  相似文献   

16.
We investigated the combined effects of temperature (23, 26, 29 and 32 °C) and salinity [15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 practical salinity units (PSU)] on the growth and survival of juvenile ark shell Anadara broughtonii under hatchery conditions. Mortality, shell length and shell height were monitored for a period of 25 days in all exposure groups. Survival greater than 98% was observed in all treatment groups with no significant difference among treatment combinations. Absolute growth and specific shell length and height growth rate were significantly influenced by temperature and salinity. Growth of juvenile A. broughtonii increased with higher salinity and peaked at an intermediate temperature (26 °C). Optimal specific growth rates of 4.64 ± 0.04% day?1 by shell length and 4.76 ± 0.11% day?1 by shell height were observed at a combination of 26 °C and 30 PSU. This study enhances our understanding of the biology of A. broughtonii and determines ideal environmental conditions for pre-planting culture operations.  相似文献   

17.
We investigated the growth of juvenile common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) reared at 25°C and 28°C and salinities of 0.3, 15, and 32 g L?1. Total length, weight, RNA/DNA, and protein/DNA ratios were determined after 90 days of experiment. Higher growth was observed at 28ºC compared with 25°C, at the same salinity. At 28°C and 15 g L?1 salinity, the weight (25.14 g) of juveniles was twice that of the juveniles reared at the lower temperature. At different salinities, only higher temperature affected growth, with higher weight values obtained at 15 g L?1 in comparison with 0.3 and 32 g L?1. Length was similar at 0.3 and 15 g L?1. The RNA/DNA ratio was greater in juveniles reared at a salinity of 15 g L?1 when compared with 0.3 and 32 g L?1. This study shows that the combination of higher temperature and intermediate salinity promotes better growth of common snook juveniles.  相似文献   

18.
The sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota is a good candidate for aquaculture, for large‐scale production of this sea cucumber, it is imperative to know the effects of salinity on its physiological performance. In this study, ingestion, oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion rates of the adult sea cucumber H.leucospilota (16.98 ± 1.14 g, wet weight) at various salinity levels (18, 23, 28, 33 and 38 PSU) were studied in the laboratory. The species were acclimated for 1 week at the desired salinity before testing, and were fed with sediment from their natural habitat during this period. Results showed that the minimum ingestion rate (0.02 ± 0.01 g g?1d?1) at a salinity of 18 PSU was significantly lower than those observed at salinities of 28, 33 and 38 PSU, and there was no significant difference among the values at 23, 28, 33 and 38 PSU. The maximum value of oxygen consumption rate recorded at a salinity of 28 PSU was significantly higher than the minimum at 18 PSU, no significant differences were observed among other treatments. The ammonium excretion rates of H. leucospilota also changed significantly in response to salinity variations, the maximum value observed at a salinity of 28 PSU (0.09 ± 0.03 μM g?1h?1) being nearly five times higher than the minimum value at a salinity of 38 PSU (0.02 ± 0.01 μM g?1h?1). The O:N ratio varied as a function of salinity. Lower O:N ratios (<11.0) at salinities below 23 PSU indicated protein‐dominated catabolism under hyposaline stress; the higher O:N ratio (46.5) at a salinity of 38 PSU indicated carbon‐based metabolism. Results of this study indicated that the sea cucumber H. leucospilota may have a wide tolerance of salinity variation. However, it is not a very suitable species for rearing in hyposaline water. This study provides useful information for improving aquaculture management in tropical and subtropical coastal areas.  相似文献   

19.
To determine whether marine mud substrate is suitable for sea cucumber aquaculture, we studied the effects of sea mud on the behavioral characteristics, growth and survival of Apostichopus japonicus, in both the field and laboratory. Our results showed that sea mud is beneficial for the growth of A. japonicus, but was unfavorable for its locomotion and attachment when a water current was present. In the field experiment in Yuehu lagoon, juvenile A. japonicus preferred to inhabit the base of seaweeds or dead leaves, which provide a favorable substrate for both their locomotion and ingestion. The mud substrate was not suitable for the small juveniles to inhabit; therefore, >3.25 g ind?1 is the preferred size for bottom-sowing culture of sea cucumbers on the seabed in a field environment such as the Yuehu lagoon. Water current is a key factor influencing sea cucumber distribution on the bare mud substrate, with 90 % of juvenile sea cucumbers (<40 g ind?1) being unable to keep still in a current speed of 0.115 m s?1 for 10 min. In conclusion, a mud substrate is suitable for A. japonicus aquaculture, although hard substrates or shelters are a prerequisite for successful rearing. The water current is a key factor that influences substrate selection by A. japonicus and, thus, is an important factor to be considered in the bottom-sowing culture of these organisms.  相似文献   

20.
Physiological responses of pink abalone Haliotis corrugata were determined under different temperature and salinity conditions. Oxygen consumption rate was not affected by temperature and salinity. Ammonium excretion of pink abalone was inversely related to salinity. The O:N ratio indicated that abalone maintained in lower salinities had an interval of 4.9–7.7, which is indicative of a protein‐dominated metabolism, whereas the O:N in 35‰ was 28.8–35.5 for both temperatures, suggesting that carbohydrates were used as energy substrate. Haemolymph osmolality of abalone exposed to 20 and 24 °C was slightly hyperiso‐osmoconformic in salinity ranges of 20–35‰. The results of this study suggested that for optimized culture, pink abalone should be cultivated at 24 °C at a salinity of 35‰.  相似文献   

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