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1.
The karyotype of the Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, (Linnaeus, 1758) consists of 24 pairs of chromosomes (2n= 48) all of which are subtelocentric or acrocentric. The number and morphology of the chromosomes of the Atlantic halibut is therefore similar to most other pleuronectid fish studied.  相似文献   

2.
Immersion of 1‐day‐old Silurus asotus (Linnaeus) larvae in 50, 100 or 200 μg L?1 oestradiol‐17β for 15 days altered gonad differentiation and gonadal morphology. The survival of the group immersed at the highest dose (200 μg L?1) was reduced significantly (86%), whereas survival of the groups immersed at the lower doses was as high as that of untreated controls (94%). The sex ratio of the untreated group was close to 1:1 (female–male); however, the incidence of females was significantly higher in groups immersed in doses of 50, 100 and 200 μg L?1, i.e. 86%, 92% and 99.4%, respectively. Ovarian morphology of feminized individuals was different to that of the controls; the ovary was morphologically rather similar to testis although it contained fully matured oocytes. Morphological changes in genital organs were also noted in fish exposed to oestradiol‐17β the shape and size of genital papilla were intermediate between those of normal male and female. During a 4‐month growth trial after the exposure, the feminized fish showed significantly improved growth performance over normal genetic males (P < 0.05), although the growth was not equal to that of normal genetic females (P < 0.05).  相似文献   

3.
High resolution ultrasound scanning was tested as a non-invasive technique for monitoring oocyte maturation and ovulalion in the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.). Female broodstock halibut were examined using a 7.5-Mhz linear ultrasound transducer, prior to and during spawning. Representative images of halibut ovaries are presented and discussed. Individual oocytes of spawning females were discernible during oocyte final maturation, due to the large increase in volume caused by water uptake. The yolky (vitellogenic) cocytes of pre-spawning fish were more reflective to ultrasound than hydrating oocytes. The resulting differences in depth of ultrasound penetration permitted easy distinction of pre-spawning from spawning females. In addition, short-term changes in the depth of ultrasound penetration were observed during repeated scanning of a spawning female, owing to progressive hydration of the oocyte batch destined for ovulation. Although of similar diameter, hydrating oocytes in the ovarian tissue could be discerned from eggs in the ovarian lumen because of the different acoustic properties of the surrounding media. The findings of the present study are considered promising for the future routine use of ultrasonography in halibut broodstock management.  相似文献   

4.
盐度和规格对光裸方格星虫耗氧率及排氨率的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为研究盐度和规格对光裸方格星虫呼吸代谢的影响,采用实验生态学方法,研究了不同盐度梯度(15、20、25、30和35)对3种规格S(2.11±0.60)g、M(6.31±0.85)g和L(8.80±1.40)g光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,盐度对耗氧率和排氨率影响均显著,盐度和规格的交互作用对耗氧率和排氨率影响极显著。盐度在15~25时,耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(AR)均随着盐度的增加而升高,盐度为25时达峰值,之后随着盐度的增加而降低。耗氧率和排氨率与盐度呈一元二次函数关系,OR和AR与盐度的关系可表示为y=–ax2+bx–c。对于耗氧率,a值的范围是0.030~0.044,b值的范围为1.525~2.252,c值的范围为11.824~20.132;对于排氨率,a值的范围是0.009~0.012,b值的范围为0.455~0.593,c值的范围为4.369~5.275。光裸方格星虫的O/N值范围为4.06~14.28。研究表明,光裸方格星虫代谢的最适盐度为25,且对盐度变化的适应能力较强,可通过调整生理代谢水平来适应低盐或高盐环境。  相似文献   

5.
Vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis was induced by repeated injections of estradiol-17 in juvenile Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). VTG eluted as a large, phosphoprotein containing peak on DEAE-Sephacel chromatography of plasma from estradiol-17 treated juvenile and mature female, but not mature male halibut. A purification procedure for Atlantic halibut VTG was developed, where VTG was precipitated with MgCl2, EDTA and distilled water, and the precipitated protein submitted to anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. Precipitated VTG eluted as a broad, partly dissociated peak on DEAE-Sephacel, when chromatography was run at 4°C, but the protein appeared intact when analysed both by SDS PAGE and native PAGE. DEAE-Sephacel chromatography at room temperature resulted in an irregular elution pattern and a dissociated protein fraction, as analysed by SDS PAGE. Biochemical characterization of VTG showed that the molecular mass of the monomer was ca 160 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE. The total lipid content was 19.8% w/w, with 64%, or 12.7% of the total weight, as phospholipid. Protein bound phosphorus constituted 0.62% w/w of halibut VTG. Plasma dilution curves from mature and maturing female halibut were parallel with a dilution curve from halibut egg yolk homogenate in an homologous RIA. Plasma from mature male, but not juvenile halibut crossreacted with the VTG antiserum.  相似文献   

6.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two concentrations of copper (0.13 and 0.5 mg L?1) on juveniles of tilapia, Oreocromis niloticus (Linnaeus), using two toxicological assays (I‐ copper exposure and II‐ copper exposure followed by recovery). Doses were taken from the liver of the test organisms to determine the concentrations of copper, reduced glutathione, activities of glutathione S‐transferase and catalase, and lipid peroxidation. Exposure to copper in both assays resulted in significant accumulation of this metal in the analysed tissue and in decreased concentration of reduced glutathione. There was no alteration in the activities of catalase and glutathione S‐transferase and in lipid peroxidation.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
The dietary habits of the sea urchin Salmacis sphaeroides and the gastropod Trochus maculatus in ex situ mariculture were examined. Fouling algal assemblages on terracotta tiles were exposed to the grazers and compared. Except for Day 0, the assemblages on Days 2, 13 and 27 differed significantly across treatments. S. sphaeroides rapidly consumed most algae, leaving an assemblage dominated by turf algae and bare tile. T. maculatus primarily fed on green filamentous algae, resulting in an even distribution of other algal functional groups, while control tiles were dominated by green filamentous algae. Using three representative fouling algae species (Bryopsis corymbosa, Hypnea spinella and Lobophora variegata), the consumption rates of both grazers and dietary preferences of S. sphaeroides were examined through a single‐diet and a choice experiment respectively. The single‐diet experiment revealed differential algal consumption rates for S. sphaeroides (H. spinella = B. corymbosa > L. variegata) and T. maculatus (B. corymbosa > H. spinella = L. variegata). The choice experiment showed that S. sphaeroides preferred H. spinella over the other two species. These experiments highlighted the importance of understanding the dietary habits of grazers as this has direct implications on their effectiveness as biological controls of fouling macroalgae in mariculture.  相似文献   

9.
In the present study, methodology of gynogenetic induction in spotted halibut were developed and optimized; the sex ratio of putative meiotic gynogenetic diploids was determined using AFLP-based molecular sexing technique; the homozygosity of gynogenetic population was assessed as opposed to cultivated population. The results showed that high percentage of meiotic gynogenetic diploids were generated when the eggs fertilized with irradiated heterologous sea perch frozen sperm (30–50 mJ cm−2) were cold shocked in sea water of −1°C for 40–75 min at 5 min after fertilization. About 15,200 diploid gynogenetic larvae were achieved and they exhibited normal morphology similar to diploid control. The gynogenetic diploids were 100% female, which first confirmed the female homogamete (XX/XY) sex determination in spotted halibut. The genetic analysis showed that the average H O was, respectively, 0.404 and 0.724 in gynogenetic population and cultivated population, indicating an increase of homozygosity in gynogenetic population.  相似文献   

10.
We evaluated the role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem using the Ecopath/Ecosim approach. As basic input data for the Ecopath/Ecosim model, we used estimates of biomass from bottom trawl surveys and age-structured population models, production/biomass (P/B) ratio, consumption/biomass (Q/B) ratio, diet composition (DC), and fisheries harvests for each component of species or species groups. We estimated the trophic level of each component, niche overlaps among flatfishes, and the impacts of competition and predation on flatfish species in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem. Based on those estimates, we developed the tropho-dynamic structure of the ecosystem, and the model was used to simulate ecological effects of fishery exploitation patterns. No single flatfish species appeared to have a profound and uniquely important role in the organization and structure of the ecosystem. Instead, the most important component among the guild of flatfish species appeared to be yellowfin sole Pleuronectes asper, which had greater biomass than other flatfish and a relatively diverse diet among the small flatfish species. Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, Greenland turbot Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias were important keystone predators in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem together with some groups of marine mammals and sea birds. Intra flatfish complex cannibalism was not observed, however, substantial diet overlaps were common in the flatfish guild system.  相似文献   

11.
Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis (Schmidt) is presently considered to consist of a single spawning population extending from California through the Bering Sea. However, this satellite tagging investigation suggests that geographic landforms and discontinuities in the continental shelf appear to limit the interchange of mature Pacific halibut among large marine ecosystems and delineate the boundaries of potential spawning components in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, with smaller components along the Aleutian Islands. The geographic segregation of these spawning components may be reinforced by regional behavioural adaptations and different temperature regimes in each area. These results suggest that the Pacific halibut population may be segregated into somewhat discrete spawning units among which less mixing is likely than that which occurs within them. As such, future stock assessment metrics may be most effective in preserving population function if spawning ecology is treated as a basin‐scale process.  相似文献   

12.
To determine the effect of maturation on flesh quality, 20 Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) consisting of mature and immature fish of both sexes were killed on site, exsanguinated and stored on ice. After 6 days of storage, the fish was gutted and filleted before colour, texture hardness and shear force were evaluated to determine the effect of maturation. Results show that mature males excreted black mucus from the skin during ice storage, while a greyish mucus was observed from immature fish. Mature fish had approximately 2% lower slaughter yield and 6% lower fillet yield compared with immature fish. The fillets from mature males were significantly harder compared with fillets from immature fish and the muscle structure proved to be stronger as an increased fracturability was observed in mature fish. In colour, fillets from mature fish proved to have a whiter appearance (L*) than immature fish, while no difference was seen in a* and b* values. We conclude that the physiological changes associated with maturation affects the end quality, and may be related to slower growth.  相似文献   

13.
Three different concentrations (107, 105 and 103 TCID50 ml?1) of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) serotype Sp isolated from Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., were used to bath-challenge Atlantic halibut yolk-sac larvae. The larvae challenged with 107 TCID50 ml?1 suffered significantly higher cumulative mortality than the other challenged groups and the control group, and affected individuals displayed necrosis of the intestine, liver and kidney. In larvae from the groups challenged with 107 and 105 TCID50 ml?1, IPNV was detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ RNA/DNA hybridization in the intestine, liver and kidney. In addition, some individuals stained IPNV-positive in the heart and eye/ brain region. Detection by in situ hybridization did not appear to be more sensitive than immunohistochemistry. However, background staining was virtually absent in comparison with immunohistochemistry, and the staining seemed to be more distinctly localized to the cytoplasm of infected cells. The results show that farmed halibut yolk-sac larvae can be infected by IPNV immediately after hatching, with resulting high mortality. As the larvae are not immunologically mature at this stage of development, vaccination is not recommended.  相似文献   

14.
Three different concentrations (107, 105 and 103 TCID50 ml-1) of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) serotype Sp isolated from Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., were used to bath-challenge Atlantic halibut yolk-sac larvae. The larvae challenged with 107 TCID50 ml-1 suffered significantly higher cumulative mortality than the other challenged groups and the control group, and affected individuals displayed necrosis of the intestine, liver and kidney. In larvae from the groups challenged with 107 and 105 TCID50 ml-1, IPNV was detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ RNA/DNA hybridization in the intestine, liver and kidney. In addition, some individuals stained IPNV-positive in the heart and eye/brain region. Detection by in situ hybridization did not appear to be more sensitive than immunohistochemistry. However, background staining was virtually absent in comparison with immunohistochemistry, and the staining seemed to be more distinctly localized to the cytoplasm of infected cells. The results show that farmed halibut yolk-sac larvae can be infected by IPNV immediately after hatching, with resulting high mortality. As the larvae are not immunologically mature at this stage of development, vaccination is not recommended.  相似文献   

15.
Monitoring of persistent QPX infections in clams of Raritan Bay (New York) shows certain areas of the estuary have remained without any significant disease prevalence. This study was conducted to investigate the potential to mitigate QPX disease by relocating infected hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus), from enzootic areas to nearby sites with prevailing environmental conditions suggested to deter infection and favour remission and healing. Clams were collected from a location with consistent disease prevalence in central Raritan Bay and brought to near shore habitats subject to lower salinities and higher summer temperatures. A reduced host density treatment was included in the study to examine the common observation of high clam density in the most persistently infected locales. An additional treatment retained clams above the sediment, since sediments are suspected to represent a QPX reservoir. At the end of the 4‐month study all treatments displayed less QPX disease than the control group and the greatest contrast was provided by the disappearance of infections in a tidal creek.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of extended photoperiods on growth and age at first maturity was investigated in 166 (79 females and 87 males) individually tagged Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus and in 114 (50 females and 64 males) individually tagged turbot Scophthalmus maximus. The halibut were reared at 11 °C on four different light regimes from 10 February to 6 July 1996: simulated natural photoperiod, (LDN), continuous light (LD24:0), constant 8 h light and 16 h darkness (LD8:16) and LD8:16 switched to continuous light 4 May 1996 (LD8:16–24:0). From 6 July 1996 to 9 February 1998 the LD24:0 and LD8:16–24:0 were reared together under continuous light and the LDN and LD8:16 together under natural photoperiod. The turbot were reared at 16 °C on three different light regimes: constant light (LD24:0), 16 h light:8 h darkness (LD16:8), or simulated natural photoperiod (LDN). After 6 months on the different photoperiods, the turbot was reared together on LDN for approximately 12 months until first maturation. Juveniles subjected to continuous light (halibut) or extended photoperiods (halibut and turbot) exhibited faster growth than those experiencing a natural photoperiod or a constant short day. Moreover, when the photoperiod increased naturally with day-length or when fish were abruptly switched from being reared on short-day conditions to continuous light, a subsequent increase in growth rate was observed. This growth enhancing effect of extended photoperiods was more apparent on a short time scale in Atlantic halibut than in turbot, but both species show significant long-term effects of extended photoperiods in the form of enhanced growth. In both species lower maturation of males was seen in groups exposed to extended or continuous light compared to LDN and this could be used to reduce precocious maturation in males leading to overall increase in somatic growth. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

17.
The haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is believed to be a potential candidate for aquaculture in the Atlantic coastal countries including the UK, Norway and Canada. However, under culture conditions, haddock will sexually mature prior to the attainment of a suitable harvest weight. Therefore, a long term tank based experiment was performed where three populations of haddock (hatched spring 2002, approximately 150 fish per population) were exposed to either a simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) or SNP until January or July 2003 and thereafter continuous illumination (Jan LL or July LL respectively) with individual growth rate and maturation status being recorded until July 2004 (27 months post-hatch). While the SNP treated population matured in the spring of 2004 (two years post-hatch) with 88% of the population being observed to release gametes, no mature individuals were observed in either of the LL treated populations and furthermore there was no evidence of gonadal development or elevation in sex steroids (testosterone, estradiol-17β or calcium). The application of LL appeared to directly stimulate the growth rate of haddock (e.g. 14 to 27% increase in weight thermal growth coefficient) and improve food conversion rates. At the end of the trial there was an approximate 50% increase in wet weight (SNP: 647 ± 53 g, Jan LL: 982 ± 34 g and July LL 985 ± 33 g), however no significant difference in weight in relation to the length of LL exposure was observed. Plasma melatonin analysis revealed that the natural diel rhythm had been inhibited in both LL treated populations. Along with highlighting the similarity in reproductive entrainment between haddock and other gadoids, these results demonstrate how photoperiod manipulation could be used as a management strategy to improve growth performance in farmed haddock stocks.  相似文献   

18.
系统研究了人工养殖条件下圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)亲鱼血浆性类固醇激素的年周期变化规律及其与卵巢发育成熟及温光调控的关系.结果表明,圆斑星鲽卵巢发育属非同步分批发育模式,一年一次成熟分批产卵类型.卵巢年周期发育过程中可见5个发育时相的卵母细胞,卵巢发育可化分为4个成熟阶段,6个发育时期.性腺指数(GSI)、肝脏指数(HSI)和肥满度(CF)在亲鱼的年周期发育中呈现规律性的变化.亲鱼血浆中雌二醇(E2)在产卵期达峰值;排卵结束后,E2表达水平降至较低水平.血浆中睾酮(T)含量在10月达峰值,并在产卵期间保持相对较高表达水平.统计分析表明,血浆E2水平与GSI和HSI值的变化都呈现显著的正相关关系（P＜0.05）.水温和光周期对卵巢发育具有明显的影响并显著影响E2的表达,GSI与水温存在显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05）,HSI与水温存在显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05),而CF与光周期现显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05).结论认为,圆斑星鲽雌性亲鱼血浆性类固醇激素表达水平变化与性腺发育（卵母细胞成熟）、水等具有显著的相关关系.本研究结果可作为温光调控人工亲鱼性腺发育成熟、激素诱导亲鱼产卵的重要参考技术依据.  相似文献   

19.
Further development of high‐quality feeds for hatchery‐reared haddock in the North Atlantic would benefit from a standard formulation that can be used as a reference for hatcheries and laboratory studies. A practical microparticulate diet (PMD) developed and evaluated with newly metamorphosed juvenile haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L., postlarvae is proposed. Survival of fish fed PMD was just as high (88–89%; P > 0.05) as those fed a high‐quality imported feed (Biokyowa). Alternatively, fish fed PMD had higher (P < 0.05) final fork lengths (39.5 vs. 35.1 mm), wet weights (851.3 vs. 580.2 mg) and weight gains (1637.2 vs. 1115.7%). No differences (P > 0.05) in whole‐body moisture (846–857 g/kg), ash (17–18 g/kg), or protein (101 g/kg) contents were found. Lipid content of fish fed PMD (26 g/kg) was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed Biokyowa (21 g/kg) despite PMD containing 15 g/kg lower dietary lipid, suggesting higher intake and/or lipid retention. The PMD formulation proved to be a highly suitable weaning diet for haddock postlarvae based on high feed acceptance, survival, and fish growth. Given the economic and logistical difficulties associated with importing commercial weaning feeds, this easily produced practical weaning diet has good potential for use by laboratory researchers and farm managers for hatchery‐based nutrition research with haddock postlarvae.  相似文献   

20.
The present study investigated the distribution of α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) in fillets of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Turbot and Atlantic halibut were fed commercial diets, supplemented with different levels of α‐tocopheryl acetate at the dietary target levels of 100, 500 and 1000 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate kg?1 diet. The actual levels were 72, 547 and 969 for turbot, while halibut received 189, 613 and 875 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate kg?1 diet. Turbot were fed the diets for 24 weeks, while Atlantic halibut were fed for 20 weeks prior to slaughter. At the end of the feeding periods fish had reached a final weight of around 1 kg. Fish were slaughtered and filleted. From the four fillets obtained per fish, 22 samples were taken from designated areas and analysed for their α‐tocopherol content. The average concentrations of α‐tocopherol incorporated in turbot and Atlantic halibut increased with increasing levels of α‐tocopheryl acetate in the diet. Atlantic halibut had significantly (P < 0.05) more α‐tocopherol in positions 2/II and 1/I than in position 9/IX. Turbot had significantly (P < 0.05) more α‐tocopherol in position 2/II than in positions 1/I, 4/IV and 11/XI. By mapping α‐tocopherol concentrations in fish fillets, a high degree of quality prediction may be established. Moreover, this study may help scientists in their choice of sampling position, when investigating if α‐tocopheryl acetate supplementation resulted in successful α‐tocopherol incorporation.  相似文献   

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