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1.
Perennial ryegrass is the primary forage component of ruminant diets in New Zealand. It is persistent and palatable, and immature ryegrass has a high nutritive value (NV). However, seedhead development substantially lowers its feeding value (FV) as fibre concentration increases, the rate and extent of digestibility decreases, and voluntary intake declines. Ryegrass pastures are susceptible to accumulation of endophytic and saprophytic fungi in dead material at the base of the sward, especially when mature and laxly grazed. Feeding forage legumes to ruminants grazing grass-dominant pastures will improve animal performance and lessen the reliance on a single species to meet all nutritional requirements. The FV of forage is a function of intake and NV, measured by chemical analyses and animal feeding trials. Performance of individual animals grazing forages is usually limited by energy intake because structural fibre can slow digestion and clearance from the rumen and because of competition between individuals for available feed. The use of metabolisable energy (ME) content of forage to signify FV can give a reasonable indication of animal performance, but it should be used in conjunction with chemical analyses to improve the accuracy of predictions. The relationship between FV, pasture production, animal performance and profitability is complex. The importance of skilled management to maintain pasture quality and optimise animal performance under inconsistent climatic conditions should not be underestimated. Acceptable animal performance with minimal veterinary intervention requires good nutrition, but the genetic potential of livestock in New Zealand cannot be met solely by grazing pasture, especially when a high utilisation of pasture is required to maintain quality and profitability. Producers are responding to industry demands to reduce the seasonality in supply of milk and meat by changing lambing and calving dates, and extending lactation length in dairy cows. Social changes include adoption of once-daily milking in the dairy industry. Some changes have necessitated increased use of supplements and others can be met by feeding forages with a higher FV than ryegrass, all of which require an improved knowledge of feed quality. This information is available through rapid and inexpensive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis, enabling animal nutritional needs to be balanced by appropriate nutrient supply. It is essential that producers continue to improve animal welfare, limit excessive use of fertilisers and meet the demands of overseas consumers. Good nutrition, with an increased use of legumes and other forages to complement ryegrass pastures, will enable these objectives to be achieved. 相似文献
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Perennial ryegrass is the primary forage component of ruminant diets in New Zealand. It is persistent and palatable, and immature ryegrass has a high nutritive value (NV). However, seed-head development substantially lowers its feeding value (FV) as fibre concentration increases, the rate and extent of digestibility decreases, and voluntary intake declines. Ryegrass pastures are susceptible to accumulation of endophytic and saprophytic fungi in dead material at the base of the sward, especially when mature and laxly grazed. Feeding forage legumes to ruminants grazing grass-dominant pastures will improve animal performance and lessen the reliance on a single species to meet all nutritional requirements. The FV of forage is a function of intake and NV, measured by chemical analyses and animal feeding trials. Performance of individual animals grazing forages is usually limited by energy intake because structural fibre can slow digestion and clearance from the rumen and because of competition between individuals for available feed. The use of metabolisable energy (ME) content of forage to signify FV can give a reasonable indication of animal performance, but it should be used in conjunction with chemical analyses to improve the accuracy of predictions. The relationship between FV, pasture production, animal performance and profitability is complex. The importance of skilled management to maintain pasture quality and optimise animal performance under inconsistent climatic conditions should not be underestimated. Acceptable animal performance with minimal veterinary intervention requires good nutrition, but the genetic potential of livestock in New Zealand cannot be met solely by grazing pasture, especially when a high utilisation of pasture is required to maintain quality and profitability. Producers are responding to industry demands to reduce the seasonality in supply of milk and meat by changing lambing and calving dates, and extending lactation length in dairy cows. Social changes include adoption of once-daily milking in the dairy industry. Some changes have necessitated increased use of supplements and others can be met by feeding forages with a higher FV than ryegrass, all of which require an improved knowledge of feed quality. This information is available through rapid and inexpensive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis, enabling animal nutritional needs to be balanced by appropriate nutrient supply. It is essential that producers continue to improve animal welfare, limit excessive use of fertilisers and meet the demands of overseas consumers. Good nutrition, with an increased use of legumes and other forages to complement ryegrass pastures, will enable these objectives to be achieved. 相似文献
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为探究放牧方式对青藏高原高寒草地家畜的采食量和植物补偿生长的影响,本试验在环青海湖流域高寒草地设置放牧方式（牦牛单独放牧、藏羊单独放牧、牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧、牦牛和藏羊1：4混牧、牦牛和藏羊1：6混牧）控制试验,以期确定草地的承载力,并为制定合理的草地管理措施提供依据。试验结果表明：在群落水平上,家畜的采食量在藏羊（Ovis aries）单独放牧以及牦牛（Bos grunniens）与藏羊1：2混牧方式下,显著高于其他方式（P<0.05）;在功能群水平上,藏羊单独放牧与牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧这2种放牧方式下家畜对豆科植物的采食量较高;藏羊单独放牧与牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧植物的补偿生长能力显著高于其他放牧方式（P<0.05）。研究表明：藏羊单独放牧时,其采食量最高;牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧的放牧方式对植物补偿性生长的促进作用最明显。因此,从放牧家畜采食量与植物补偿生长两方面考虑,在青藏高原高寒草地藏羊单独放牧与牦牛和藏羊1：2混牧的放牧方式较为合理。 相似文献
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随着生活水平的提高和食品消费结构的变化,对动物蛋白的需求迅速增长。然而,由于缺乏优质粗饲料,畜牧业的发展受到了很大的限制。饲用全株小麦产量高、营养品质好,已成为一种优质的饲料来源,因此,围绕饲用小麦的相关研究意义重大。梳理近年来国内外关于饲用小麦生产和利用的现状及发展趋势,重点概述的内容有:1)品种选育:种质创制技术、逆境分子育种和常规饲用小麦品种筛选;2)栽培管理:常规田间管理、放牧利用管理和粮饲兼用管理;3)青贮加工的影响因素:栽培管理、生育期、添加剂和其他因素;4)家畜的饲喂效果:采食量、消化率、畜产品产量和品质等。此外,总结了饲用小麦各研究领域中所存在的问题和不足。同时,对新形势下饲用小麦的研究趋势和研究重点进行了展望,以期对我国饲用小麦的生产和推广利用提供指导与参考。目前,饲用小麦的发展背景主要是粮食过剩、饲草供需矛盾和动物生产性能等问题,它在产量和营养方面表现优异,尤其在冬季饲料缺乏时,小麦具备更大的生长优势,无论是放牧还是青贮利用都较方便,这也缓解了目前的饲料危机,为畜牧业的安全发展提供了保障。但是,粮用小麦品种一般为矮秆,其全株产量受限,为更好地发挥小麦的饲用价值,培育饲用专用品种势在必行。 相似文献
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Rotational grazing systems (RGS) are often implemented to alleviate undesirable selective grazing by livestock. At both fine and coarse scales, livestock selectively graze individual plants, patches, communities, and landscapes. Smaller pastures, increased stocking density, and rotation allow managers to constrain livestock movement and determine season and frequency of grazing, potentially limiting selectivity and preventing repeated grazing of preferred plants. However, in arid and semi-arid rangelands, forage growth is limited primarily by precipitation rather than defoliation frequency. When soil moisture is adequate, forage is abundant and defoliation levels are typically low, and repeated, intensive defoliation of preferred plants is less likely than in more mesic areas where more consistent precipitation and soil moisture storage allows animals to establish and maintain spatial hierarchies of grazing patterns. Many southwestern rangelands contain diverse vegetation, which provides quality forage during different times of the year. These spatial and temporal patterns of forage distribution may not be amenable to manipulation with RGS. Tracking data show that livestock often alternate among locations within pasture boundaries and can opportunistically exploit areas with higher quality forage when they are available. Higher stock densities combined with higher stocking rates can increase livestock use of less preferred areas, but overall distribution patterns of intensive-rotational and extensive grazing systems are often comparable at similar stocking rates and distances from water. Management that ensures that grazing of riparian areas does not occur during the critical late summer period may be more beneficial than RGS that periodically defers livestock use throughout the grazing season. In arid and semi-arid shrublands, timely adjustments to animal numbers and practices that improve grazing distribution at regional and landscape scales are more likely to be effective in maintaining or improving rangeland health than fencing and RGS. 相似文献
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人工草地是云贵高原石漠化地区的主要放牧地。本研究通过放牧试验、饲喂试验和消化代谢试验相结合的方法,评价了云贵高原石漠化地区2个人工草场的营养价值和转化效率。放牧试验结果表明,相同放牧压力下,永善试验地的土壤养分、微量元素和牧草产量显著低于寻甸试验地,但两地人工草地中牧草的营养成分没有显著差异。饲喂试验结果表明,绵羊对永善试验地牧草的利用效率要高于寻甸试验地,绵羊对永善试验地牧草中Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn等元素的消化率和沉积率均显著高于寻甸试验地。消化代谢试验结果表明,寻甸试验地粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维、无氮浸出物等牧草养分的含量高于永善试验地,绵羊的消化率也高;采食量和体增重2个指标的各自变化趋势也和以上研究结果基本相同。上述结果表明,虽然永善试验地牧草土壤相对贫瘠,牧草产量低,但家畜转化效率高,因此高原石漠化地区应在牧草成熟期后放牧绵羊,并补饲一定的微量元素。 相似文献
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放牧家畜的采食量是人们了解放牧系统动力学的关键之一。研究已查明，了解了放牧家畜的采食量和采食成分就能明晰家畜的营养状况，预测其生产性能，从而为草地管理决策提供目标，为优化资源利用提供基础数据。然而，估测放牧家畜的采食量及其组分是困难的，也是昂贵的。虽然那些改进的技术和方法有效地增强了人们获取家畜牧食行为数据的能力，但是测定放牧动物的采食量、采食成分和养分消化率一直以来都是营养学研究的挑战，方法众多，却各有利弊。因此，本研究针对目前估测放牧家畜采食量和采食成分的常用方法，如模拟采食法、牧前牧后差额法、酸不溶灰分法、三结合法、植物蜡层指示剂法和近红外光谱技术法，对它们的利弊和准确性进行讨论，并探析未来发展趋向，为今后的研究提供资料。 相似文献
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Burns JC 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(12):3647-3663
Pastures, forages, and grasslands dominate the landscape across the United States and support a large ruminant population that supplies the nation with value-added animal products. A historical perspective is presented of the innovations as they occurred in the Journal of Animal Science over the past 100 yr in pasture and forage research. Consideration was given to both animal and pasture perspectives. Areas given consideration from the animal perspective were schemes for feedstuff analysis, experimental design and statistics, forage sample preservation, indirect methods of measuring intake and digestion, TDN and energy, nutritive value, harvested forage, and innovations in the grazing environment. Areas given consideration from the forage perspective were a framework for forage-animal interface research, determining pasture yield, choice of stocking method, grazing management, partitioning of forage DM, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology, antiquality constituents, and forage sample preservation. Finally, the importance was discussed of applying research results from the forage-animal interface to general ruminant nutrition research beyond the interface that is focused on altered diets. 相似文献
10.
Body weight gains and height at the withers were measured in yearling geldings grazing bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) pastures with neither energy nor protein feed supplementation at stocking rates of 6.7, 8.0, 9.5 and 12.4 yearlings per hectare. Weekly forage samples were taken to estimate the quantity and quality of available forage. These samples were clipped and separated into three equal lengths to characterize upper, middle and lower thirds of the canopy and to determine relationships between available forage and yearling growth rate. Average daily gain was influenced by stocking rate, but gain in height was not affected by stocking rate. Average daily gain ranged from -.31 to .37 kg/d and was negatively related to stocking rate. A quadratic relationship between available forage and ADG was detected. However, a linear relationship between ADG and available forage in top layers of the canopy indicated that animal performance might have been limited by availability of top layer forage in pastures subjected to light grazing pressure. 相似文献
11.
内蒙古细毛羊日食量及对典型草原牧草的选食性测定 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
家畜对牧草的选食系数及基季节变化是草场评价和放牧决策的基础,家的采食量是评估草平衡的基本参数,在内蒙古典型草原区,对内蒙古细毛羊日食量与牧草无穷生测定表明,其日采食胆整个生长季平均为２．０６ｋｇ干物质,其季节动态为春季低,夏季高,秋季居中,在所研究草场上选食羊草、扁蓿豆、双齿葱、木地肤和糙隐子草等,而避弃大针茅、寸草 和星毛委陵菜等,为合理放牧提供了依据。 相似文献
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Ingestive behavior of supplemented Nellore heifers grazing palisadegrass pastures managed with different sward heights 
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下载免费PDF全文 Bruno Ramalho Vieira Mariana Vieira Azenha Daniel Rume Casagrande Diogo Fleury Azevedo Costa Ana Cláudia Ruggieri Telma Teresinha Berchielli Ricardo Andrade Reis 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(4):696-704
Three sward heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) and three supplement types (energy, energy‐protein, and a mineral mix supplement) were evaluated in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement distributed in a completely randomized design to study changes in forage search patterns in Nellore heifers in a continuous grazing system. Pasture data were collected using two replicates (paddocks) per treatment over four periods during the rainy season. The behavior assessments were made in the first and fourth grazing seasons. It was hypothesized that supplements and pasture management would modify ingestive behavior, considering that animals would require less time grazing if they had energy requirements met through higher digestibility of better managed paddocks, or use of supplements high in energy. Total and green forage masses along with green : dead material ratio were greater in treatments managed with higher sward heights. Sward managed with 35 cm height resulted in lower leaf : stem ratio compared with 15 cm sward height treatments. The animals on the 15 cm pastures spent more time grazing overall and during each meal, but there were no differences observed in meal numbers in comparison to 35 cm treatments. Heifers fed protein and/or energy supplements spent less time grazing in the early afternoon, but overall grazing time was the same for all animals. 相似文献
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S Fernandez-Rivera M Lewis T J Klopfenstein T L Thompson 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(2):581-589
A simulation model was developed to predict corn crop residue yield and quality and intake and performance of growing cattle grazing cornstalks. The model is wholly deterministic and integrates the effects of weather, residue supply and animal components. Low temperatures increase animal energy requirements, whereas snow cover decreases residue available. Residual grain and leaf are calculated from grain yield. Residue quantity and quality are reduced daily by environmental losses and animal consumption. Daily performance is predicted based on the nutrients obtained from residue and supplemental feed. Under unlimited roughage supply, leaf, husk and grain are primary diet components. Grain consumption decreases as the supply diminishes and forage quality decreases with time. Intake is calculated based on digestibility and fecal output = .0365 W.75. Forage availability affects intake in a curvilinear fashion. Energy gain is predicted by NRC equations and protein gain from metabolizable protein supply. The model underestimated intake of calves measured with chromic oxide and in vitro DM disappearance. Simulated daily gain (y, kg) of calves grazing at several stocking rates was related to observed daily gain (x, kg) by the equation y = .012 + .853 x (R2 = .71, Sy.x = .077). The model overestimated response to protein supplementation. Severe cold weather was predicted to reduce gains or cause weight loss due to increased energy requirements for maintenance. The model can be used as an aid in both research planning and cattle management. 相似文献
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圈养野生动物营养研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
动物营养学是一门阐明营养物质摄入与生命活动之间关系的科学。目前,动物营养学在家畜家禽养殖研究上较为深入,而在圈养野生动物中只在近几十年才取得一些成果。本文主要在野生动物营养研究方法、野生动物营养评价方法和圈养野生动物营养需求三个方面进行阐述,并结合家畜家禽的研究进展进行综述。很多野生动物营养研究是基于家畜家禽的研究,但野生动物又有别于家畜家禽,因此圈养野生动物营养的科学与均衡应该是野生动物饲养工作中的最主要问题。 相似文献
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Clay P Mathis Jason E Sawyer 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2007,23(1):1-19
In grazing operations, forage quality and availability are sometimes limited, and cattle are unable to consume enough nutrients from pasture forage to fulfill requirements. During such situations, supplemental or replacement feeding is necessary to meet production goals. A fundamental understanding of ruminant nutrition and forage management is helpful in deciding which feed or supplement type (ie, energy versus protein) best fits the goals of a specific beef production system. It is important to choose a delivery method and supplement form that provide the targeted amount of desired nutrients to each animal in the herd and that minimize input costs. The objective of this article is to serve as a resource for veterinarians as they provide nutritional management support to beef cow producers. 相似文献
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Emilio A. Laca 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2009,62(5):407-417
Novel concepts and tools to promote progress in grazing science and management need to incorporate heterogeneity and nonlinear scaling of spatially and temporally distributed ecological interactions such as diet selection, defoliation, and plant growth. Traditional grazing management factors are number of animals, species and category of animals, spatial distribution of forage demand, and temporal distribution of forage demand. These traditional methods have been based on a paradigm that is static, assumes equilibrium conditions, and does not consider scaling issues, neither in time nor in space. Three related issues that can contribute to the progress in the understanding and management of grazing systems are spatial heterogeneity, event-driven dynamics, and scaling effects. Spatial heterogeneity of species and defoliation determine pasture stability by modulating competition and response to heterogeneous defoliation. When pasture species are well mixed, livestock are less able to select their preferred diet. When species are separated into larger and more easily identifiable patches, the selected diet approaches the preferred one. Simultaneously, patchiness in pasture components and redistribution of nutrients by grazing can lend global compositional stability to grass–clover pastures. Grazing at high animal density can be studied using the paradigm of event-driven dynamics. Several mechanisms suggest that grazing systems should have allometric spatial and temporal scaling in addition to the well-recognized allometric scaling of food requirements with body mass. Grazing system performance should scale allometrically with pasture size because both resource distribution and animal movements frequently have fractal properties. As pasture size increases, fewer hierarchical levels of grazing behavior are constrained, and the new spatial patterns introduce nonlinearity in the response to pasture size. Operant conditioning of foraging behavior, conditioned aversions, plant spatial pattern, pasture size and shape, timing and duration of grazing periods, and number of animals are discussed as precision tools to manage grazing systems. 相似文献
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J.H. I'Ons 《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(1):67-73
Livestock production in the Swaziland Middleveld is limited by inadequate sources of good quality forage. Experiments were carried out to determine whether tropical pastures could help overcome the feed problem. Numerous species were screened in a nursery and trials were conducted with promising lines to determine their nutrient requirements and to test their performance under grazing. Mixtures of grasses and Desmodium spp. were found to be useful for summer grazing, winter foggage, and silage. These pastures had relatively low fertilizer requirements and could be particularly valuable in the development of Swazi peasant cattle farming. 相似文献