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1.
Augusta Molnar Denyse Gomes Romier Sousa Natalia Vidal Rene Forster Hojer Luis Alfonso Arguelles 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):87-121
ABSTRACT A significant shift has taken place in global forest tenure, with a doubling of the forest area under community ownership (or administration over the past 15 years). There is every indication that communal tenure will double again over the next 15 years. Recognition of traditional and indigenous peoples' collective rights over forest lands has important implications for forest-rich countries—both developed and developing. Combined with dramatic changes in the structure of the forest industry and globalizing markets, this shift creates new opportunities and challenges for low-income forest producers and community enterprises to leave poverty and diversify livelihoods. The challenge for policy makers and governments is to reform outdated regulatory and incentive frameworks to support these enterprises. This article presents findings on three types of responses from communities to the new opportunities created by the tenure shift and looks specifically at community timber enterprise cases from Mexico and Brazil; recommending actions by communities, policy makers, and private sector. Changes in international and domestic forest product demand, consolidation of commodity wood sectors, new corporate responsibility commitments, and the emergence of ecosystem service markets all affect community markets. One response has been the emergence of socially-integrated, timber and non-timber based enterprises. Another has been the expansion of self-financed community conservation. A third response has been new models of collaboration between companies and communities. 相似文献
2.
Chidiebere Ofoegbu Paxie W Chirwa Joseph Francis Folarannmi D Babalola 《Southern Forests》2017,79(2):109-116
In most African countries, forest-based climate change intervention initiatives such as nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) and national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) are widely accepted. This is mainly due to the fact that they are relevant in addressing multiple challenges associated with rural development, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, and sustainable forest management. However, there are concerns about the implications of strategic and practical steps taken in this context on forest-dependent communities. Thus, there is need to reconcile local socio-economic vulnerabilities and forest-based climate change intervention initiatives. In the current study, socio-economic factors influencing households’ dependence on forest resources and associated implications on climate change interventions were investigated. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select 366 households from forest-based rural communities in Vhembe District of South Africa. A structured questionnaire was administered to household heads in 21 villages. The Pearson’s chi-square test was used to analyse the factors that influence household dependence on forest. The effects of household socio-economic characteristics on households’ forest dependence influencing factor were determined using the binary logit model. Up to 97% of the respondents depended on the forest resources predominantly because of low costs associated with using them. It was observed that socio-economic characteristics of households such as farm husbandry skills, years of residence (53–65) in the community and age of respondents (≤38–65) significantly (P < 0.05) influenced use of the forest resources. Thus, effectiveness and sustainability of forest-based climate change intervention initiatives can be promoted if the socio-economic conditions prevailing within households in areas next to forests are improved. 相似文献
3.
WangDianpei JiShuyi ChenFeipeng PengShaolin 《中国林学(英文版)》2004,6(2):6-11
The composition and structure of five natural secondary forests in Shenzhen were studied based on data of plots and were compared with Hong Kong zonal forest, so as to detect their succession stage and species diversity level. According to succession process of subtropical forest and ecological characteristics of dominant species, the authors speculate that five communities are at different stages. Sinosideroxylon community dominated by heliophilous evergreen broad-leaved tree (Sinosideroxylon wightianum) and conifer tree (Pinus massoniana) is at the third stage. Itea Acronychia community dominated by two evergreen broad-leaved heliophytes (Itea chinensis and Acronychia pedunculata) is at the fourth stage. The others, i.e., Schefflera,Sterculia and Cleistocalyx Sterculia community are at the fifth stage where some mesophytes are dominant but heliophytes have a weighed percentage of importance value. Due to succession stage and different forest management and conservation models, the species diversity of five communities is significantly lower than that of Endospermum community in Hong Kong. The values of Shannon-Wiener index and Pielous evenness index of five communities are 2.04-2.953 and 64.2%-74% respectively, but those of the Endospermum community are 4.74 and 79％ respectively. The current situation of these communities suggests that the necessary measures should be taken to protect and restore the communities. 相似文献
4.
Zhang Wangli 《林业研究》1999,10(2):75-78
The forest plant biological diversity investigations were conducted in Laoyeling Forest Ecological Experimental Station on
Mao’er Mountains in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Sample plots were six different forest communities. Field works were divided
into three seasons: spring, summer and autumn in one year. The results showed that forest plant biological diversity varied
with seasons as well as growth forms. Herb species diversity values were the highest in the community growth forms. Diversity
indices No,H′ andE
1 were selected out as the best richness, diversity and evenness indices to indicate the biological diversity in forest community.
Responsible editor: Chair Ruibai 相似文献
5.
ABSTRACTGlobal efforts to combat climate change has led to the establishment of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation program (REDD+). This study concerns the implementation of REDD+ among local landscapes and communities in Vietnam. How do affected forest-dependent households perceive their roles in sustainable forest management and REDD+ and how do these perceptions and attitudes influence the (potential) socio-ecological performance of REDD+? Two communes consisting of forest-dependent and indigenous communities in Central Vietnam were selected for this study–the former involved in the UN-REDD program and the latter involved in a REDD+ program of Fauna and Flora International (FFI). Here, we differentiated between a ‘do no harm’ and pro-carbon (UN-REDD), and pro-poor (FFI-REDD+) approach to REDD+. Employing an applied socio-ecological systems framework, we conducted household surveys (n = 102) and we adopted qualitative research methods. This study identified the importance of traditional ecological knowledge systems in sustainable forest management. While pro-poor REDD+ was more inclusive, both REDD+ programs in our study were implemented in a top down manner. Lastly, households’ attitudes and perceptions towards rulemaking, sanctioning, monitoring, cultural capital (beliefs and worldviews) and forest protection technology were identified as (potential) local drivers for successful REDD+ implementation in both communes. 相似文献
6.
By using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique, this paper studied the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation
of Lithocarpus harlandii populations in three forest communities (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and evergreen broad-leaved
forest) with different succession stages in Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang Province. The results showed that a total of 173
repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of L. harlandii by 12 random primers, among which, 152 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 87.86%. The
average percentage of polymorphic loci of the populations was 65.32%, and their total genetic diversity estimated by Shannon
information index was 0.4529, with an average of 0.3458, while that judged from Nei’s index was 0.3004, with an average of
0.2320. The percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon information index, and Nei’s index of the populations were in the sequence
of coniferous forest community > coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest community > evergreen broad-leaved forest community.
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 72.85% of genetic variance was found within the populations, and 27.15%
of genetic variance resided among the populations. The coefficient of gene diferentiation was 0.2277, and the gene flow was
1.6949. The genetic structure of L. harlandii was influenced not only by the biological characteristics of this species, but also by the microenvironment of different
communities. The mean of genetic identity among three populations of L. harlandii was 0.8662, and the mean of their genetic distance was 0.1442. The genetic similarity between coniferous and broad-leaved
mixed forest community and evergreen broad-leaved forest community was the highest, while that between evergreen broad-leaved
forest community and coniferous forest community was the lowest. The unweighted pair group method with arithmeticmean (UPGMA)
cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that conierous and broad-leaved mixed forest community first gathered
with evergreen broad-leaved forest community, and then with coniferous forest community.
__________
Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(4): 509–514 [译自: 生态学杂志] 相似文献
7.
以上海市佘山国家森林公园主要森林植被类型的群落学调查资料为基础,通过应用群落相似性和物种多样性测度方法进行计算分析,对该区域的主要森林群落类型、植物多样性特征及其演替趋势进行了分析研究。结果表明:佘山国家森林公园主要由白栎林、毛竹林、香樟林、朴树-榉树林、朴树-刺槐林、梧桐林和枫香-刺槐林等7种森林类型组成; 现有森林植被的植物多样性明显低于邻近的浙江地区,其树种组成也明显偏重于落叶树种,以榆科植物、壳斗科栎类树种为主,而常绿树种则只有香樟、苦槠、毛竹、女贞等少数几个建群种;从森林演替趋势看,未来上海佘山地区的森林主要为三大类:以白栎为主的地带性森林群落,毛竹林和以樟科、榆科、木犀科等科树种组成的常绿、落叶混交林。 相似文献
8.
[目的]通过分析土壤微生物生物量及群落结构的演变趋势,筛选影响土壤微生物群落的关键环境因子,揭示土壤微生物群落对毛竹林长期粗放经营的响应机理。[方法]选取不同粗放经营年限(5 a、9 a、15 a、18 a)毛竹林,以天然马尾松林(Masson pine,MP)作为对照,采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFA)分析方法表征土壤微生物量及群落结构。[结果]结果表明,毛竹林土壤微生物总PLFA含量以及细菌、真菌、放线菌等PLFA含量均显著低于马尾松林(P0.05),但不同经营年限毛竹林之间没有显著差异。土壤碱解氮及有效磷含量对土壤微生物总PLFA含量以及细菌、真菌、原生动物等PLFA含量影响显著(P0.05),而土壤碱解氮、p H值以及有机质含量对放线菌PLFA含量影响显著(P0.05)。长期粗放经营过程中毛竹林土壤微生物丰富度及多样性均呈逐渐下降趋势。非度量多维尺度转换排序(Non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析结果表明,毛竹林土壤微生物群落结构与马尾松林有明显区分(R=0.388 1,P=0.009)。土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷以及p H值合计解释了90.28%的微生物群落结构变异量,其中土壤含水量、碱解氮、有效磷贡献显著(P0.05)。[结论]长期粗放经营降低了毛竹林土壤微生物量,改变了群落结构,其生态风险还有待于进一步评估。 相似文献
9.
Kevin J. Kardynal Keith A. Hobson Steven L. Van Wilgenburg Julienne L. Morissette 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Forest harvesting strategies that approximate natural disturbances have been proposed as a means of maintaining natural species’ diversity and richness in the boreal forests of North America. Natural disturbances impact shoreline forests and upland areas at similar rates. However, shoreline forests are generally protected from harvest through the retention of treed buffer strips. We examined bird community responses to forest management guidelines intended to approximate shoreline forest fires by comparing bird community structure in early (1–4 years) post-burned and harvested boreal riparian habitats and the adjacent shoreline forest. We sampled riparian areas with adjacent: (1) burned merchantable shoreline forest (n = 21), (2) burned non-merchantable shoreline forest (n = 29), (3) 10 m treed buffer with 25% retention in the next 30 m (n = 18), and (4) 30 m treed buffer (n = 21). Only minor differences were detected in riparian species’ abundance and bird community composition between treatments with greater differences in these parameters occurring between post-fire and post-harvest upland bird communities. Indicators of all merchantable treatments were dominated by upland species with open-habitat species and habitat generalists being typical upland indicator species of burned merchantable habitats and forest specialists typical upland indicators of harvested treatments. Riparian species indicative of burned riparian habitats were Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Le Conte’s Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii) and Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) and indicators of 30 m buffers were Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) and Wilson’s Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). Multivariate Redundancy Analysis (RDA) of the overall (riparian and upland birds) community showed greater divergence than RDA with only riparian species suggesting less effect of fire and forestry on riparian birds than on upland birds. Higher natural range of variability (NRV) of overall post-fire bird communities compared to post-harvest communities emphasizes that harvesting guidelines currently do not achieve this level of variability. However, lack of a large negative effect on common riparian species in the first 4 years post-disturbance allows for the exploration of alternative shoreline forest management that better incorporates bird community composition of post-fire riparian areas and shoreline forests. 相似文献
10.
长白山北坡植物群落复杂性的海拔梯度变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700m-2600m的坡面上每100 m海拔设置一样地,共计20块样地,通过对同一群落各样方间的相异性测定,对各海拔植物群落的复杂性进行了分析。结果表明,以主林层乔木种的二元数据计算的结果,除亚高山岳桦林外,其它各海拔群落的样方间均表现出较高的相异性,特别是低海拔的阔叶红松林平均相异系数达0.74,明显高于其它植被类型;暗针叶林各群落间差异不大,相对而言1400 m群落样方间的相异性略高于其它群落,表现出过渡性群落树种组成的复杂性;岳桦林树种组成简单,样[(\267\275\274\344\322\262\261\355\317\326\263\366\275\317\270\337\265\304\\317\340\313\306\320\324\241\243)-0.1(\322\324\271\340\304\276\326\326\265\304\266\376\324\252\312\375\276\335\\274\306\313\343\265\304\310\272)]落内的相异性,虽低海拔的阔叶红松林总体上高于其它群落,但差异趋势并不像乔木种那么明显。以各草本植物与所有植物种的二元数据计算的各海拔群落内样方间的相异性,表现出非常相近的趋势,群落内样方间草本植物及所有植物种均以阔叶红松林及高山冻原差异最大,暗针叶林基本稳定于比较相近的水平。图3表1参8。 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT Diversification in resource management can serve as a strategy to increase both economic well-being and environmental sustainability in rural communities, especially in tropical forested regions. This paper documents and analyzes the recent and rapid regional commercialization of small diameter, lesser-known tropical hardwood species as polewood in Quintana Roo, Mexico, presenting the promises and perils for sustainable management and resource diversification in the context of Mexican economic development and community forestry. We present data from interviews with local farmers and forestry officials involved in community management of timber resources to reveal baseline information regarding the use and management of polewood, locally called palizada. We found the same permitting system used for high-value timber was implemented for polewood without recognizing the complex ecological characteristics of polewood and the different metrics by which polewood and high-value timber are bought and sold. These factors, coupled with an unstable market for this new forest product and potential for overexploitation, present a difficult situation for the sustainable management of polewood. We conclude that incorporating local ecological knowledge in devising polewood management strategies can strengthen local governance and is an essential aspect of managing this emerging market of forest products. 相似文献
12.
《Forest Policy and Economics》2002,4(3):227-237
There is growing recognition in tropical countries that safeguarding forests requires the active involvement of local communities, but knowledge of how best to do this is limited. Orissa's extensive experience of community forest management (CFM) provides some valuable lessons and insights regarding: (a) how and why communities manage their forests; and (b) the sustainability of CFM initiatives. The paper discusses the following aspects of CFM in Orissa: (a) the conditions that give rise to the initiation of CFM; (b) the size and nature of the benefits and how they are distributed among the various sub-groups of a community; (c) the factors affecting its sustainability, including conflicts and their management; and (d) communities’ support needs. The principal research activity was a survey, primarily socio–economic, of 43 forest-dependent communities. CFM was examined in the context of people's livelihood systems as a whole, since these can affect the size and nature of any benefits they derive from forest protection and also their main reasons for deciding to protect. The authors conclude that CFM has made an important contribution to the regeneration and sustainable management of Orissa's forests and argue that the formal balance of control of forests be shifted further towards communities. They highlight the plurality of institutional and management arrangements that communities have developed and caution against forest departments imposing a standardised, blueprint approach, as has tended to happen in government Joint Forest Management (JFM) programmes. Several weaknesses are identified in India's JFM programmes and reforms are recommended. 相似文献
13.
ABSTRACTThis article establishes principles conveyed by criteria and indicators as a useful tool for measuring progress made toward sustainable forest management (SFM). Pedagogically, the conceptual construction raises questions on the following topics: (a) the various management practices and policies that exist in the high forest zone, (b) how criteria and indicators for assessments are selected, and (c) how progress made toward SFM is measured. Performance scores are established for indicators identified within the three sectors (forest ecosystems, forest communities, and the economy) for sustainability assessment. Measuring progress toward SFM operations are quantitatively performed with estimated maximum and minimum thresholds levels at which resource-use would be sustained using the Measure of Forest Resource-Use Sustainability Scale (MoFRUSS). The outcome of the measurement operations, as depicted by MoFRUSS, reveals the actual extent to which stakeholder’s initiatives toward sustainable forest management has progressed and in which direction it is moving. It also offers optional policy baskets for resource management interventions from which the socio-eco economic bundle is recommended if the forestry sector of Ghana’s Vision 2020 (sustainable development) is to be achieved with improved societal well-being, improved environmental health and vitality, and improved economic growth and development. 相似文献
14.
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (VA) tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural systems. However, the tools are poorly coordinated, making it difficult for policymakers to carry out VAs properly. The aim of this study was to analyze VA literature worldwide to find representative case studies in terms of methods and tools applied and which have been successful in performing VAs on forests and forest-dependent communities. All successful VA studies analyzed had common characteristics such as significant funding, data availability and technical capacity. An additional characteristic was the development of an integrated approach that considered the vulnerability of both ecosystems and communities by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Community members and relevant stakeholders were significantly involved in a participatory process that concluded with the identification of adaptation measures. The case studies also revealed how policymakers need to choose suitable methods and tools to undertake efficient assessment of vulnerabilities. They need to consider several aspects of the VA process such as subject matter, availability of resources, time and scale. 相似文献
15.
[目的]为了揭示藏东南地区蚂蚁群落的生态学规律,对藏东南嘎隆拉和墨脱河谷不同样地的蚂蚁群落进行了调查研究,揭示藏东南地区蚂蚁多样性。[方法]采用样地调查法和手拣法进行调查;利用Estmaete S 9.1.0程序对数据进行处理,分析抽样充分性;利用多样性分析法,分析了蚂蚁群落的组成、优势种、物种多样性、群落均匀度及群落相似性等群落特征。[结果]合计发现蚁科Formicidae昆虫8亚科,45属,96种。分析发现,不同植被类型优势种和稀有种组成不同,稀有种较多。低海拔区域的沟谷雨林和常绿阔叶林蚂蚁优势种具有明显的热带和亚热带特征。多样性分析发现,各样地中的蚂蚁群落物种丰富度0 42种,个体密度0.0 1 805.6头·m-2,多样性指数02.285 5,均匀度指数0.251 0 0.873 6,优势度指数0.147 0 1.000 0。其中海拔1 200 m沟谷雨林的蚂蚁物种丰富度最高(42种);海拔1 450 m季风常绿阔叶林的多样性指数最高(2.285 5),优势度最低(0.147 0);海拔2 960m高山松林均匀度指数最高(0.873 6);高海拔的针叶林蚂蚁物种丰富度和多样性均最低,优势度最高。北坡分布的物种稀少,南坡物种丰富;群落相似性系数表明不同海拔和植被的蚂蚁群落间差异显著。[结论]嘎隆拉和墨脱河谷生境存在明显差异,蚂蚁群落的物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数总体呈现随海拔升高和植被的更替而降低的规律,但在南坡下部和中部出现2个峰值,分别为热带和温带物种的聚集群,表现出多域效应现象(Multi-Domain Effect)。植被、海拔和坡向对蚂蚁物种的分布和多样性影响深刻。 相似文献
16.
Community forestry is an approach for mitigating deforestation and forest degradation by managing the forest resources for benefitting neighboring communities. Monetary benefits and costs are associated in a community forest during conservation and management of a forest. For sustainable forest management, the benefit should be more than cost which is a contesting issue of research. So, this study was conducted in a community forest of the central part of Nepal with the help of 80 household surveys and a focus group discussion. The firsthand information collected at the site is complimented by forest product harvest and cost-related secondary information. It was observed that the total annual harvest of timber was 60 cubic feet, pole was 8 cubic feet, firewood was 1,110 Bhari,1 fodder was 4,388 Bhari, and leaf litter was 590 Bhari. To manage a forest, people were involved in fencing, thinning, and meetings. Management cost was six times higher than administration cost. The benefit from firewood and fodder was more due to the dependency of people in a forest for enhancing their livelihood. The higher value of benefit cost ratio indicates that the Community Forest User Group benefited from community forest management. 相似文献
17.
To examine the relationship between forest succession after severe logging forestry practices and the composition of avian communities, we investigated how forest bird composition and guild structure change as a function of structural properties along a successional gradient, including a climax mature forest (>400 years), a rehabilitated mixed forest (50-70 years), and a disturbed Masson pine forest (70 years) of the Dinghushan Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province, China. Of a total of 51 resident species recorded, mixed forests hosted the highest numbers of individuals and species, reflecting the high species richness of both forest and non-forest species. For forest-dependent species, however, mature stands had the highest observed and estimated species richness. Of 6 habitat-use guilds identified, vertical-profile generalists and understory-birds formed the two dominant guilds, accounting for 54.0% and 38.7% of all individuals respectively. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) clearly showed that most forest-dependent species were associated with high proportions of native canopy cover and the mean density of dead trees and large trees, which are characteristic of old-growth mature forests (horizontal heterogeneity) at stand level. Accordingly, conservation efforts should focus on the specialized requirements of the most habitat-restricted species in the future, especially for understory insectivores (Babblers) and large-tree users in mature subtropical monsoon forests of southern China. Moreover, since regenerating mixed forests are very similar to mature forests in both vegetation structure and bird community composition, we recommend that logging cycles (>50 years) be increased to a minimum of 50 years in southern China, so that a balance between economic and ecological interest can be reestablished. 相似文献
18.
喀纳斯泰加林群落与环境和火干扰因子的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】划分森林群落类型,定量分析森林群落形成与其环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,为新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营提供科学依据。【方法】以新疆喀纳斯泰加林火成演替森林群落为研究对象,基于149个森林群落样地及其火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用双向指示种分析(two-way indicator species analysis,TWINSPAN)方法对喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区处于不同演替阶段的森林群落进行群落类型划分,并采用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)方法通过对其森林群落进行排序,分析森林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子的关系,定量分离环境因子、火干扰因子及其二者的交互作用对森林群落形成的影响。【结果】 1)TWINSPAN将149个森林群落调查样地划分为16种森林群落类型;2)RDA排序结果较好地反映了喀纳斯泰加林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,环境因子中的海拔、坡位、坡度、坡向、土壤有机质和全钾含量对森林群落的形成起较大的作用,其中海拔、坡位、坡度和坡向与RDA第1排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01),土壤有机质和全钾含量与RDA第1排序轴存在显著相关性( P <0.05);火干扰因子中的火烈度对森林群落形成也起较大的作用,火烈度与RDA第2排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01);3)因子分离显示,在影响喀纳斯泰加林群落形成的因素中,环境因子解释的部分占21.96%,火干扰因子解释的部分占1.80%,二者交互作用解释的部分占49.82%,未能解释的部分占26.42%。【结论】喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区有16种森林群落类型,其森林群落形成受环境因子和火干扰因子的共同控制,并且二者的交互作用尤为突出。火干扰是新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营不可或缺的重要因素。 相似文献
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利用参与式方法在浙江临安市3个乡的9个村制定了度量森林经营生态可持续性的标准与指标,并结合专家法确定各指标的阈值和标准与指标的权重,同时利用层次分析法对3个乡的森林经营可持续性进行了评价。该度量体系由生物多样性保护、森林生产力的维持、维持森林的健康、森林经营活动的环境响应4个标准的11个指标组成,在每个指标下面设定验证参数,以利于数据采集和量化。在3个乡的评价结果表明:森林经营生态可持续性的分值在1994年和2002年分别为昌化5 65和5 64,高虹4 68和5 09,临目5 47和6 88。与1994年相比,昌化、高虹和临目在2002年森林生态系统经营的可持续性得分分别增加-0 18%,8 76%,25 78%。12年来临目在森林经营的生态目标上比其它2个乡提高了很多。这3个研究地点的生态可持续性的现实值都大于预先设定的5分,说明目前这3个地点的森林经营状况都是良好的,但离森林可持续经营的理想状态还有较长一段距离。 相似文献
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