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1.
内蒙古灌丛化石生针茅荒漠草原地下生物量与周转值的测定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
内蒙古的中部地区，广泛分布着中温型草原带最干旱的一个草原植被亚带－－荒漠草原亚带，灌丛化石生针茅草原是荒漠草原地带的一个主要群系，分布十分广泛，在一定范围内，它们占据的面积大于非灌丛化的石生针茅草原。（1），（4）对于荒漠草原亚带不同类型草原地上部分生产力的测定，自五十年代末的定位试验站开始，迄今已积累了相当丰富的资料，而不同类型草原群落地下部分生物量的测定，还未见过报道，但这却是草原生态系统物流与物质循环及生产力研究不可缺少的基础资料。本文是作用于1987年对内蒙古高原灌丛化石生针茅荒漠草原地下部分生物量和周转值进行测定所得结果的报道。 相似文献
2.
荒漠草原是脆弱生态系统，探讨荒漠草原对长期放牧等人为干扰的响应，为深入开展脆弱生态系统适应性研究提供更加可靠的理论依据。本文总结了近20年涉及短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原相关研究中的关键发现，从植物个体、种群、群落、生态系统以及土壤理化性质等方面归纳、总结并探讨了短花针茅荒漠草原对不同放牧利用方式和不同放牧强度的响应和适应特征，为有效节省后续研究人员查阅时间的同时，确定了知识薄弱的地方，提出了放牧利用下荒漠草原将来的几个重要研究方向和亟待解决的关键科学问题。 相似文献
3.
为了探究过度放牧对不同草原生态系统氮（N）素的影响,选取内蒙古3种主要类型草原（草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原）为研究对象,分析了连续多年过度放牧对植物生物量与叶片、根系和土壤中总氮（TN）和稳定氮同位素（δ15N）值的影响。研究结果表明：过度放牧显著降低草原植被地上、地下生物量（P<0.05）;无牧条件下,3种主要类型草原植物叶片、根系和土壤的TN、δ15N值自东向西呈现下降趋势,并且所有植物叶片（R2=0.73, P<0.001）、根系（R2=0.86, P<0.001）的TN和δ15N表现出显著正相关;过度放牧降低了3种草原植物叶片、根系和土壤中TN、δ15N的值。综上所述,过度放牧对3种草地生态系统N循环造成不同程度的影响,因此我们应采取多样化的管理方式,使草原生态系统可持续发展。 相似文献
4.
为揭示短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）荒漠草原植物功能群特征对长期放牧的响应机制,本研究以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,2018年8月对围封14年（2004-2018）不同放牧处理下的植物物种组成、高度、盖度、密度及生产力进行观测,并对功能群植物多样性、丰富度、均匀度和重要值分析。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加植物种类逐渐减少,在重度放牧区分属不同功能群的植物均有不同程度消失,不同功能群植物株高、盖度、生产力随放牧强度的增加均呈降低的变化趋势;对照区功能群多样性指数显著大于重度放牧区,对照区和轻度放牧区丰富度指数显著大于中度和重度放牧区;不同放牧处理下功能群多样性指数、丰富度指数与生产力呈显著正相关关系。研究认为,长期重度放牧减少了荒漠草原功能群植物多样性和丰富度从而导致草地生产力降低,进而影响草地的可持续利用。 相似文献
5.
由超载过牧导致的草地退化是土壤沙化的重要来源,放牧导致的草地风蚀加剧和草地沙化现象已经引起人们的普遍关注。以短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,采用完全随机区组设计设置6个放牧处理,对不同放牧处理下草地枯落物生物量、冬春季集沙量及土壤表层粒径等进行研究。结果表明:1)冬春季草地保存枯落物生物量越多,草地的固沙能力越强,适度放牧草地流沙量比重度放牧降低了45.16%;2)随着放牧强度的增大,草地不同粒径流沙量绝对值明显增加,>0.25 mm和<0.05 mm粒径沙粒的比例在重度放牧下较不放牧和轻度放牧高,0.25~0.10 mm粒径沙粒在重度放牧下最低;3)秋季重度放牧能增加草地流沙量,因此荒漠草原放牧利用在秋季应降低载畜率。所以,草地不合理的放牧利用降低了草地防风固沙能力,导致地表粗粒化,荒漠草原冬春季保持不少于32.93 g·m-2的枯落物,能显著降低草地风蚀,起到很好的固沙作用。 相似文献
6.
放牧强度对不同草地类型生态系统气体交换影响的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示不同放牧强度下不同草原类型气体交换的变化规律,在8月中旬采用Li-6400 便携式光合仪和密闭式箱法,分别对内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原不同放牧强度下气体交换进行分析研究。结果表明:不同草原类型之间的生态系统净CO2交换(NEE)、生态系统总呼吸(ER)和生态系统总初级生产力(GEP)均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。草甸草原的NEE和GEP随放牧强度增加呈现降低趋势,ER则呈现上升趋势;典型草原的NEE和GEP随放牧强度增加呈现上升趋势,ER则呈现下降趋势;荒漠草原的NEE和GEP除对照区外,随放牧强度增加呈现上升趋势,而ER呈降低趋势。放牧通过对草原生态系统植物、土壤等产生影响,从而影响生态系统气体交换。 相似文献
7.
8.
河西山地绿洲荒漠植物群落多样性研究Ⅱ放牧扰动下草地多样性的变化特征 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
对张掖山地绿洲荒漠各草地群落放牧扰动下物种丰富度及物种替代速率(β多样性)进行了测度,结果表明:在放牧压力梯度(轻度、中度、重度和过度)上,山地荒漠草原、山地典型草原、高山草甸草原和盐渍化草甸的物种丰富度呈单峰曲线;荒漠草原物种丰富度在过牧压力下最高.在放牧压力下各草地群落βw和βt值(物种替代速率)由大到小的序列是:高山草甸草原＞盐渍化草甸＞山地典型草原＞山地荒漠草原＞荒漠草原;βc和βr的测度结果兼有反映草地群落放牧压力梯度上物种替代速率和植物群落物种丰富度的内涵.二者的测度结果为:山地典型草原＞高山草甸草原＞盐渍化草甸＞山地荒漠草原＞荒漠草原.草地群落固有的物种多样性是保持草地稳定和草地生产力的载体和基础. 相似文献
9.
本文通过设置不同放牧方式(单一放牧、混合放牧和不放牧),以希拉穆仁荒漠草原植物群落为研究对象,研究混合放牧对荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响。得出以下结果:(1)在混合放牧处理中,放牧牛对短花针茅的采食导致短花针茅高度降低,可减弱针茅果实对羊皮的伤害。(2)混合放牧下由于不同牲畜食性选择不同,可以很好的利用草地资源。牛羊的采食习惯不同,羊喜爱采食植株较低,鲜嫩多汁的牧草,而牛会采食植株较高的植物。(3)在较短的放牧时间里,由于不同牲畜对植物资源的利用不同,植物的多样性有所提高。 相似文献
10.
内蒙古典型草原草畜系统适宜放牧率的研究Ⅱ.以牧草地上现存量和净初级生产力为管理目标 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文以放牧管理中放牧率与牧草地上现存量及净初级生产力之间的关系,分析和探讨内蒙古典型草原草-畜系统的适宜放牧率。尽管草原地上现存量随着放牧率的增大而降低,采食率随着放牧率的增大而增大,但最大地上净初级生产力则以2.67羊/hm2最大。结果表明,在冷蒿小禾草退化草原,确定最大地上净初级生产力的适宜放牧率,既要考虑地上现存量的大小,又要兼顾采食量,因而将草原状况与放牧率有机结合,综合的判断标准较为适用。此类退化草原最大地上净初级生产力的放牧率约为2.7羊/hm2,此时,个体增重和公顷增重分别为最大个体增重和公顷增重的87%和70%以上。因此,冷蒿退化草原的最大放牧率不应超过该放牧率值。 相似文献
11.
由于超载过牧以及草地自身对外界环境变化的敏感性,导致中国出现大面积退化草地。究其驱动力因子,草-畜之间的平衡关系首当其要,在可持续发展前提下,仅仅根据牧草生产力架构下的草畜平衡关系管理放牧系统是不准确,也是不全面的,科学的低排放放牧系统还需要兼顾"地下生物量"和"土壤侵蚀"状况。为此本文提出:适宜的放牧率=min(理论载畜量,以地下生物量最大化为准则确定的适宜放牧率,以土壤侵蚀最小化为目标确定的最适放牧率),在环县典型草原的研究实践表明在牧草生长期降水量为224.9mm时,最适宜的放牧强度为3.8羊单位/hm2。 相似文献
12.
基于高寒草地放牧系统次级生产力的优化放牧强度研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据小嵩草（Kobresia parva）高寒草甸和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）/星星草（Puccinellia tenuflora）高寒混播人工草地牦牛放牧系统、紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）高寒草原藏系绵羊放牧系统中草地次级生产力（家畜增重）的试验数据,构建了放牧家畜个体增重与放牧强度之间的模型：Y=a-bX（b>0）,以此为基础确定了单位面积草地次级生产力（家畜增重）与放牧强度之间的数学模型：Y=aX-bX2（b>0）;计算出各放牧系统最大生产力放牧强度：高寒草甸冷季和暖季草场分别是1.68头·hm-2和2.52头·hm-2,高寒人工草地牧草生长季为7.23头·hm-2,高寒草原冷季、暖季和全年连续放牧草场分别是4.33,6.45,2.36只·hm-2。 相似文献
13.
放牧强度对羊草草原的影响 总被引：41，自引：5，他引：36
研究放牧强度对羊草草原植物群落组成、数量特征、生物量及土壤特性等的影响.结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,羊草草原的植被盖度和生物量随之降低,优势羊草群落将逐渐被盐生植物所替代,群落结构趋于简化,物种向旱生化和盐生化演替.同时土壤容重、含水量、有机质和氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等营养元素含量亦随着放牧强度的增加而逐渐降低.春季过度放牧对土壤表层的水分、有机质和钙、镁等元素造成的损失最为严重.因此,制定科学的草原管理措施,特别是春季限制放牧等措施对于维持草原的可持续发展具有重要意义. 相似文献
14.
Jonathan D. Bates Edward C. Rhodes Kirk W. Davies Robert Sharp 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2009,62(1):98-110
Prescribed fire in rangeland ecosystems is applied for a variety of management objectives, including enhancing productivity of forage species for domestic livestock. In the big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) steppe of the western United States, fire has been a natural and prescribed disturbance, temporarily shifting vegetation from shrub–grass codominance to grass dominance. There is limited information on the impacts of grazing to community dynamics following fire in big sagebrush steppe. This study evaluated cattle grazing impacts over four growing seasons after prescribed fire on Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. Wyomingensis [Beetle & Young] Welsh) steppe in eastern Oregon. Treatments included no grazing on burned and unburned sagebrush steppe, two summer-grazing applications after fire, and two spring-grazing applications after fire. Treatment plots were burned in fall 2002. Grazing trials were applied from 2003 to 2005. Vegetation dynamics in the treatments were evaluated by quantifying herbaceous canopy cover, density, annual yield, and perennial grass seed yield. Seed production was greater in the ungrazed burn treatments than in all burn–grazed treatments; however, these differences did not affect community recovery after fire. Other herbaceous response variables (cover, density, composition, and annual yield), bare ground, and soil surface litter did not differ among grazed and ungrazed burn treatments. All burn treatments (grazed and ungrazed) had greater herbaceous cover, herbaceous standing crop, herbaceous annual yield, and grass seed production than the unburned treatment by the second or third year after fire. The results demonstrated that properly applied livestock grazing after low-severity, prescribed fire will not hinder the recovery of herbaceous plant communities in Wyoming big sagebrush steppe. 相似文献
15.
认识放牧对草地植物群落结构和家畜生产性能的影响是修复放牧退化草地和制定可持续放牧体系的理论基础。本研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原开展了基于草地放牧留茬高度的适应性放牧实验,连续4年监测了无牧(NG)、轻牧(LG)、中牧(MG)和重牧(HG)条件下草地植物群落的变化和家畜生产性能,分析其对放牧强度的响应。结果表明：与NG相比,HG显著降低了优势种的相对生物量,提高了伴生种的相对生物量(P<0.05);LG和MG处理下主要提高了优势种的生产力,而在HG处理主要提高了伴生种的生产力;在所研究的典型草原采用适应性放牧方式下,中度放牧可获得最佳的草地植物生产和家畜生产性能。研究为制定合理的草原放牧制度、促进草地群落结构优化和草畜平衡发展提供了理论依据。 相似文献
16.
草畜平衡管理--以时间机制调控的思路 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现行的草畜平衡监测和管理方法进行了剖析,指出了其机制上存在的缺陷和管理中存在的问题;根据北方草原地区草地生产力和家畜需求间存在着明显季节性差异的特点,提出了按"草地资源限量,时间机制调节,经济杠杆制约"思路对草畜平衡制度进行改革的设想. 相似文献
17.
A. Bernués J.L. Riedel M.A. Asensio M. Blanco A. Sanz R. Revilla I. Casasús 《Livestock Production Science》2005,96(1):75-85
The ‘Sierra de Guara’ Natural Park (81,491 ha, Huesca, Spain) is a protected Mediterranean mountain area dominated by shrub and forest pastures. Traditional agriculture, mainly extensive grazing systems, has decreased in the last decades; concurrently, invasion of shrub vegetation, landscape changes and higher risk of forest fires have been observed.A study, which started in 2000, was carried out with two broad objectives: at the farm level, to analyse the farming systems and evaluate management strategies; at the regional level, to give useful information to conservation authorities for better decision-making.An integrated approach with different spatial scales and methods of analysis was used. First, a survey covering all farms that utilized the Park was carried out and livestock farming systems were characterized in terms of grazing management, technical and socio-economic factors. Second, six representative areas were selected to evaluate, depending on livestock utilization, grass and shrub vegetation dynamics (biomass, green/dead ratio). Third, vegetation and livestock data were analysed using a Geographic Information System to identify constraining factors and areas of intervention. Key imbalances were identified that can threaten the sustainability of the Park: low continuity of farming families; intensification of the management system; degradation of grazing resources; and concentration of grazing areas. A number of management recommendations are raised. 相似文献
18.
Skyler T. Vold Lorelle I. Berkeley Lance B. McNew 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(6):933-945
Grassland birds have undergone substantial population declines throughout much of their historic ranges in North America. Most of the remaining grassland bird habitat is restricted to rangelands managed for livestock production, so grazing management has strong implications for grassland bird conservation efforts. We conducted 1 830 point-count surveys at 305 sites during 2016–2017 to evaluate the relative effects of three livestock grazing systems on the abundance and community composition of grassland birds in a northern mixed-grass prairie ecosystem of eastern Montana, United States. Our objectives were to 1) evaluate effects of grazing management on abundance and community composition of grassland obligate birds, focusing specifically on grazing systems, stocking rates, and interactions with rangeland productivity; 2) evaluate the importance of local vegetation characteristics for grassland birds within grazing systems; and 3) assess the effectiveness of rest-rotation grazing to create patch-heterogeneity in rangeland vegetation through the alteration of structural components and the response of grassland birds to these treatments. Overall, we found inconsistent responses in abundances of grassland birds relative to livestock grazing systems and no discernable differences among grazing systems relative to community composition. However, local abundances were often driven by interactions between grazing system and rangeland production potential, suggesting the effects of livestock grazing management were generally mediated by rangeland productivity. In addition, associations between avian abundance and grazing management parameters (e.g., stocking rate) were species specific. Ubiquitous guidelines for livestock grazing systems may be inappropriate for grassland bird conservation efforts in the northern mixed-grass prairie, and high stocking rates may negatively impact populations of dense-grass obligate grassland birds in this region. 相似文献
19.
《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2014,67(4):412-422
There is limited information about the effects of cattle grazing to longer-term plant community composition and herbage production following fire in sagebrush steppe. This study evaluated vegetation response to cattle grazing over 7 yr (2007–2013) on burned Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis [Beetle & Young] Welsh) steppe in eastern Oregon. Treatments, replicated four times and applied in a randomized complete block design, included no grazing on burned (nonuse) and unburned (control) sagebrush steppe; and cattle grazing at low (low), moderate (moderate), and high (high) stocking on burned sagebrush steppe. Vegetation dynamics were evaluated by quantifying herbaceous (canopy and basal cover, density, production, reproductive shoot weight) and shrub (canopy cover, density) response variables. Aside from basal cover, herbaceous canopy cover, production, and reproduction were not different among low, moderate, and nonuse treatments. Perennial bunchgrass basal cover was about 25% lower in the low and moderate treatments than the nonuse. Production, reproductive stem weight, and perennial grass basal cover were greater in the low, moderate, and nonuse treatments than the control. The high treatment had lower perennial bunchgrass cover (canopy and basal) and production than other grazed and nonuse treatments. Bunchgrass density remained unchanged in the high treatment, not differing from other treatments, and reproductive effort was comparable to the other treatments, indicating these areas are potentially recoverable by reducing stocking. Cover and production of Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) did not differ among the grazed and nonuse treatments, though all were greater than the control. Cover and density of A.t. spp. wyomingensis did not differ among the burned grazed and nonuse treatments and were less than the control. We concluded that light to moderate stocking rates are compatible to sustainable grazing of burned sagebrush steppe rangelands. 相似文献