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1.
利用自花结实的４Ｄ缺体小麦作母本，与中２、中５及中１００１等八倍体小偃麦杂交，获得的杂种Ｆ１植株除４Ｄ缺体×中５育性极低外，其余组合略低于普通小麦×八倍体小偃麦的自交结实率。杂种Ｆ１体细胞２ｎ＝４８。４Ｄ缺体×中２的Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂ＭＩ染色体配对的平均构型为１８．８１（１５－２２）Ⅱ＋０．５７（０－３）Ⅲ＋０．１１（０－２）Ⅳ＋８．２３（６－１０）Ⅰ。观察结果同时表明：（１）单价体的分布在每个ＰＭＣ中以８为众数；（２）单价体之中的两个在多数的ＰＮＣｓ中能形成次级联合配对，说明４Ｄ与４Ｅ染色体具有部分同源关系；（３）杂种Ｆ１多数花粉母细胞中多价体的出现表明八倍体小偃麦中Ｅ染色体组具有促进部分同源染色体配对的基因。 相似文献
2.
将(亚洲棉×草棉)F1进行染色体加倍,再与(陆地棉×海岛棉)F1进行杂交,产生亚洲棉、草棉、陆地棉和海岛棉四元杂种.对四元杂种F1进行15年的嫁接保存,对其花粉活力进行几年连续测定,并进行自交和回交.结果表明,四元杂种可育花粉率和弱生活力花粉率在逐年增加,不育花粉率逐年减少,其中弱生活力花粉增加到占10%以上,并能获得回交和自交种子.染色体组分析结果表明,四元杂种PMC减数分裂中期的染色体构型为2n=52=4.92Ⅰ 14.62Ⅱ 2.29Ⅲ 1.56Ⅳ 0.71Ⅴ 0.19Ⅵ,而15年前该四元杂种的染色体构型为2n=52=8.4Ⅰ 8.1Ⅱ 5.7Ⅲ 1.9Ⅳ 0.6Ⅴ.长期活体保存使四元杂种PMC减数分裂中期的每个细胞单价体数减少3.5个,二价体数增加6.5个,且多价体数也有明显减少.说明活体保存有利于协调染色体组之间的关系,使其染色体构型趋于协调和平衡,育性逐渐改善和恢复. 相似文献
3.
花粉母细胞(PMC)压片观察{[陆地棉(G.hirsutum L)×索马里棉(G.somalense Grke)]×海岛棉(G.barbadense)}的三元杂种及[(陆地棉×索马里棉)×陆地棉]的二元杂种中期Ⅰ染色体构型,这两个杂种都是异源五倍体(2n=5x=65),比较了两个杂种形成的多价体、二价体及单价体的频率。三元杂种具有多价体的PMC占22.03％,具有棒状二价体的PMC占57.29％,而二元杂种分别为8.33％和31.74％。三元杂种形成异源多价体和棒状二价体的频率比二元杂种高一倍。以上结果暗示在三交种的异源五倍体减数分裂中,存在同源染色体与部分同源染色体竞争联会现象,进而增加了异源易位的频率,有利于E_2染色体组基因渐渗到AD染色体组。 相似文献
4.
三个棉属种间杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂观察 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对棉属３个种间杂种ＴＭ－１×石系亚１号、ＴＭ－１×辣根棉和ＴＭ－１×瑟伯氏棉花粉母细胞的减数分裂进行了观察。结果表明，３个杂种多数花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ的染色体构型为１３Ⅱ＋１３Ⅰ。二价体联会成环状、棒状或Ｖ型。ＴＭ－１×辣根棉杂种的二价体联会较紧密。杂种除正常的染色体组ＡＡ和ＤＤ联会外，还发生ＡＤ联会及出现多价体。中期Ⅰ单价体大部分分散于赤道板两侧，并较早移向两级。个别二价体也不排列在赤道板上。二价体向两极移动时常形成染色体＂桥＂，使这些染色体移动速度减慢，导致细胞分裂不同步。此外，在第一次分裂和第二次分裂中都能看到落后染色体、远离大多数染色体的零星染色体、孤立的染色体群等现象。后期Ⅱ的花粉母细胞可形成较多的核仁。在四分孢子期，３个种间杂种既产生四分体，也形成二、三、五、六乃至十分体。ＴＭ－１×石系亚１号、×辣根棉、×瑟伯氏棉杂种的四分体数分别为７０．２％、６３．１％和３５．１％。 相似文献
5.
陆地棉与7个野生棉杂种细胞学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分析了四倍体栽培种陆地棉与辣根棉、哈克尼西棉、旱地棉、雷蒙德氏棉、裂片棉、异常棉和司笃克克棉等二倍体野生棉种间杂种Ｆ１的细胞学，花粉母细胞中期Ｉ染色体平均构型依次为：１４．６２Ⅰ＋１１．９３Ⅱ＋０．１７Ⅲ、１４．２１Ⅰ＋１２．３６Ⅱ＋０．０２Ⅲ、１１．７０Ⅰ＋１３．５２Ⅱ＋０．０９Ⅲ、１３．５６Ⅰ＋１２．７２Ⅱ、１４．１０１＋１２．２７Ⅱ＋０．１２Ⅲ、２８．１９Ⅰ＋５．１６Ⅱ＋０．１６Ⅲ和３１．２ 相似文献
6.
四倍体栽培棉与二倍体野生棉杂种PMC-FISH研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
首次将PMC-FISH（花粉母细胞荧光原位杂交）技术应用于四倍体栽培棉与二倍体野生棉杂交所形成的三倍体杂种棉F1中,成功的鉴定了目标染色体中的单价体、双价体、多价体,还发现在非目标染色体上有星状和片段状的杂交信号。在以A组棉基因组DNA作为探针的PMC-FISH中,分别对三倍体杂种棉F1及其母本四倍体栽培棉的减数分裂中期I的染色体构型进行了鉴定。结果显示,四个三倍体杂种棉F1的减数分裂时期染色体的构型分别是：陆地棉(AD)1×雷蒙德氏棉（D5）为1IIIaad + 1IIaa + 4IIad + 7IIdd + 5Ⅰa + 7Ⅰd;海岛棉(AD)2×旱地棉（D4）为1Ⅴaaaad +1IIIadd + 2IIad + 8IIdd + 6Ⅰa + 5Ⅰd;陆地棉(AD)1×澳洲棉（C3）为2IIIadd (adc or acc) + 1IIaa + 9Ⅰa + 4IIcc (dc or dd) + 14Ⅰd (c);陆地棉(AD)1×南岱华棉（C1-n）为：1IIaa + 1IIad (ac)+ 10Ⅰa + 6IIcc (dc or dd) + 13Ⅰd (c)。然而,两个四倍体棉染色体的构型都是13IIaa + 13IIdd。上述结果还显示, AD×D的两个杂种组合中,二价体多,单价体少,AD×C的两个杂种组合中,二价体少,单价体多;并且AD×D型杂种中A亚组染色体单体的数目比其在AD×C型杂种中的更少。这说明,与C染色体组相比较,D染色体组与四倍体棉种的亲缘关系更近。同时,我们的结果也证明PMC-FISH技术在分析三倍体杂种棉F1的亲缘关系中起着不可取代的作用。 相似文献
7.
海岛棉与澳洲棉、黄褐棉种间杂种F_1的细胞学研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本文研究了四倍体栽培种海岛棉与二倍体野生种澳洲棉、四倍体野生种黄褐棉种间杂种Ｆ１的主要形态特征及Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的粱色体行为。结果，（海岛棉４１６×澳洲棉）Ｆ１有的性状趋向澳洲棉，如茎、叶的茸毛、花冠颜色、花的开放形式；有的象海岛棉，如叶形、叶色、花药和花粉之颜色；有的则为中间型，如苞叶形状、铃形等。（海岛棉７１２４×黄褐棉）Ｆ１趋向父本黄褐棉的性状有：腺体较多，茎秆、叶片暗绿色，有茸毛，叶片掌状。短日照性强；表现中间型的性状有：花瓣黄色，有红心。两个组合Ｆ１的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的配对构型分别为３１．４Ⅰ＋３．９０Ⅱ＋０．０２Ⅲ＋０．０２Ⅳ和０．２４Ⅰ＋２５．７１Ⅱ＋０．０９８ｔⅠ″＋０．０３９Ⅳ，这一结果表明，海岛棉与澳洲棉的亲缘关系较远，与黄褐棉的亲缘关系较近，但海岛棉与黄褐棉的染色体间已有所分化，可能存在染色体结构上的差异。 相似文献
8.
(亚洲棉×比克氏棉)F1双二倍体不育系的花粉败育机理研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用亚洲棉与比克氏棉进行杂交,对杂种F1进行染色体加倍,获得(亚洲棉×比克氏棉)F1双二倍体。(亚洲棉×比克氏棉)F1双二倍体后代中分离出可育和不育两种类型。不育系形态特征与可育系相似,整体性状似父本比克氏棉,多数花为闭花授粉。花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体观察结果表明,不育系与可育系细胞的染色体数目相同,但不育系的单价体较多,染色体构型为2n=52=7.07I+18.13II+2.00III+0.67IV,二价体平均交叉数为1.91;可育系的染色体构型为2n=52=3.09I+23.79II+0.39III+0.04IV,二价体平均交叉数为1.91。另外,不育虽能形成明显的赤道板,但异常的纺缍体使在赤道板上的染色体方向各异,后期I染色体分向两极数目不均等,一些配对染色体成整体运动,而不分向两极。中期II中出现染色体不同步。后期II出现各种畸形孢子群,结果产生各类不育花粉粒。 相似文献
9.
三元杂种 [(亚洲棉×比克氏棉 )×陆地棉 ]及其反交的回交后代在性状上发生疯狂分离 ,在育性上分离出 3种类型 :可育型、不完全可育型、不育型。对这 3种类型及三元杂种F1减数分裂及其花粉的形成过程观察表明 ,三元杂种F1及回交后代的不育型 ,不育的根本原因在于减数分裂中期染色体不能正常配对 ,引起部分染色体滞后及染色体不均等分配 ,从而产生多分孢子和微核 ,最终导致不育花粉的产生 ;不完全可育型 ,大部分染色体联合配对成二价体 ,仅个别为单价体 ,这些单价体在后期随机向两极分离 ,产生的二分孢子有的正常 ,有的不正常 ,进而形成的花粉粒仅个别正常 ;可育株染色体配对正常 ,因而形成的花粉粒可育 相似文献
10.
甘蓝型油菜-埃塞俄比亚芥二体附加系植株形态及细胞学鉴定 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从甘蓝型油菜品种“３－６３－４－５－１”与埃塞俄比亚芥品种“Ｄｏｄｏｌｌａ”杂种Ｆ１植株开放受粉获得的Ｆ２群体中筛选出一株半不育、矮杆、甘蓝型油菜类型植株，经连续４个世代自交、分离鉴定出一个二体附加系“９２Ｉ１０９６”。细胞学观察结果，其根尖细胞染色体数２ｎ＝４０，比其母本甘蓝型油菜（２ｎ＝３８）多两条额外染色体。花粉母细胞（ＰＭＣｓ）减数分裂中期（ＭＩ）染色体构型平均为０．４７Ｉ＋１９．７７Ⅱ， 相似文献
11.
Jens Jensen 《Euphytica》1979,28(1):47-56
Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans. 相似文献
12.
Hongyan WEI Jian ZHOU Jinguang LU Jingzheng SONG Qiongxi YU Zhihong JIANG 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):27-29
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol... 相似文献
13.
Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed. 相似文献
14.
Richard N. Lester 《Euphytica》1989,44(1-2):125-132
Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected. 相似文献
15.
B. Julier P. Guy C. Castillo-Acuna G. Caubel C. Ecalle M. Esquibet V. Furstoss C. Huyghe C. Lavaud A. Porcheron P. Pracros G. Raynal 《Euphytica》1996,91(2):241-250
Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality. 相似文献
16.
In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,... 相似文献
17.
[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat... 相似文献
18.
不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应. 相似文献
19.
Summary
Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids. 相似文献
20.
Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed. 相似文献