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1.
试验通过收集出生、产犊和离群的记录,探究宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰情况,分析影响该地区奶牛长寿性的因素。对15 523头荷斯坦牛的生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次进行描述性统计,分析淘汰时的胎次、季节和泌乳阶段的分布情况;计算生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间的表型相关,利用固定模型分析场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性的影响。结果显示,宁夏地区荷斯坦牛的平均利用胎次为2.36胎,平均生产寿命为736.59 d。荷斯坦牛成母牛在产后第1个月内的淘汰风险最高,随着泌乳阶段的延长,成母牛在每个胎次内的淘汰风险均逐渐降低;随着淘汰胎次的增加,奶牛淘汰更加集中发生在产后泌乳早期;生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间存在较高的表型相关（均>0.9）,场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性有显著影响（P<0.05）,春季出生和22月龄头胎产犊的奶牛长寿性表现更好。本研究初步揭示了宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰规律和长寿性的影响因素,为宁夏地区牛群选育成母牛长寿性状奠定了基础。 相似文献
2.
旨在估计荷斯坦成母牛长寿性状遗传参数及评估育种值,为提高生产性能及实施平衡育种提供参考。本研究共收集江苏地区9个规模化牧场2017—2023年间19 756头荷斯坦成母牛的离群记录,分析牛只的长寿性和淘汰情况。利用R软件的GLM程序对影响奶牛长寿性状的固定效应(包括牧场、出生年季、头胎产犊月龄)进行显著性检验;采用BLUPF90软件进行遗传参数估计以及育种值评估,并绘制遗传趋势图。结果表明：江苏地区规模化牧场成母牛平均在群寿命为1 640.87 d,生产寿命为917.15 d,平均利用胎次为2.60胎;长寿性状遗传力估计值变化范围为0.07～0.15,属低遗传力性状;7个长寿性状(在群天数、生产寿命、利用胎次和L1-L4)间均具有中等到较高的遗传和表型相关(0.27～0.99),其中在群寿命与生产寿命的相关性趋近于1;通过计算长寿性状的育种值,绘制遗传趋势图,发现近年来长寿性状遗传进展缓慢且整体呈下降趋势。本研究对江苏地区规模化牧场成母牛长寿性状进行了系统的遗传分析,可为制定南方地区奶牛长寿性状育种规划提供参考。 相似文献
3.
本研究收集宁夏地区1997—2018年63个奶牛场16.9万头荷斯坦牛的生产性能测定数据，从个体和群体水平拟合泌乳曲线，旨在探析我国高产奶牛群的泌乳性能特征及其影响因素。使用WOOD不完全伽马模型对奶牛的个体泌乳曲线进行拟合，并获得模型参数a、b、c以及二级参数泌乳持续力、高峰奶量、高峰日和305 d产奶量，进而采用线性模型分析胎次、产犊季节、初产月龄、出生年份和牧场规模等因素对泌乳曲线参数的影响。结果表明，高峰奶量为42.18±8.66 kg（平均值±标准差，下同），高峰日为86.15±42.88 d,305 d产奶量为10 023.98±2 139.89 kg。胎次、产犊季节、初产月龄、出生年份和牧场规模对宁夏奶牛泌乳曲线参数均有极显著影响。头胎牛产奶量极显著低于经产牛，夏季产犊奶牛的产奶量显著低于其他季节，初产月龄为22～24月龄时产奶量最高，牧场规模低于500头与高于500头奶牛产奶量存在极显著差异，高峰奶量与305 d产奶量随出生年份的增加而增加。这些研究结果为规模化牧场精细化管理和群体遗传改良提供了有用信息。 相似文献
4.
产犊季节和胎次对荷斯坦牛部分繁殖指标的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了研究不同产犊季节和胎次对荷斯坦牛部分繁殖指标的影响,为长江中下游地区荷斯坦牛合理安排配种时间提供科学依据.本试验利用海丰奶牛场引进的澳系荷斯坦牛的繁殖指标数据,分析了产犊季节和不同胎次对部分繁殖指标的影响.结果显示,产犊季节对产后第一次发情泌乳天数、配种指数、产后受孕天数以及产犊间隔等繁殖指标的影响达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).胎次对发情泌乳天数、产后受孕天数以及产犊间隔等繁殖指标的影响也达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).在本研究中,秋季产犊的奶牛繁殖指标最佳.此外,头胎产犊奶牛的繁殖性能在各胎次中最好,该结果对同类地区荷斯坦牛繁殖管理有很好的指导作用. 相似文献
5.
奶牛的长寿性与牛场的经济效益息息相关。本研究利用2012年1月至2021年12月间北京及周边地区124个DHI参测牧场牛出生、产犊和离群记录来分析离群胎次、月度、季节以及产犊季节、月度对在群寿命和生产寿命的影响。结果表明，近10年北京及周边地区牧场淘汰奶牛的平均在群寿命为1 699d，平均生产寿命为831.8d，平均利用胎次为2.65胎。2012-2015年统计群体长寿性能基本保持稳定，自2016年发生明显下滑，2017年跌至最低，自2018年又开始逐步恢复，2021年达到近十年历史最高水平。牧场中全年发生的淘汰事件并不均衡，秋冬季节是北京及周边地区牛群的淘汰高发季节；夏季产犊对牛的在群寿命和生产寿命影响显著。 相似文献
6.
[目的]为探究不同因素对荷斯坦牛妊娠期长短的影响,以期进一步改善奶牛繁殖性能。[方法]研究利用一般线性模型对江苏省某奶牛场2017—2019年20 589条产犊记录进行分析,探究不同胎次、产犊季节、犊牛初生重、犊牛性别及是否产双犊和是否使用性控冻精对荷斯坦牛妊娠期长短的影响。[结果]胎次、产犊季节、犊牛初生重、是否产双犊以及不同犊牛性别和是否使用性控冻精对荷斯坦牛妊娠期长短均有极显著影响(P0.01),1胎母牛的妊娠期最短,2胎母牛的妊娠期最长;秋季产犊的母牛妊娠期最长,夏季产犊的母牛妊娠期最短;母牛的妊娠期越长,犊牛初生重越大;产双胎的荷斯坦牛妊娠期极显著小于产单胎的荷斯坦牛(P0.01);采用性控冻精的奶牛妊娠期极显著小于非性控冻精配种的奶牛(P0.01)。[结论]胎次、产犊季节、犊牛初生重、犊牛性别、是否产双犊和是否使用性控冻精均是影响荷斯坦牛妊娠期长短的重要因素,该结果为荷斯坦牛繁殖性能和牧场经济效益的提高提供了科学依据。 相似文献
7.
荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患隐性乳房炎（SCM）次数反映了泌乳牛产后乳房的生理健康状况。本研究旨在探究荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM次数对各泌乳月体细胞评分（somatic cell score,SCS）的影响,以期为牧场及时采取相关措施进行隐性乳房炎防控提供科学依据。本研究收集江苏地区12个奶牛场2017—2019年荷斯坦牛365 105条DHI测定日记录,并利用一般线性模型分析荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM次数对不同胎次、牧场规模、测定季节、产犊季节各泌乳月SCS的影响。结果表明,荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM次数对不同胎次、牧场规模、测定季节和产犊季节各泌乳月SCS均有极显著影响（P<0.01）;5胎及以上和夏季产犊的荷斯坦牛产后前60 d患SCM的比例较高;中小规模牧场和夏、秋季节产犊的荷斯坦牛各泌乳月SCS随产后前60 d患SCM次数的增加极显著增加（P<0.01）;随着泌乳月的增加,产后前60 d SCS与各泌乳月SCS的相关系数逐渐下降,头胎牛产后前60 d SCS与第3~7泌乳月SCS的相关系数最低,4胎牛较高;秋季产犊的荷斯坦牛产后前60 d SCS与第3~5泌乳月SCS相关系数均大于0.43,高于其他产犊季节。该结果有利于牧场根据奶牛产后前60 d患SCM次数乳对泌乳中后期SCS进行预测,从而指导牧场及时采取相关措施进行隐性乳房炎防控。 相似文献
8.
影响荷斯坦牛305 d泌乳性能的因素分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《中国畜牧杂志》2020,(4)
为探索胎次、产犊年度和产犊季节对荷斯坦牛305 d泌乳性能的影响,本研究利用一般线性模型对江苏省某大型牧场于2009—2016年产犊且泌乳天数为240～400 d的14 837个完整泌乳期荷斯坦牛的泌乳性能数据进行分析,同时以泌乳期总产奶量和泌乳天数为自变量,利用线性模型对305 d校正产奶量进行拟合。结果表明:不同胎次、产犊年度、产犊季节对荷斯坦牛305 d泌乳性能有显著影响;经产奶牛305 d产奶量显著高于初产奶牛;春冬季产犊奶牛305 d产奶量显著高于夏秋季节;305 d产奶量与泌乳天数、脂肪产量、蛋白产量与泌乳期总产奶量极显著正相关,与平均乳脂率和平均乳蛋白率极显著负相关。根据泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量利用线性模型Y_(305)=P×1.045-D×0.262可以很好地预测荷斯坦牛305 d产奶量。 相似文献
9.
《中国畜牧杂志》2020,(3)
为探索胎次、初产月龄、产犊年度和产犊季节对荷斯坦牛产犊间隔的影响,本研究利用一般线性模型对江苏省某中型牧场2010—2018年胎次为2～8胎、产犊间隔为300～600 d荷斯坦牛的9 419条产犊间隔数据进行分析。结果表明:不同胎次、初产月龄、产犊年度和产犊季节对荷斯坦牛产犊间隔有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中,荷斯坦牛第4胎产犊间隔最大(394.72 d),第2胎产犊间隔最小(390.85 d);初产月龄在22月龄以下荷斯坦牛产犊间隔最大(404.71 d),初产月龄在23～30月龄产犊间隔无显著差异;2015年产犊的荷斯坦牛产犊间隔最大(400.17 d),2018年产犊的荷斯坦牛产犊间隔最小(369.52 d);夏季产犊的荷斯坦牛产犊间隔最大(417.11 d),春季产犊的荷斯坦牛产犊间隔次之(399.85 d),秋冬季节产犊的荷斯坦牛产犊间隔较小且无显著差异。由上可知,胎次、初产月龄、产犊年度、产犊季节均是影响荷斯坦牛产犊间隔的重要因素。 相似文献
10.
荷斯坦牛和娟珊牛作为目前分布广泛的主要奶牛品种,其泌乳性能各有优势。为了比较二者泌乳性能的差异,收集了江苏某大型牧场2015年9月至2016年12月间共25489条DHI记录,用多因素方差法分析不同胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节娟珊牛与荷斯坦牛泌乳性能的差异。结果表明:娟珊牛与荷斯坦牛泌乳性状之间存在极显著差异,娟珊牛乳脂率和蛋白率极显著高于荷斯坦牛,而荷斯坦牛产奶量相关性状(日产奶量、校正奶量、高峰奶量、305天奶量以及成年当量)极显著高于娟珊牛(P0.01)。不同胎次、泌乳阶段和产犊季节娟珊牛和荷斯坦牛的泌乳性能比较结果总体上也符合上述趋势,但头胎娟珊牛校正奶量极显著高于头胎荷斯坦牛(P0.01),三胎娟珊牛的高峰日极显著大于荷斯坦牛(P0.01)。该结果表明娟珊牛和荷斯坦牛泌乳性能各有优势。 相似文献
11.
为了探究荷斯坦牛泌乳前期体况评分（body condition score,BCS）的影响因素及BCS对生产性能和离群寿命的影响,本研究收集江苏省某大型牛场2018年1月至2020年12月共7 811头荷斯坦牛泌乳前期BCS、生产性能测定（dairy herd improvement,DHI）结果及淘汰记录,利用多因素方差分析法在分析奶牛泌乳前期BCS变化及影响因素基础上,重点分析泌乳前期BCS及其变化对泌乳性能和离群寿命的影响,利用Cox回归对泌乳前期不同BCS的荷斯坦牛生存曲线进行绘制,并对不同BCS荷斯坦牛的淘汰原因进行卡方检验。结果表明,全群泌乳前期BCS均值为（2.95 ±0.32）。胎次、产犊季节和泌乳天数对泌乳前期BCS有极显著影响（P<0.01）,1胎牛和夏季产犊的母牛泌乳前期BCS均最高;5~30、31~60、61~100 d BCS呈显著下降。泌乳前期BCS对产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞评分等均有极显著影响（P<0.01）。产奶量和高峰奶量随BCS的增加呈极显著下降（P<0.01）。泌乳前期BCS与产奶量、高峰奶量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。泌乳前期BCS的变化对SCS和高峰奶量均有显著影响（P<0.05）。泌乳前期BCS对离群胎次和淘汰月龄有极显著影响（P<0.01）。生存分析表明,BCS为2.75的牛只生存概率最大。2胎和4胎母牛、冬季产犊的母牛不同BCS淘汰比例均呈极显著差异（P<0.01）;低产淘汰的牛只泌乳前期BCS淘汰分布具有极显著差异（P<0.01）。在本研究牛群中,当泌乳前期BCS为2.75时,牛只生产性能较佳且淘汰风险最低,本研究为规模化牛场荷斯坦牛泌乳前期的饲养管理提供了参考。 相似文献
12.
Associations between rearing conditions and the risk of culling in dairy cows were studied by survival analysis. Data were collected from 1039 Swedish Red cows, 1029 Swedish Holsteins, and 56 cows of other milk or cross-breeds, representing all female animals born in 109 Swedish herds during 1998. Length of productive life was defined as the number of days from 1st calving to culling. The applied Weibull proportional hazards model included time-independent effects of breed, housing from 3 to 7 months of age, number of housing changes before calving, grazing before 1st calving, herd median age at 1st calving, age at 1st calving, cow housing, herd lactational incidence risk of veterinary-reported clinical mastitis, and the random effect of herd. Time-dependent effects were year, month, the interaction year by month, parity, number of breedings, pregnancy status, the interaction parity by pregnancy status, herd mean milk-production level, relative milk yield within breed-parity, and veterinary-reported clinical mastitis. The lactation was divided into six stages in which pregnancy status was assumed to be known by the farmer and culling could occur. Median productive life time in culled cows was 780 d and 14% of the records were censored due to terminated data collection. An individual calving age of 28.2–30.9 months was associated with the highest culling risk, 1.2-fold higher than calving at ≤25.3 months, whereas the risk decreased almost linearly with a higher herd median age at 1st calving. Housing in slatted pens with >7 calves from 3 to 7 months was associated with a 1.7-fold increase in risk, relative to litter pens. If a cow had changed housing system 4 times before 1st calving it increased the risk of culling 1.4 times, relative to two housing changes. These results show that rearing factors affect the productive life time of dairy cows in Swedish family operations. 相似文献
13.
Schneider Mdel P Strandberg E Emanuelson U Grandinson K Roth A 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,80(2-3):179-192
The interaction of the effects of pregnancy status and veterinary-treated clinical mastitis on culling in Swedish dairy cattle was analyzed with survival analysis. The data were from 978,780 cows with first calvings between 1988 and 1996. Four breeds (Swedish Red and White (SRB), Swedish Friesian (SLB), Swedish Polled Breed and Jersey) were included in the analysis, together with the SRB x SLB crossbreds. Length of productive life was defined as the number of days between first calving and culling or censoring (end of data collection). The model (Weibull proportional hazard) included the interaction of parity by pregnancy status by veterinary-treated clinical mastitis, peak test-day milk-yield deviation within herd-year-parity, age at first calving, year by season, region, breed, herd production level, and the random effect of herd. The effects of pregnancy status and veterinary-treated clinical mastitis were modeled as time-dependent covariates. The lactation was divided into five stages during which a veterinary-treated clinical mastitis and culling might occur and in which the pregnancy status was assumed to be known and culling could occur. Open cows had a pronounced effect on culling: they had a very high risk of being culled in all lactations, and it was even higher if they were treated for mastitis in early lactation. For pregnant cows, the later they got pregnant during the lactation, the greater their risk to be culled. The risk associated with cases of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis remained important throughout the lactation. 相似文献
14.
The study describes the profiles of culled cows in order to assess the possible contribution to economic losses due to health disorders. Data regarding dates of birth, final calving and culling, parity at culling, milk yield at the two first test-days of the final lactation and reason(s) for culling were collected in a 5-year survey, carried out from 1989 to 1994 in 84 commercial Holstein farms in western France. Polytomous logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between parity, calving-to-culling interval, milk yield and eight groups of primary culling reasons (i.e. udder disorders; infertility or reproductive disorders; lameness or foot/leg defects; emergency culling reasons; other health disorders; low milk yield; sales for dairy purpose; and other voluntary culling reasons). Out of a total of 5133 culled cows, the proportions of culls, for each of these groups of reasons, were 12.4, 28.4, 2.7, 3.9, 4.6, 16.7, 5.9, and 25.4%, respectively. Cows culled for udder disorders left the herd earlier in lactation and were more frequently at parities 4–6 than cows culled for voluntary reasons. In contrast, cows culled for infertility were younger and culled later within lactation. They were also higher yielding cows than those culled for other reasons. Cows culled for lameness were similar to those of the voluntarily culling group. Cows culled for emergency reasons were more frequently younger cows in early lactation. Cows culled for other health disorders left the herd early in lactation, but at a higher parity than the voluntarily culled cows. These results suggest that most of the culls related to health could be contributing to economic loss. However, special priority should be given to reduce culling for reproductive problems, which is the most costly exit reason. 相似文献
15.
Estimation of genetic parameters for functional longevity in the South African Holstein cattle using a piecewise Weibull proportional hazards model 
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下载免费PDF全文 V.E. Imbayarwo‐Chikosi V. Ducrocq C.B. Banga T.E. Halimani J.B. van Wyk A. Maiwashe K. Dzama 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2017,134(5):364-372
Non‐genetic factors influencing functional longevity and the heritability of the trait were estimated in South African Holsteins using a piecewise Weibull proportional hazards model. Data consisted of records of 161,222 of daughters of 2,051 sires calving between 1995 and 2013. The reference model included fixed time‐independent age at first calving and time‐dependent interactions involving lactation number, region, season and age of calving, within‐herd class of milk production, fat and protein content, class of annual variation in herd size and the random herd–year effect. Random sire and maternal grandsire effects were added to the model to estimate genetic parameters. The within‐lactation Weibull baseline hazards were assumed to change at 0, 270, 380 days and at drying date. Within‐herd milk production class had the largest contribution to the relative risk of culling. Relative culling risk increased with lower protein and fat per cent production classes and late age at first calving. Cows in large shrinking herds also had high relative risk of culling. The estimate of the sire genetic variance was 0.0472 ± 0.0017 giving a theoretical heritability estimate of 0.11 in the complete absence of censoring. Genetic trends indicated an overall decrease in functional longevity of 0.014 standard deviation from 1995 to 2007. There are opportunities for including the trait in the breeding objective for South African Holstein cattle. 相似文献
16.
本研究通过对北京地区1998-2016年28个场区的奶牛生产性能测定（DHI）数据进行分析,旨在比较不同产犊季节对1~3胎奶牛泌乳曲线相关参数的影响。使用Wood模型对1~3胎不同产犊季节群体和个体泌乳曲线进行拟合,并获得相应胎次下不同产犊季节奶牛泌乳曲线参数a、b、c （分别代表泌乳潜力、产奶量上升至顶峰速率、产奶量达到顶峰后下降速率）、泌乳曲线二级参数Per、PY （分别代表泌乳持续力、泌乳峰值）及305 d产奶量（305MY）。群体和个体水平的曲线拟合采用SAS 9.2中NLIN模块进行,采用混合线性模型分析不同产犊季节对各胎次奶牛泌乳曲线参数的影响。结果显示：产犊季节对Wood泌乳曲线的泌乳潜力、达到峰值的上升速率、达到峰值后的下降速率、泌乳峰值及305MY均有显著影响（P<0.05）,对于泌乳持续力没有显著影响（P>0.05）。夏季产犊牛泌乳曲线整体低于其他产犊季节,且胎次越高趋势越明显,1胎牛受到的影响较小;从胎次上分析,头胎牛泌乳持续力极显著高于经产牛（P<0.01）;头胎牛夏季产犊305MY比其他产犊季节的低274.33~490.17 kg,经产牛夏季产犊305MY比其他产犊季节的低440.76~930.68 kg。以上结果提示,北京地区牛场应注重做好经产牛和头胎牛的防暑降温工作,注意调整配种时间,避免夏季产犊牛过多,造成损失。 相似文献
17.
A Weibull mixed survival model was used to study the effect of a change in the housing system on length of productive life (LPL) in dairy cows. The data set included records on 71,469 Swiss Brown cows in 1674 farms in eastern and central Switzerland. About 36% of the records were right-censored. The observation period lasted from January 1, 1988 to May 1, 2001. During this period, 517 farms changed their housing conditions from a tie-stall barn to a loose housing system. Besides a random time-dependent effect of herd–year–season, the model included fixed effects of housing system, lactation number and stage of lactation, within herd and parity production level (all time-dependent), and age at first calving (time-independent). All effects had a significant effect on LPL at a level of p < 0.001. Cows in loose housing systems showed the lowest risk ratios of being culled (0.93) compared to the reference system tie-stall barn (1.00). The highest relative culling rate (1.09) was observed within the changing period from tie-stall barn to loose housing system. Within the first three lactations, the relative culling risk increased stepwise with lactation stage. The hazard slightly increased from first until lactation number 8 and higher. The relative culling rates were highest (2.22) for cows yielding less than 90% compared to herd-mates of the same lactation number, whereas the lowest risk ratios were estimated for animals yielding more than 110% compared to their reference group (0.64). When heifers were older than 3 years at first calving, there was a tendency towards a higher relative culling risk (1.06). 相似文献
18.
Estimation of some productive and reproductive effects on longevity of beef cows using survival analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Longevity of beef cows defined as the length of productive life from first calving to culling was estimated in this study. Data from 1800 cows belonging to Hereford, Angus, Simmental, Charolais, Limousin and Blonde d' Aquitaine breeds were analysed using survival method. The results indicate effects of breed, calving season, and calving difficulty on longevity (P < 0.05); however, herd, age of the cow at first calving, sex and weaning weight of their calves did not affect (P > 0.05) the length of productive life. Hereford had significantly greater (10.3 years) estimated length of productive life than Angus (8.1 years), Simmental (7.9 years), and Charolais (7.1 years), which had similar estimated longevity. Limousin (5.9 years) and Blonde d' Aquitaine (5.2 years) were similar in estimated longevity, but less than the other breeds studied. Cows that calved first in spring or summer were estimated to have longer productive life (7.2 years and 9.9 years) and less risk of early culling than those calving in autumn (5.7 years) and in winter (5.1 years). Longer productive life (6.2 years) was estimated across breeds for cows calving without assistance or with a little assistance (6.9 years) compared to those needing veterinary assistance (2.8 years) or having stillbirth (4.6 years). The results highlight that breed, calving season and calving difficulty of beef cows may have important effects on length of productive life. Special attention should be devoted to these effects. 相似文献