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1.
Differences in survival and growth rates in seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus juveniles feeding on Artemia sp. or copepods have been related to specific digestive capacities of seahorse newborn, which are capable of actively forage on available prey from the first day of live. Other seahorse species, such as H. abdominalis and H. hippocampus, show high success feeding on Artemia nauplii suggesting species-specific differences in the digestibility of prey among seahorses. In this study, the profiles of digestive enzyme activity during the initial 15 days after release (DAR) were very low for trypsin, chitinase and α-amylase. In contrast, higher activities towards any of the assayed substrates for lipase (butyrate, octanoate and oleate) were evident from 0 DAR onwards. From 15 DAR onwards, the effect of diet composition became evident in juveniles previously fed on a mixed diet (Artemia + copepods), which showed a clear increase in all the assayed enzymes when compared with juveniles fed on Artemia as a sole prey. As a practical applicability of this study, a feeding schedule ensuring an adequate digestibility of the prey is proposed based on ontogenetic enzymatic activities of seahorse juveniles fed on different prey.  相似文献   

2.
This study evaluated the effect of exogenous digestive enzymes on the survival, growth performance and morphology of the digestive tract of juveniles of the longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi fed exclusively with Artemia and supplemented with five different concentrations of porcine pancreatin (PP) (0, 5, 25, 50 and 75 mg/L from birth until 30 days after release). The results found in the present study clearly show that there was a significant increase in survival and growth as well as substantial changes in the morphology of intestinal villi in seahorses fed exclusively with Artemia supplemented with 75 mg/L PP. Therefore, the use of digestive enzyme supplementation constitutes an important advance for the establishment of a more efficient and practical feeding protocol (exclusive use of Artemia) for juveniles of the longsnout seahorse.  相似文献   

3.
Juvenile (1–10 g) southern rock lobsters, Jasus edwardsii, were subjected to five photoperiods [0L(light):24D(dark); 6L:18D; 12L:12D; 18L:6D; 24L:0D] during a 112‐day trial, and growth, survival, colour, food consumption and activity were examined. Lobsters grown under the 6L:18D and 24L:0D photoperiods had significantly lower (P < 0.05) final mean weight and specific growth rate than any other treatments. Photoperiod had no effect on survival or colour of lobsters. Food consumption differed significantly during the first week of the trial; after 5 weeks, food consumption was similar in all treatments. Major peaks in activity occurred during dark periods for lobsters exposed to photoperiods that had a light:dark regime. Activity of lobsters exposed to continuous light or dark regimes remained constant and at low levels during the 24‐h period. Food consumption or activity does not appear to determine the rate of growth of lobsters in the different photoregimes. One over‐riding outcome of this and other studies on photoperiod is that the growth and survival response of juvenile J. edwardsii was not significantly better than those of the standard 12L:12D cycle.  相似文献   

4.
This study evaluated the use of live and frozen copepods collected from shrimp ponds for rearing juveniles of the spotted seahorse Hippocampus kuda. Protein and HUFA contents in frozen copepods were all higher than in Artemia nauplii, the conventional live food for seahorse juveniles. The results of this study showed that copepods can be used as feed for rearing seahorse fry and juvenile. The spotted seahorse showed obvious preference for live copepods and rarely fed on dead copepods on the tank bottom. Furthermore, the combination of frozen copepods and live Artemia nauplii resulted in highest growth and highest survival of the experimental seahorses. Further research on possible effects of DHA:EPA ratio on survival and growth of young H. kuda is recommended.  相似文献   

5.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying dietary levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in live prey (Artemia nauplii and a calanoid copepod, Schmackeria dubia) on the growth performance, survival, and fatty acid composition of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, juveniles. Artemia nauplii were enriched with a commercial product (SS? 50DE‐microcapsule as HUFA source, 2/3 DHA, 1/3 EPA. Shengsuo Fishery Feed Research Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China) at four concentrations of 0.0, 14.0, 28.0, and 56.0. Newly hatched juveniles were cultured for 35 days. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and n‐3 HUFAs in the Artemia nauplii was positively related to the enrichment concentration. At the end of the trials, growth performance of the juveniles was positively related to the enrichment concentration as well. However, the juveniles fed prey enriched with the highest concentration of enrichment (56.0 μL/L) had the significantly lower (P < 0.05) survival rate. The juveniles fed the copepod had the best growth performance and the highest survival rate, suggesting that the copepod, S. dubia, is suitable for feeding the seahorse juveniles. The comparisons between the growth, survival, and fatty acid profiles of the juveniles fed Artemia and copepods indicate that the seahorse juveniles require dietary levels of DHA beyond those achieved by enriching prey with the HUFA enrichment. Surplus EPA resulted from an imbalance between DHA and EPA in the enriched Artemia nauplii probably caused an adverse effect on the seahorse juveniles. This study suggests that DHA and EPA requirement of the lined seahorse juveniles is roughly 32% of total fatty acid, and the optimal DHA/EPA ratio for the species is circa 4:1. To avoid an adverse effect resulting from excessive EPA, maximum proportion of EPA in enriched Artemia nauplii should not exceed 13% of total fatty acid, and a recommended minimum DHA/EPA ratio in the enriched Artemia nauplii is 1.46. Arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6) might not be an essential fatty acid for the seahorse juveniles.  相似文献   

6.
Previously, we found Lactobacillus plantarum had probiotic effects on lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) juveniles by the addition Lactobacillus directly into rearing seawater containing juveniles and their food (i.e. copepods). However, how the juveniles consumed Lactobacillus, directly from water or from copepods in whose guts Lactobacillus may have accumulated by ingestion, is still unclear. To clarify this, three experiments were successively carried out in this study. In the first experiment, the manner by which juveniles consumed Lactobacillus, namely, directly from food, was discovered via a 2 × 2 factorial design with two factors of water and food, and two levels with and without L. plantarum. In the second experiment, a 5 × 4 factorial design with five levels of L. plantarum doses (D: 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 × 108 cfu/L) and four levels of enrichment time (T: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 hr) was conducted to analyse lactic acid bacteria (LAB) contents in the enriched copepods under different treatments. In the third experiment, six kinds of Lactobacillus‐enriched copepods chosen from the second experiment that carried significantly different LAB contents were fed to juveniles, and it was found that the copepods containing LAB greater than 5 log10colonies/g had the most improved effects for survival and growth. In conclusion, the effective manner of L. plantarum administration in seahorses is by the addition to their food. Additionally, D40 * T1.0, whose LAB content was more than 5 log10colonies/g, is generally the most economic copepod treatment for improving survival and growth in H. erectus rearing.  相似文献   

7.
Xu  Hanying  Dou  Juan  Wu  Qingyang  Ye  Yangfang  Wang  Chunlin  Song  Changbin  Mu  Changkao  Ren  Zhiming  Shi  Ce 《Aquaculture International》2022,30(4):1769-1778

Photoperiod is a crucial environmental factor affecting the survival and development of crustacean larvae. The full-spectrum light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as light sources to investigate the effect of five photoperiods, i.e., 0 L:24D (constant darkness), 6 L:18D (6 h photophase), 12 L:12D (12 h photophase), 18 L:6D (18 h photophase), and 24 L:0D (constant light) on the survival and development of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus larvae (from zoea I to juvenile crab). Natural photoperiod (ambient) was used as a control group. Each treatment had four replicates (n?=?4, 100 larvae per replicate). The experiment lasted 20 days when all the larvae died or metamorphosed into juvenile crabs. The results revealed that the P. trituberculatus could not metamorphose into juvenile crab under constant darkness, 6 h photophase, and constant light, and all the larvae died in zoeal III, zoeal IV, and zoeal IV stage, respectively. The highest survival and the shortest developmental duration of larvae were found in the 12 h photophase group (1.75%, 16.80 d) but were not statistically different from those reared in the 18 h photophase group (0.75%, 17.00 d) and natural photoperiod (0.25%, 18.90 d). The above results indicated that full-spectrum LEDs could be a considerable alternation for natural light, and the optimal photoperiod for P. trituberculatus larvae is 12–18 h photophase.

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8.
Seahorse aquaculture has been a focus for meeting the demand of traditional medicine and aquarium. Feeble (poor quality) juveniles are commonly found in the commercial seahorse culture. In this study, we compared the growth and survival performances of the feeble and healthy common seahorses Hippocampus kuda. The results show that the feeble juveniles had high growth and survival at the temperature of 27–29 C and salinity of 26–28‰ with frequent feeding (≥three times a day) during first 5 wk. Through a 12‐wk investigation, we found that the air‐bubble disease could significantly affect the specific growth rate and survival of the feeble juveniles. There was a positive and significant correlation between the substrate‐attachment rate and survival rate in the feeble juveniles, and substrate‐attachment rate may be used to assess the quality of the feeble populations in the seahorse H. kuda.  相似文献   

9.
The short‐snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus) is a benthic fish that bases its survival on camouflage with the environment; therefore, both in wild and in captivity specimens, differences in coloration have been observed. This study was conducted to study the effect of five different diets, based on Artemia and frozen mysis, on fish survival, growth, skin colour parameters and biochemical composition. After 102 days of feeding different diets, no effect was observed on fish survival, growth, protein, ash or humidity content, except for colour changes on yellow and red fish. Differences on seahorse lipid and total carotenoids content were obtained in the experiment because of experimental diets. Fish eating Artemia showed the highest colour pattern response during the trial, with a maximum yellowness attained of 21. Additionally, a plateau of the skin colour expression for Artemia‐feeding fish was reached on day 180. A reversion of the yellowish skin colour was determined after a change of diet.  相似文献   

10.
Populations of the coconut crab, Birgus latro, have been severely depleted on most inhabited islands throughout the Indo‐Pacific regions because of overharvesting and environmental degradation. To assist in the development of artificial propagation technologies for supportive breeding programmes in conserving this species, this study was designed to elucidate the effect of photoperiod on the survival, developmental period of zoeae and body size of megalopae through laboratory experiments. We tested six light (L) and dark (D) photoperiod regimes times of 0–24 h, thus 0L:24D, 6L:18D, 12L:12D, 18L:6D and 24L:0D. Photoperiod conditions significantly affected larval survival. Survival was lower in the 0L:24D condition than in other photoperiod conditions, reflecting higher mortality during the zoeal stage in the 0L:24D condition. On the other hand, survival rates were high during the periods when larvae metamorphosed into megalopae, regardless of photoperiod conditions. In the 24L:0D condition, larval survival rate was slightly lower than in other conditions containing a light phase. Zoeal duration and megalopal body size were not different in light durations ranging from 0 to 18 h, but they were longer and larger, respectively, in the 24L:0D condition. Thus, continuous dark or continuous light conditions impaired the survival and development of larvae, and such photoperiod regimes should be avoided for culturing larvae of the coconut crab.  相似文献   

11.
The southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, is an important commercial and recreational marine flatfish that inhabits estuaries and shelf waters in the south Atlantic, from North Carolina through the Gulf coasts, with the exception of south Florida. Because juvenile and adult fish are highly euryhaline, it is a prime candidate for aquaculture. Methods for captive spawning of southern flounder are well developed; however, information on optimal culture requirements of the early larval stages is required for reliable mass production of juveniles.To determine the optimal photoperiod and salinity conditions for culture from hatching to day 15 post-hatching (d15ph), embryos were stocked into black 15-l tanks (75 l−1) under four photoperiods (24L:0D, 18L:6D, 12L:12D, and 6L:18D) and two salinities (25 and 34 ppt) in a 4×2 factorial design. Temperature was 18 °C, light intensity was 150 lx, and aeration was 50 ml min−1. Significant (P<0.05) effects of photoperiod and salinity on growth (notochord length, wet and dry weights) were obtained. Growth increased with increasing photoperiod and salinity and was significantly greater at 24L and 18L than at 12L or 6L, and at 34 than at 25 ppt. On d11ph and d15ph, significant interactive effects between photoperiod and salinity on growth (wet and dry weights) were also evident. Growth of larvae reared at 25 ppt increased with increasing photoperiod to a maximum at 24L, while growth of larvae at 34 ppt reached a plateau at 18L. While there were no significant photoperiod effects on these parameters, larval survival, body water percentage, and larval osmolality on d15ph were significantly higher at 34 than at 25 ppt (41% vs. 16% survival; 322 vs. 288 mosM kg−1; and 84% vs. 76% water, respectively), suggesting stress and nonadaptation to 25 ppt, a salinity more nearly isoosmotic than full-strength seawater. Since larvae from both salinity treatments were neutrally or positively buoyant at 34 ppt, but negatively buoyant at 25 ppt, larvae reared at 25 ppt probably allocated energy to maintain vertical positioning, compromising growth and survival.The results demonstrate that growth and survival of early-stage southern flounder larvae are maximized under long photoperiods of 18–24L and in full-strength seawater. Longer photoperiods probably extend the time larvae have for feeding, while full-strength seawater salinity optimizes buoyancy and vertical positioning, conserving energy. The results show that early larval stage southern flounder larvae are not entirely euryhaline, which involves not only the ability to osmoregulate, but to conserve energy under reduced buoyancy. This is consistent with suboptimal vs. maximal growth of larvae reared at 25 and 34 ppt, respectively, under 18L (i.e., photoperiod×salinity interaction). This is also consistent with other reports that tolerance to lower salinities in these euryhaline flatfish increases post-metamorphosis when transition from a pelagic to benthic existence alleviates the need to counteract reduced buoyancy.  相似文献   

12.
Seahorses are ambush predators that swallow the prey through their tubular snout. In order to better understand mouth growth and its effect on prey preference by juveniles of the seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus, experimental assays were carried out by feeding juveniles (0–30 – d after male's pouch release [dar]) on a mixture of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis; Artemia nauplii; and copepods; Acartia tonsa. Mouth development in juveniles was accomplished by growth of upper and lower jaws, which were linearly correlated with juvenile length, whereas mouth width (MW) and height (MH) grew exponentially with juvenile size. Additionally, MW and MH were exponentially correlated, so that the transversal section of the mouth increased linearly with juvenile age and length. Gut content and Ivlev' selectivity index demonstrated a permanent rejection of rotifers for the whole experimental period and a clear preference of juveniles for copepods from 0 to 15 dar and for Artemia nauplii afterwards. Results also suggest that juveniles are able to ingest larger prey than those provided as the limiting factor in prey ingestion was not MW, as for many marine fish larvae, but mouth area. A tentative feeding schedule to successfully feed H. guttulatus juveniles from 0 to 30 dar is proposed.  相似文献   

13.
Manipulation of photoperiod: 24 h light (24L), 12 h light:12 h dark (12L:12D) and 24 h dark (24D); and feeding schedules: day and night feeding (DNF), day feeding (DF) and night feeding (NF) was conducted to determine effects on survival, cannibalism and growth of larval bagrid catfish Mystus nemurus 2–14 days after hatching (dAH). Photoperiod insignificantly affected all parameters. Feeding schedule significantly affected survival and total length at 6 (P < 0.049; P < 0.009), 10 (P < 0.033; P < 0.000) and 14 dAH (P < 0.013; P < 0.000), respectively, but affected cannibalism at 10 (P < 0.043) and 14 dAH (P < 0.013). Survival for DNF was significantly higher than DF. Cannibalism for DNF was significantly lower than NF at 10 and 14 dAH. Total length for DNF was significantly higher than DF and NF at 10 and 14 dAH. At 14 dAH, feeding schedule significantly affected feed intake, final weight and coefficient of variation. For feed intake and final weight, DNF was significantly higher than DF and NF. For coefficient of variation, NF was significantly higher than DF. This study suggests that larval bagrid catfish can be reared at 24L, 12L:12D or 24D but should be fed day and night for improved growth, survival and reduced cannibalism.  相似文献   

14.
Lin  Tingting  Cai  Yishan  Liu  Xin  Li  Siping  Zhang  Dong  Xia  Lianjun 《Aquaculture International》2022,30(4):2095-2112

Biofloc technology (BFT) is an environmentally friendly aquaculture technology and has been demonstrated to improve water quality and promote the growth, immunity, disease resistance, and reproduction of some cultured animals. The lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) has been cultured in China for more than 10 years; however, there are still some major problems in large-scale culture, one of which is that juveniles are prone to enteritis. In this study, to test the feasibility of BFT for H. erectus juvenile, the effects of different carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, or corn starch) and carbon–nitrogen ratios (C/N, 16:1 or 20:1) on the water quality, survival, growth, and intestinal biochemical parameters of juveniles cultured under zero-water exchange conditions were investigated. The results show that different combinations of carbon source and C/N had different effects. Some combinations had significant positive effects, while others had no or even negative effects. The best positive effects appeared in combinations of glucose and C/N 16:1, and sucrose and C/N 16:1, which were mainly reflected in the reduction of ammonia and nitrite in water, the promotion of bacterial proliferation and community diversity in water; and the improvement in intestinal microflora, digestion, immunity and survival of the juveniles. In conclusion, adding extra organic carbons to water is promising to improve the culture of H. erectus juveniles, as long as the carbon source type and C/N are properly combined (e.g., glucose or sucrose at C/N 16:1). This study may provide a new potential method for seahorse enteritis.

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15.
Calanoid copepods, including species of the genus Acartia, are commonly used as larval diets for marine finfish. This study aimed to determine the separate effects of water temperature (18, 22, 24, 28° ± 0.5°C) and photoperiod (24L:0D; 18L:6D; 12L:12D; 8L:18D; 0L:24D) on Acartia grani egg production (EP), hatching rate (EHR) and population growth. Egg production rate was not affected by the two abiotic parameters. A. grani eggs incubated at T24°C and T28°C were the first to achieve 50% hatching rate (23–25 hr), with significant differences at the end of the experiment (48 hr) between T28°C treatment (EHR 88 ± 5%) and T18°C treatment (EHR 65 ± 2%). However, different temperature regimes did not affect final number of individuals in population growth experiment. Still, when eggs were excluded from data, population at lower temperatures (18°C) was mainly composed by the nauplii stage (72%), while at higher temperatures (24°C and 28°C) more than 60% of the population was composed by copepodites and adults. A. grani subjected to long‐day photoperiods had significantly lower EHR (16.7% at 24L:0D; 20.8% at 18L:6D) than at short‐day photoperiods (52.6% at 6L:18D; 50.0% at 0L:24D). In population growth experiment, eggs were the most common life stage after 12‐day culture. Lowest population number was found at constant light conditions (665.0 ± 197.1), suggesting higher metabolic rates and depletion of energy reserves in long‐day conditions. This study expanded knowledge on the biological response of A. grani to separate temperature and photoperiod regimes, and provided ground to improve the culture of this potential life feed species for hatcheries.  相似文献   

16.
Light and shelter are very important ecological factors that can affect many traits of fish. Therefore, a study was conducted to explore the effect of light and shelter on some phenotypic traits of stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch, 1794). During experiment, equal‐sized juveniles (mean ± SE: 9.04 ± 0.09 cm) were collected and reared in aquariums dividing into four treatment groups, such as T1 (0L:24D without pipe), T2 (0L:24D with pipe), T3 (12L:12D without pipe) and T4 (12L:12D with pipe). Each treatment had 36 fish, which were randomly distributed into three replications. The fish were kept up to 120 days, and then, the growth performance and skin colour were analysed. The results showed that both lighting and shelter conditions as well as their interactions had significant effects on some traits expression. The analyses revealed that lighting condition significantly influenced body area, head width and skin coloration, while shelter condition significantly affected total and standard length, body area, and their interaction showed significant effects on body area, head width and anal fin length. Thus, this study indicates that stinging catfish show better growth performance and colour patterns especially in dark and sheltered conditions which could be recommended for the successive production of this highly priced fish species.  相似文献   

17.
A 35‐day experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on growth of Brachymystax lenok under different light intensities: 10, 70, 240 and 1000 lx. Fish(5.5 ± 0.24 g)used in the experiment were fed to satiation twice a day (08:00 hours, 14:00 hours).The photoperiod was 12L:12D (08:00–20:00 hours). The specific growth rate(SGR) of B. lenok under lower intensities(10 lx,70 lx)was significantly higher than the other groups(P < 0.05).No significant difference in feed intake was observed at different light intensities, but feed efficiency (FE) in wet weight at lower intensities (1070 lx) was higher than that at higher intensities(240,1000 lx) (P < 0.05).The final survival rate of juveniles varied from 86.33% to 93.66%,and there was no significant difference between experimental groups. The tested fish under higher light intensities (240 and 1000 lx) spent much more energy in respiration and excretion while depositing less energy for growth than those fish under lower light intensities. It is concluded that light intensity significantly affected growth and optimal light intensity for B. lenok juveniles was about 10–70 lx.  相似文献   

18.
Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett) aquaculture is limited by high mortality during first feeding. Photoperiod, light intensity, turbidity and prey density are culture parameters that have been shown to affect feed incidence and survival in some food fish species, offering a logical starting point to improve first feeding in Z. flavescens. This study aimed to determine the effect of photoperiod, light intensity, turbidity and prey density on feed incidence and survival in larval yellow tang age 3 DPH to 5 DPH (days post hatch). Larvae were reared in four photoperiods (24L:0D, 16L:8D, 12L:12D, 0L:24D), four light intensities (1,500, 3,000, 4,500 and 6,500 lx), three turbidity ranges (0 cells/ml, 100,000–200,000 cells/ml and 400,000–600,000 cells/ml) and four prey densities (1, 3, 6 and 9 per mL). Photoperiod at 16L:8D and 12L:12D significantly increased feed incidence; 16L:8D significantly increased survival. Light intensities at 3,000 and 4,500 lx significantly increased feed incidence. Larvae reared in 400,000–600,000 cells/ml fed and survived significantly better than those in clear water. Larvae in 1 per mL fed and survived significantly less than those fed at 6 per mL.  相似文献   

19.
The tropical calanoid copepod Acartia sinjiensis has good potential for mass culture as live feed for reef fish larvae. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of photoperiod on various parameters related to A. sinjiensis productivity in culture.Five photoperiods of Light:Dark = 0:24; 6:18; 12:12; 18:6 and 24:0h were setup. Daily egg production of individual females under each photoperiod was monitored for 8 consecutive days. The females were randomly selected daily from stock cultures kept under respective photoperiods and discarded after experiment. The results showed a clear trend of increasing egg production with longer illumination period. Under constant darkness, acclimatization was evident as egg output increased steadily over the 8 day period. Statistics showed that photoperiod significantly (p < 0.005) affected mean daily egg production, with the highest egg output recorded at 18L:6D and 24L:0D (17.6 ± 1.7 and 17.6 ± 1.8 eggs/female/day respectively), which were significantly higher than all other treatments. Photoperiod also significantly affected 48 h egg hatching success (p < 0.005), a trend of increased hatching success with longer light phase was demonstrated. The highest hatching rate (87.2 ± 1.4%) was recorded at 24L:0D, which was significantly higher than the 0L:24D and 6L:18D treatments but not significantly different from the second highest (85.3 ± 2.6%) hatching rate of 18L:6D treatment.Photoperiod was further confirmed to significantly (p < 0.005) affected naupliar and copepodite development with accelerated development observed with increased illumination period of photoperiods. Mean development time from egg to adult was the shortest at 6.00 ± 0.33 days under constant light (24L:0D), followed by 6.24 ± 0.24 days at 18L:6D, both were significantly shorter than that of 0L:24D and 6L:18D treatments although no significantly difference was detected between themselves. Adult life expectancy was also found significantly (p < 0.005) affected by photoperiod with the shortest adult life span recorded under constant light (24L:0D) (9.4 ± 0.4 days), which was significantly shorter than all other photoperiods tested. Adult sex ratio was the only parameter tested that was not significantly affected by photoperiod, a skewed sex ratio in favor of female was found across all photoperiod treatments.Based on results of current study, it is recommended that a photoperiod of 18L:6D being adopted for A. sinjiensis culture to maximize its productivity for aquaculture hatcheries.  相似文献   

20.
This study assessed the effect of starvation on survival and nutritional status of newborn juveniles H. erectus (<10 days) to optimize rearing protocols, thereby helping to reduce wildlife exploitation. Maximum starvation time (MST) was estimated through the survival of juveniles continuously starved from birth. Resistance to starvation and the effect of food re‐introduction after 1, 2, 4 and 6 days of starvation on survival and metabolite concentrations (total proteins, total lipids, acylglycerides, cholesterol, glucose) were also determined. Survival amongst continuously starved animals decreased from 6.6 ± 0.5 to 0% from days 9 to 10 of starvation. Seahorses under different starvation–refeeding treatments all had 100% survival up to day 5 of experiments. After 10 days, however, a 4‐day starvation period followed by refeeding showed negative effects with <50% survival. During continuous starvation, lipids were the first energy reserve used to maintain basal metabolism, followed by proteins. Except for cholesterol, all metabolite concentrations differed between continuous starvations and feeding. Despite high seahorse survival after 5 days in the absence of food, the recovery of the metabolic status is possible after a starvation period of no more than 2 days, since irreversible physiological changes compromising the ultimate survival of the organisms take place after this time.  相似文献   

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