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1.
Digestibility of nutrients was determined in healthy calves and in those with diarrhoea at the age of two and three weeks. The total collection of feces and indigestible marker methods (with Cr2O3) were used. High equality of results and statistically non-significant differences between the method of a total collection of feces and indigestible marker one in the suckling calves (Tab. II) confirm the suitability of using these two methods to determine digestibility. Based on the composition and commercially recommended feeding guide of milk replacer, it is clear that it has lower digestible energy, Zn and Fe intake. Slightly higher digestible crude protein and Mg intake, optimum Ca and P intake, all these values were calculated for 1 kg of live weight (Tab. I). Nutrient contents is responsible for nutrient ratio which is unbalanced and for low contents of digestible energy (76.5 KJ per g of digestible crude protein) instead of recommended values of 100-110 KJ per of digestible crude protein in milk replacer in suckling calves. In six clinically healthy calves fed with milk replacer Laktavit twice a day, an apparent digestibility of organic matter was found to be 95.7 +/- 1.8%, crude protein 93.5 +/- 1.8%, fat 94.5 +/- 1.4%, carbohydrates 97.2 +/- 1.5%, Ca absorption was 86.5 +/- 2.8%, P 95.3 +/- 2.9%. There was a depressed absorption for Mg 43.4 +/- 6.8%, Fe 24.2 +/- 4.3% and Zn 36.8 +/- 3.5% (Tab. III).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
In two digestibility experiments with 4 colostomized laying hybrids each, the influence of 12.5% (ration 1) and 25% soybean meal (ration 2) on the digestibility of the crude nutrients, the basic and sulphur-containing amino acids in the wheat rations was tested. In ration 1 the digestibility of the crude protein was 84.9%, of the crude fat 56.6% and that of the N-free extractives 87.4%; for ration 2 the values were 83.6%, 47.4% and 82.5%. The digestibility values for wheat acquired with the difference method for ration 1 were 85.7% for crude protein, 57.0% for crude fat and 89.8% for N-free extractives; energy concentration was 766 EFUhens. For wheat supplemented with 25% soybean meal the same digestibility value of the crude protein could be ascertained, the digestibility of the crude fat and the N-free extractives, however, was lower than for ration 1 so that an energy concentration lower by 3.9% was calculated. The possible causes of the influence of the different levels of lysine and thioamino acids on the digestibility of these amino acids of wheat are described.  相似文献   

3.
Daily feed rations, their nutrient contents and live weight gains were recorded for calves and replacement heifers from birth to calving in 122 Swedish dairy herds. Preweaned calves were fed whole milk (45% of the herds), milk replacer alone or milk replacer combined with whole milk. Calf starters were the most frequently used concentrates for preweaned calves, whereas grain dominated for weaned calves and heifers. Grain was supplemented with protein concentrates until 6 months of age and at calving. Grass/clover hay was the dominant forage for preweaned calves, whereas grass/clover silage alone or in combination with hay was the most common forage for calves and replacement heifers from 6 months of age. Heifers grazed semi-natural grasslands, leys or a combination of semi-natural grasslands and leys in 33, 15 and 52% of the herds, respectively. According to Swedish recommendations, calves in a majority of the herds were fed too low concentrations of crude protein from weaning to 6 months of age and calves were fed too low a metabolizable energy content inadequate for a daily weight gain of 700 g at weaning. Median live weight gain from birth to calving was only 567 g per day. Correct feed ration formulations and strategic grazing management could be means to increase weight gain and hence to decrease rearing costs of calves and replacement heifers in Swedish dairy herds.  相似文献   

4.
Little knowledge on the digestive and metabolic utilization of solid feed in veal calves is available. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of 2 solid feeds offered at 2 feeding levels (FL90 and FL105) in addition to a milk replacer on heat production (HP) and protein and fat deposition in veal calves. Sixteen calves (148.0 +/- 3.7 kg) received milk replacer (75% of a reference DE allowance) and solid feeds that consisted of corn grain and pelleted hydrolyzed wheat gluten without (CO) or with (CS) chopped wheat straw. The solid feed supply provided 15 or 30% of the reference DE allowance to achieve FL90 or FL105, resulting in 4 treatments: CO90, CS90, CO105, and CS105. A fifth treatment consisted of using the milk replacer alone at FL90 (treatment M90) and was measured in 4 other calves. All calves were kept individually for 7 d in a respiration chamber to estimate energy and N balances and fasting HP. The digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, GE, and major nutrients were at least 94% for M90 and decreased when solid feed was added (P < 0.05). Methane production was negligible in M90 calves and increased when solid feed was given (ranging 8 to 23 L/d between CO90 and CS105, P < 0.01), indicative of ruminal fermentation. The provision of increasing amounts of solid feed decreased urinary energy in connection with a tendency (P = 0.09) for a reduction of urinary glucose excretion. The metabolizability of DE was greater with the milk replacer (95.6%) and decreased when straw was added (P < 0.01). Neither CO90 or CS90 affected HP and total energy retention (P > 0.05). Dietary treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on activity HP (53 kJ/kg of BW(0.85) daily) but did affect thermic effect of feeding; efficiency of utilizing ME for maintenance and growth was greatest for the M90 calves (84.5%, P = 0.02). Fasting HP tended (P = 0.09) to increase at the greatest FL (308 vs. 298 kJ/kg of BW(0.85) daily). Maintenance ME requirement increased (P = 0.04) from 364 to 382 kJ/kg of BW(0.85) daily when feeding level increased (P = 0.04) but was not affected by ingestion of solid feed. The provision of solid feed to veal calves was associated with a reduced efficiency of N retention (P = 0.04), and energy retained as protein tended to decrease (P = 0.08), probably as a result of an imbalanced AA supply of the solid feeds. The data were used to calculate the energy contents of solid feed. The utilization of energy from solid feed differed from that of milk replacer.  相似文献   

5.
Eight male Holstein calves 7 to 10 d of age were fed a milk replacer containing a skim milk powder subjected to low-temperature drying either with or without addition of an oxalate-NaOH buffer known to prevent curd formation. The calves were used in a completely randomized design to study the effect of milk clotting on digestibility and blood parameters. Plasma glucose and plasma insulin were similar (P greater than .05) for the clotting and the nonclotting milk replacers. For both treatments, concentrations of glucose and insulin reached a peak 2 h postfeeding (P less than .01). Plasma triglycerides were higher (P less than .01) postfeeding for the nonclotting than for the clotting milk replacer. Plasma essential amino acids and plasma urea were higher, whereas plasma calcium was lower, for the nonclotting milk (P less than .01). Digestibility of dry matter, protein and fat was similar (P greater than .05) between clotting and nonclotting milk. The dry matter content of feces was not affected by clotting (P greater than .05). The data are interpreted to indicate that clotting of the milk replacer modifies blood concentrations of triglycerides, essential amino acids and urea without changing the digestibility of the diet.  相似文献   

6.
A digestibility experiment was carried out under conditions of reduced water supply (1/3 in comparison to the control group) and feed supply ad libitum or on maintenance level with 5 wethers of an average body weight of 43.2 kg. They were fed with alfalfa pellets with a Na supplement in the form of NaH2PO4. The water restriction increases the apparent digestibility of the nutrients (except crude fat), significantly so, however, only in the group fed ad libitum as a result of the lower digestibility in ad libitum feed intake. In the group with water restriction the absolute amount of digested nutrients is diminished, however, and in group Ib (feed supply on maintenance level) falls clearly below maintenance requirements. In a comparison of the values of apparent digestibility of the nutrients acquired by various methods (traditional method and indicator method - HCl insoluble remaining ash) the latter method is more susceptible to error. This method is, however, considerably easier in its execution. In comparison to ad libitum water supply the mean retention time of the feed increases due to restricted water supply. The decreased feed intake seems to have a bigger influence on the mean retention time of the marker than water restriction.  相似文献   

7.
Digestibility and N balance experiments with calves showed that the methionine requirement of the host animal is covered by microbial protein synthesis even in the already ruminant animal. A supplement of the ration with DL methionine is only effective when it is provided in milk replacer. The MHA substitution of the ration has only little influence on N retention, independent of its supply in milk replacer or concentrated feed. MEPRON proved to be the most effective methionine derivative. As supplement both with the fluid feed and with the concentrated feed this compound shows exclusively positive results even in already ruminant calves with regard to live weight gain, N retention and the content of free methionine in the blood serum of the test animals.  相似文献   

8.
Four colostomized laying hens per group were given a ration of barley and soya bean oil meal (SBM) with 12.5, 25.0 and 37.5% SBM resp. The crude protein intakes were 14.0, 17.7 and 21.4 g per animal and day. The lysine intake raised from 681 mg (group 1) to 1275 mg (group 3) per animal and day. The digestibility of dry matter and of the N-free extracts of the ration decreased with the rising SBM portion in the ration. The digestibility of crude protein remained constant. The investigated amino acids (Lys, His, Arg, Cys, Met) were higher digested in the 37.5% SBM ration than in the 12.5% SBM ration. The following digestibility values for SBM were found by means of the difference method: Dry matter 52.5%, crude protein 83.1%, crude fat 51.7%, crude fibre 5.5%, N-free extracts 50.6%. The level of the SBM did not influence the digestibility of the crude nutrients. The apparent digestibility of lysine from SBM depended on the level of intake and was found to be 82.3, 83.4 and 89.0%, resp. There were no differences in the digestibility of other amino acids.  相似文献   

9.
The objective was to evaluate effects of feeding level of milk replacer on body growth, plasma metabolite and insulin concentrations, and allometric growth of visceral organs in suckling calves. Holstein bull calves (n = 8; 3–4 days of age) were fed either a low amount (average 0.63 kgDM/day, LM) or high amount (average 1.15 kgDM/day, HM) of high protein milk replacer until they were slaughtered at 6 weeks of age. Body weight (BW) at 4, 5, and 6 weeks of age, feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were higher in the HM than LM calves. The HM group had higher plasma glucose at 3 and 4 weeks of age and insulin levels after the age of 4 weeks compared with LM calves whereas no effect was detected on plasma nonesterified fatty acid or urea nitrogen concentrations. The HM calves had greater empty body weight (EBW), viscera‐free BW and most of the organs dissected than LM calves. Relative weights (% of EBW) of liver, spleen, kidneys, and internal fat were higher, whereas head and large intestine was lower in HM than LM calves. The results suggest that increased milk feeding levels would accelerate the growth of the body and specific organs.  相似文献   

10.
In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated. The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter). The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp. 2.8 mol %. On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9%. The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments. The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin.  相似文献   

11.
选择体重和出生日期相近、健康状况良好的荷斯坦公犊牛30头,随机分为3组（试验I组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组）,每组10头,研究了饲喂不同脂肪和蛋白质水平代乳粉对犊牛生长性能的影响。不同处理代乳粉的营养水平分别为：试验I组,EE13％、CP22％;Ⅱ组,EE16％、CP24％;Ⅲ组,EE19％、CP26％。研究结果表明．犊牛的日增重随着代乳粉营养水平的升高逐渐提高,试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的日增重分别比试验I组提高了35．45％和37．63％（P〈（1．05）．试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的平均日增重差异不显著;饲喂高营养水平代乳粉具有降低犊牛腹泻的趋势;不同试验处理对犊牛开食料采食量无显著差异。综合分析饲喂不同营养水平代乳粉对犊牛生长和经济效益的影响,代乳粉的适宜营养水平为EE16％、CP24％。  相似文献   

12.
Based on data material available for 33 feed mixtures, several regression equations were developed which make the estimation of energy concentration (EC) on the basis of the content of crude nutrients possible. The values received from the various equations were compared with those resulting from digestibility experiments with colostomized male and female chickens. An estimation equation is recommended resulting from the regressions for the digestibility of the individual crude nutrients: EC = 0.604 X crude protein content + 2.045 X crude fat content + 0.901 X crude carbohydrate content-158.3.  相似文献   

13.
This study aimed to determine the effects of feeding an increased volume of high‐fat milk during the early post‐natal life on metabolite concentrations in the blood, the expression of key genes regulating intermediary metabolism in the skeletal muscles, and the rate of growth of Japanese Black cattle. All calves were fed a high‐fat milk replacer (crude protein, 26%; crude fat, 25.5%; total dissolved nitrogen, 116%). Control calves (n = 4) were nursed with 500 g milk replacer until 3 months of age, whereas calves in the experimental group (n = 4) were nursed with 1800 g milk replacer until 3 months, and then the volume was gradually reduced until 5 months. Body weight was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group at 7 months. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental group. Expression of glucose‐transporter‐4 messenger RNA (mRNA) was lower, whereas that of glucose transporter 1, cluster of differentiation 36, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1b mRNA was significantly higher in the Longissimus thoracis of the experimental group. Nutritional status during early post‐natal life appears to strongly influence the growth rate and glucose and lipid metabolism in Japanese Black cattle.  相似文献   

14.
Twelve artificially reared, male Holstein calves, ruminally cannulated at 53 d of age, were used in a split-plot design to study the effects of no milk replacer reduction (CON), or reduction by 30% (30R) or 60% (60R) of this value on alfalfa hay intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation and digestive kinetics. Milk replacer reduction began at 53 d of age and continued until 135 d of age, after which no milk replacer was fed. All calves had ad libitum access to long-stemmed alfalfa hay from birth. Five collection periods were conducted at average calf ages of 72, 87, 108, 129 and 151 d. Reducing the amount of milk replacer fed resulted in a linear increase (P less than .05) in forage OM intake; however, total OM intake (forage + milk) was not different (P greater than .10) among milk reduction groups. Size of particles in feces exhibited quadratic effects in response to milk replacer reduction (P less than .05) but only in the small (less than 150 microns) size groupings. Ruminal pH and ammonia and individual VFA concentrations (except isobutyrate) were not altered by milk reduction (P greater than .10) but increased (P less than .01) with calf age. Milk replacer reduction had a quadratic effect (P less than .05) on fluid outflow rate from the rumen, increasing as milk replacer was reduced. Other fluid and particulate kinetic data, as well as NDF digestion rate and DM digestion showed no effects (P greater than .10) from milk replacer reduction but changed with calf age. Milk replacer reduction increased forage intake but had minimal effects on digestive variables evaluated, suggesting that intake of milk replacer by calves can be reduced by up to 60% without disturbing forage fermentation and passage.  相似文献   

15.
A 5‐week experiment with 24 multiparous early lactating Brown Swiss cows was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary rumen‐protected methionine in conjunction with dietary protein reduction on metabolism and performance after 1 week of control measurement. Three rations containing 175, 150 and 125 g of crude protein/kg feed dry matter were supplemented with methionine. The fourth ration, also only containing 125 g of crude protein/kg dry matter, remained unsupplemented. The four treatment groups had a similar metabolic supply of other essential amino acids, protein and energy, as calculated by various approaches. The two low protein rations were, however, slightly deficient in ruminally degraded protein. Treatment effects remained low on feed intake, forage meal pattern, milk yield and fat as well as lactose content. In contrast, the content and yield of milk protein significantly declined only in the unsupplemented low protein ration relative to the initial value. Compared with this ration, the decline in milk protein yield was clearly delayed in the supplemented low protein ration. Blood plasma methionine tended to be reduced without supplementation and to be increased with additional methionine. Supplementation of methionine reduced other plasma amino acids. Plasma insulin, glucose, lactate, ketone bodies and aspartate amino transferase activity indicated a certain liver stress and a somewhat elevated energy requirement with high and particularly with low protein content (when unsupplemented). Methionine improved metabolic protein utilization, followed by the lowest plasma, urine and milk urea levels in the supplemented low protein diet. In conclusion, no major adverse effects were assessed under the conditions tested. Supplementation of methionine may nevertheless be useful in rations with particularly low protein content fed to early lactating cows in order to prevent negative long‐term effects which were only visible here as trends.  相似文献   

16.
Digestibility trials were performed to study the suitability of mixtures made up of treated soybean and whey powder for replacing skim milk powder. Three different milk replacers were used, the replacers T-18/II and T-18/III containing Plyllac preparations manufactured by different technologies. When using the T-18 preparation with 18% fat content it was found that the protein source may contain 25% Plyllac preparation and 11% sweet whey powder. In two cases, at the age of 5 and 7 weeks, the digestibility of the crude protein in the T-18/II preparation was found to deteriorate significantly. For this reason, the authors suggest this milk replacer to be used from the 5th week of life. Trials were performed with 3 milk replacers (lactine preparations) containing Plyllac preparations of different manufacturing technology (35%), treated soybean (10%) and sweet whey powder (10%). It was found that the use of Plyllac preparations, i.e. of treated soybean in larger amounts causes the nutrient digestibility, mainly that of crude protein, to be significantly lower at the age of 3 and 5 weeks than that at the age of 7 to 9 weeks. No significant differences were found in the digestibility of the various Plyllac preparations manufactured by different technologies. The milk replacer lactine is recommended for use from the 5th week of life on.  相似文献   

17.
In two experiments with 30 and 26 castrated male pigs of the German Landrace breed, weight range 15-30 kg, the influence of isoenergetic changes in the carbohydrate and fat fractions of the diet were examined. The effect of the addition of soya oil (SO) and lard (LA) to the diet on the utilization of protein and on the blood urea concentration was also examined. The apparent digestibilities of the crude nutrients and energy were determined using different methods. The following were examined: experiment I: ration I (control), ration II (+7% SO), ration III (+7% LA) experiment II: ration I (control), ration II (+2% SO), ration III (+2% SO + 5% LA), ration IV (+7% LA) In all experiments the animals were fed a similar amount of digestible crude protein of constant quality at constant ME-intake. In both experiments the apparent digestibility of crude protein in the groups with 7% added fat was 4% higher (p less than 0,05) than in the corresponding control groups. The apparent digestibility of crude fat in experiment I and II (in groups II and III and in groups III and IV, respectively) was approximately 87%, when calculated on the basis of faecal fat which was determined by a simple ether extract procedure. When the faeces was treated with HCl before determination, these values for experiment I and II were approximately 6% (p less than 0,001) and 1% (NS) lower, respectively. In both experiments the utilization of protein and the blood urea concentration were not significantly influenced by the amount or form of fat included in the rations.  相似文献   

18.
A trial was performed with cellulase administration (3 cx per g of ingested feed dry matter) to early weaned calves fed minimum amounts of milk replacer (21 kg per milk nutrition period) and sweet (C, D) and sour (A, B) diets. The groups B and D were supplemented with an enzyme till the age of 90 days. The calves were given free choice of COT concentrate mixture, hay and water. Liveweight gains, feed and nutrient intake and health condition of calves were the characteristics investigated in this trial. Hematocrit value, hemoglobin, glucose and urea contents were determined in blood, in blood plasma buffer capacity was investigated. Although the differences in calf performance are not statistically significant, the best growth of calves in the vegetable nutrition period was observed in calves in group D. Nutrient conversion was also higher in calves of group D in the vegetable nutrition period. In conversion of nutrient consumption per 1 kg liveweight gain the difference in the intake of digestible crude protein and starch units between the group of calves fed sweet milk without enzyme addition in the milk nutrient period (A--digestible crude protein 0.40 +/- 0.005; starch units 1.74 +/- 0.008) and group D (sour diet + 3 cx cellulase--digestible crude protein 0.34 +/- 0.007; starch units 1.52 +/- 0.044) was statistically significant (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.05) in favour of group D. An analysis of the results of hematological and biochemical investigations during the trial demonstrates that the sour diet is better in view of changes in glucose concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

19.
Eight variants of recipes for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed with 10 to 60 per cent straw more or less finely ground (86 to 314 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) and fattening feed for lambs (50 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) were checked concerning the digestibility of crude nutrients for fullgrown wethers and 60 to 80-, 80 to 100-and 100 to 120-day-old lambs which had been ablactated at an age of 60 days. The digestibility for wethers was significantly higher than for lambs, between the age groups of which there were no significant differences concerning the digestibility. In accordance with the results with rations on the basis of concentrated feed as checked and described in the first piece of information, the content of crude fibres in the rations had a negative influence on the digestibility of organic matter, NFE and energy whereas there was a positive relation with the digestibility of crude fibres. The regression functions established for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed concerning the dependence of the digestibility on the content of crude fibres showed a relatively good coincidence in the range of a low content of crude fibres with the corresponding regression functions which were described in the first piece of information for rations of concentrated feed. The equations for the digestibility of crude fibres were an exception. In contrast to this, the quantitative relations between crude fibres and the digestibility as established in the first piece of information for rations with a low content of crude fibres cannot be transferred to rations with a higher content of crude fibres.  相似文献   

20.
High calcium intake lowers apparent digestibility of energy in veal calves.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Veal calves aged 8 weeks were fed iso-energetic amounts of milk replacers with either a low (7.1 g of calcium/kg of air-dry diet) or a high concentration of calcium (11.6 g of calcium/kg of air-dry diet) for a period of 10 weeks. The extra calcium was added in the form of calcium formiate. Final body weight of the two dietary groups was similar. Faeces were collected during the final week of the trial. The high calcium diet raised faecal dry matter output by 87% and faecal energy by 70%. The extra output of faecal dry matter was composed of 36% and 37% of crude fat and ash, respectively. The extra faecal energy output was for 75% in the form of crude fat. The high versus low calcium intake not only depressed apparent digestibility of total lipids but also that of crude protein, carbohydrates and ash. It is concluded that a high calcium intake by veal calves reduced energy availability without affecting body weight gain.  相似文献   

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