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新发传染病主要是人畜共患病,是世界经济和公共健康的沉重负担。这就要求加强检测、鉴别和监视传染病的能力方面投入。高致病禽流感H5N1、新甲型流感("猪流感")H1N1、非典型性肺炎、西尼罗河病毒、地方流行性狂犬病、布鲁氏菌病以及发展中国家暴发的其它人畜共患病及近期猪抗甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,是人类、动物及其环境相互作用的典型范例。面临中国动物和人类常见的新发传染病坚持"同一个健康"战略,这就要求业已存在的兽医和人医及公共卫生机构的通力合作。人的疾病控制系统与动物疾病控制系统虽然都已经建立,但人畜共患病的暴发表明兽医机构和人医机构密切合作的重要性。在保证环境健康的同时,通过动物疾病和人类疾病监测系统的密切合作,中国就一定能够控制人畜共患病。以这种方式进行疾病预防、监测与应对,各层面及各动物生产部门间有效的兽医推广是加强和保持健康生态环境中人和动物健康的有效办法。中国还需大量努力才能达到从制度上保证预防和消灭疾病。透明而准确的人与动物疾病监督通常会产生经济且可持续的预防疾病方法。加拿大在兽医、公共健康、食品安全和人畜共患病预防方面所发挥的作用就是与中国农业部合作,促进必要的、可持续的兽医监督网络的建设。 相似文献
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K. Schmidt K. M. Dressel M. Niedrig M. Mertens S. A. Schüle M. H. Groschup 《Zoonoses and public health》2013,60(8):528-538
Public Health is defined as an interdisciplinary multilevel approach that deals with questions of preventing diseases at the population level. In this context, this paper focuses on vector‐borne diseases as an important threat with an increasing impact on human and animal health. Emphasis is laid on an integrated health approach (‘One‐Health’ initiative) as it recognizes the interrelated nature of both human and animal health. The importance of vector‐borne diseases to new and emerging diseases in Europe was demonstrated, for example, by the recent outbreak of West Nile virus infections in Greece, Northern Italy and Hungary; the spread of Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus across Turkey, south‐western countries of the former USSR and the Balkans; the dramatic increase in hantavirus infections in Germany in 2012; and the dengue virus outbreak in Portugal in the same year. This paper provides a systematic approach for the analysis, assessment and governance of emerging health risks attributed to vector‐borne diseases by using a holistic approach developed by the International Risk Governance Council (IRGC), called the ‘IRGC Risk Governance Framework’. It can be used by decision‐makers and general Public Health authorities in order to evaluate the situation regarding any specific pathogen or Public Health risk and to decide if additional measures should be implemented. 相似文献
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Murphy FA 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,86(3-4):216-223
The concept of new and emerging diseases has captured the public interest and has revitalized the public health infectious disease research community. This interest has also resulted in competition for funding and turf wars between animal health and public health scientists and public officials and, in some cases, has delayed and hindered progress toward effective prevention, control and biodefense. There is a dynamic list of outbreaks causing substantial morbidity and mortality in humans and often in the reservoir animal species. Some agents have the potential to grow into major epidemics. There are many determinants that influence the emergence of diseases of concern that require the use of current understanding of the nature of agent persistence and spread. Additional factors that are global must be added to plans for prevention and control. To this complex mix has been added the potential for accidental or malicious release of agents. The nature of emerging infectious agents and their impact is largely unpredictable. Models that strive to predict the dynamics of agents may be useful but can also blind us to increasing disease risks if it does not match a specific model. Field investigations of early events will be critical and should drive prevention and control actions. Many disease agents have developed strategies to overcome extremes of reservoir qualities like population size and density. Every infectious agent spreads easier when its hosts are closer together. Zoonoses must be dealt with at the interface of human and animal health by all available information. Lessons learned from the emergence of and response to agents like West Nile virus, H5N1 avian influenza, SARS and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the cause of new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, must be used to create better plans for response and meet the challenge for public health and biodefense. 相似文献
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蔡世书 《畜牧兽医科学(电子版)》2021,(5):187-188
非洲猪瘟是一种急性传染病,不仅发病率较高,死亡率也高,已被列为法定报告动物疾病,是我国重点防控的动物疫病之一。非洲猪瘟的危害性较强,一旦出现会大面积扩散,病情控制的难度较大,会带来难以估量的损失。在养猪中,做好非洲猪瘟的预防工作,充分认识非洲猪瘟的危害性,保障养殖业的发展和消费者的健康。 相似文献
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2018年8月以来受非洲猪瘟疫情的影响,我国生猪产能大幅度下滑,2019年猪肉产量为4255万吨,同比下降21.26%;2019年全国生猪出栏量为54419万头,同比下降21.57%,年末生猪存栏31041万头,同比下降27.5%。目前我国生猪产业正处于产能恢复的关键时期。2020年1月,非洲猪瘟造成的产能大幅下跌态势还没有得到缓解,新型冠状病毒肺炎又至,1月23日武汉市实施封城,随后各地相继采取封城、暂停公共交通、封路、人员居家隔离、集聚性产业停业等系列措施,这些措施在防控疫情的同时也限制了生猪生产相关物资与人员的流通。在非洲猪瘟和新冠肺炎疫情双重压力下,2020年我国生猪复产的道路变得更加艰难。文章从当前我国生猪产业的现状与挑战以及2020年度生猪产业经济领域发展趋势,两个方面展开论述,分析我国生猪产业面临的挑战并对未来我国生猪市场行情做出适当的预测。 相似文献
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野鸟传播的重要传染病研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
野鸟在迁徙和飞行过程中,因能携带和散播多种病原体,在公共卫生学方面具有重要的意义.通过野鸟能潜在性传播人和动物的重要传染病,包括禽类疫病(禽流感、新城疫、禽痘、禽肺病毒感染、禽分支杆菌感染和鸭瘟)和其他重要疫病(口蹄疫、衣原体病、日本脑炎、莱姆病、西尼罗病毒感染、博尔纳病、Q热、东方马脑炎及致病菌感染),由此应对野鸟传播的疫病予以必要的重视和警惕,并提出有效的防范措施. 相似文献
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我国养猪业一直面临对抗多种传染病的压力,自2018年我国发生非洲猪瘟以来,国内多地先后出现疫情,导致生猪存栏量明显下降,严重影响了人民生活,对生猪产业造成了巨大的经济损失,目前亟待恢复正常的生猪生产经营秩序。在进行防控非洲猪瘟的同时,也不能忽视其他猪场常见传染病的防控,为此文章对恢复养猪生产过程中,猪场常见传染病的防控提出了一些建议,以便供养殖户和管理者参考。 相似文献
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猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）俗称猪蓝耳病,是由PRRS病毒（PRRSV）引起的传染病,分为欧洲型和北美型,是目前养猪业最重要的猪病之一。PRRS每年给美国养猪业造成的损失为6.64亿美元（约40亿人民币）,中国的养猪量数倍于美国,因此该病在中国造成的损失应该远大于美国。该病对母猪群的影响主要是降低分娩率,降低产仔数和窝均断奶仔猪数。我国的PRRS以北美型为主,感染后会引起母猪群的繁殖障碍,仔猪、生长育肥猪群的呼吸道问题。2006年我国暴发了由变异株PRRSV引起的高致病性PRRS,该病在全国范围内流行,重创了中国养猪业[1]。2013年以后,类NADC-30毒株开始在国内逐渐扩散传播,各种重组毒株也不断出现,PRRS的防控变得更加复杂[2-3]。PRRSV容易变异、毒株多样、感染时间长、防控难度较大。猪群感染PRRS后会造成免疫抑制,易出现各种混合感染和继发感染,这增加防控的难度。文章回顾了PRRS的临床症状、病理变化、病原特性、传播途径、诊断方法与防控措施。在PRRS的防控上,猪场需要良好的生物安全、科学的疫苗免疫与正确的药物方案。文章还探讨了在发生了PRRS感染的猪场,使用替米考星进行控制的效果。 相似文献
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非洲猪瘟紧急预防控制技术需求 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
非洲猪瘟是原发于非洲肯尼亚的猪的一种重要病毒性传染病,2018年8月3日首次发生于我国沈阳。该病来势凶猛,截至10月16日,已在我国9个省份引发39次疫情。我国非常重视非洲猪瘟防控工作,具备了较好的科技储备,但疫情形势发展超乎预期,出现许多始料未及的情况,仍需要重新梳理防控技术需求,针对性地开展防控技术研究。就此,简要介绍了非洲猪瘟的特性,归纳了我国目前非洲猪瘟防控技术需求,建议深入开展快速特异诊断技术、流行病学、病原学等急需技术研究,开展野猪和软蜱传播媒介与非洲猪瘟流行关系和非洲猪瘟免疫与疫苗等基础研究。 相似文献
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2020年上半年我国生猪产业在非洲猪瘟防控压力尚未解除的情况下,又面临着新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控的艰巨任务。在新冠肺炎疫情得到有效的控制之后,我国南部各省以及重庆、四川、甘肃等地又发生严重洪涝灾害,这些灾害集中发生在2020年的上半年,无疑让养猪人承受了巨大的压力。另一方面受到洪涝灾害等因素影响,我国6—7月份生猪价格有较大幅度上涨,同时再加上各种政策利好,部分中小散养户盲目扩大生产的情况频频出现,这种情况虽然现阶段对我国生猪产能的恢复有利,但对于未来生猪疫病的防控以及维护生猪价格的稳定上却有着显著的负面影响。文章收集整理了我国生猪市场相关统计数据,客观分析现阶段生猪市场行情以及未来发展趋势,并提出相关合理化建议。 相似文献
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2018年8月3日,农业农村部发布辽宁沈阳发生全国首例非洲猪瘟。至今,全国32个省、自治区、直辖市、特别行政区公布共发生149起非洲猪瘟疫情,超过116万头猪只被扑杀。面对前所未有的非洲猪瘟,目前尚无有效的药物和疫苗预防,养猪行业面临种种危机。文章对非洲猪瘟及其危害做了简要介绍,并提出了防控非洲猪瘟的措施和建议。 相似文献
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牛肺疫是比较常见的一种牛接触性传染病症,严重危害着牛机体。随着近些年国内畜牧业的迅猛发展,牛养殖场规模与数量随之不断扩大,我国养殖业呈现繁荣发展局面。然而,牛养殖期间也会突发各种疫病,带给畜牧生产巨大的经济损失。所以,有效的牛肺疫诊断防控措施对我国养殖业的发展极具重要意义。 相似文献
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非洲猪瘟和环保的双重影响刺激了中国养猪业快速向集约化、高效化和自动化方向转型,而舍间交叉感染、疫病难控、环境污染等问题依然未能得到有效解决。在猪场建设和管理中,人们的关注重点主要有疾病控制、粪污臭气治理和无抗饲料三个方面,分别对应着生物安全、环保安全和食品安全三个安全底线。在重视猪场生物安全体系建设时,人们往往忽视工程防控技术措施的整体应用,其贡献尚无法得以很好的体现。文章从工程技术的角度,分析了隔离、合理分区和防止交叉感染等对猪场生物安全防控的作用,为猪场的工程防疫体系建设、守住三个安全底线提供指导。 相似文献
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J. S. Weese 《Equine veterinary journal》2014,46(6):654-660
Infectious diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, along with economic costs and broader impacts associated with the loss of members of a species that generates income, acts as a working animal and is a companion. Endemic diseases continue to challenge, emerging diseases are an ever‐present threat and outbreaks can be both destructive and disruptive. While infectious diseases can never be completely prevented, measures can be introduced to restrict the entry of pathogens into a population or limit the implications of the presence of a pathogen. Objective research regarding infection control and biosecurity in horses is limited, yet a variety of practical infection prevention and control measures can be used. Unfortunately, infection control can be challenging, because of the nature of the equine industry (e.g. frequent horse movement) and endemic pathogens, but also because of lack of understanding or motivation to try to improve practices. Recognition of the basic concepts of infection control and biosecurity, and indeed the need for measures to control infectious diseases, is the foundation for successful infection prevention and control. 相似文献
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Wentholt MT Cardoen S Imberechts H Van Huffel X Ooms BW Frewer LJ 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,103(2-3):81-92
Emerging and major infectious animal diseases can have significant international impact on social, economic and environmental level, and are being driven by various factors. Prevention and control measures should be prepared at both national and international level to mitigate these disease risks. Research to support such policy development is mostly carried out at national level and dedicated transnational research programmes are still in its infancy. This research reports on part of a process to develop a common strategic research agenda on emerging and major infectious diseases of livestock in Europe, covering a 5-15-year time span. A two round online Delphi study was conducted to explore the views of experts on issues relating to research needs on emerging infectious diseases of livestock in Europe. Drivers that may influence the incidence of emerging infectious animal diseases in both the short (next 5 years) and medium term (10-15 years) were identified. Drivers related to regulatory measures and biological science developments were thought to decrease the incidence, and socio-economic factors to increase the incidence of emerging infectious animal diseases. From the first round a list of threats to animal health was compiled and participants combined these threats with relevant drivers in the second round. Next to identifying threats to animal health, also possible mitigatory actions to reduce the negative impact of these threats were identified. Participants emphasised that interdisciplinary research is needed to understand drivers of emerging infectious animal diseases, as well as to develop prevention and control measures which are both socio-economic and technical. From this it can be concluded that interdisciplinary research combining both natural and social research themes is required. Some of the European member states research budget needs to be allocated so that effective prevention and mitigation strategies can be developed. 相似文献
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Tick-borne rickettsial diseases: emerging risks in Europe 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Parola P 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2004,27(5):297-304
Ticks are currently considered the main vectors of human infectious diseases in Europe, particularly since their role in the transmission of the agent of Lyme borreliosis was demonstrated in the 1980s. In the recent years, ticks have also been shown to be the vectors of numerous emerging rickettsial diseases. Although Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) due to Rickettsia conorii was thought for a long time to be the only tick-borne rickettsial disease prevalent in Europe, five more spotted fever rickettsiae have been described as emerging pathogens in the last decade. Further, cases of infection due to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis (previously known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), have been reported throughout Europe. We present here these emerging diseases and discuss other potential threat for the future. 相似文献
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Gubler DJ 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2004,27(5):319-330
Yellow fever and dengue are old diseases, having caused major epidemics in centuries past. Both were effectively controlled in the mid 1900s, yellow fever in Francophone Africa by vaccination and yellow fever and dengue in the Americas by effective control of the principal urban vector of both viruses, Aedes aegypti. In the last 25 years of the 20th century, however, there was a resurgence of yellow fever in Africa, and of dengue worldwide. The factors responsible for this resurgence are discussed, as are current options for prevention and control. 相似文献