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1.
施用不同缓释肥料对春小麦产量的影响 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
通过对Triabon和Field两种缓释肥料的试验研究，结果表明：缓释肥料具有良好的养分缓释效果，肥效期均可达到100d，但Triabon缓释效果优于国产的Field。施用缓释肥料Triabon 00 g／hm^2，春小麦单产7083 kg／hm^2，比对照增产42．5％，且穗粒数、千粒重均较对照增加明显，Field次之。施用缓释肥料的籽实、茎叶N、P、K携出量分别比等NPK养分混配肥料S提高了2．4％～14．8％，5．6％～21．2％，8．0％～11．3％。缓释肥料的N利用率达到37．2％～60．9％，P利用率24．7％～40．3％，K利用率71．3％～81．9％，减少了肥料损失。 相似文献
2.
通过在南安市丘陵旱地三种不同类型土壤上布置"3417"设计的平衡施肥田间肥料试验,验证NPK肥的施用效果,建立甘薯产量和施肥利润与N、P、K施用量的数学模型,得出在该条件下的甘薯适宜施肥量和比例。结果表明,甘薯施用NPK肥料均获得一定幅度的增产增值效果。获得最高产量的施肥量为154 3～173 6kg/hm2N,44 4～75 3kg/hm2P2O5,193 1～245 3kg/hm2K2O,N P2O5 K2O=1 0 26～0 43 1 24～1 41;最佳经济施肥量为140 0～162 0kg/hm2N,40 8～67 0kg/hm2P2O5,199 8～227 3kg/hm2K2O,N P2O5 K2O=1 0 25～0 41 1 23～1 64。低产田土壤适当增施N肥,P、K比例可以低些,中高产田土壤P、K比例要高些。 相似文献
3.
以香蕉和粉蕉为试验材料,研究施用肥料增效剂的效果。结果表明:施用肥料增效剂能极显著增加蕉果产量,增产量为7 85t/hm2～22 15t/hm2,相对增产19 6%～57 8%,收益增加7704元/hm2～23150元/hm2,每公斤肥料增效剂增值8 87元～14 82元。肥料增效剂的适宜用量为1500kg/hm2,施用肥料增效剂能加快出叶速度,提早现蕾28～60天,增强蕉株抗寒力,明显增加蕉叶N、P2O5、K2O、MgO、S、Zn和B的养分含量。 相似文献
4.
2009 — 2011年,在农业部甘肃耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站开展长效缓释小麦专用肥的施用效果研究定位试验。结果表明,长效缓释小麦专用肥用量的纯养分为常规施肥(总养分375 kg/hm2,N 225 kg/hm2、P2O5 150 kg/hm2)的-10%～10%时,小麦的各经济性状指标、产量、经济效益及对土壤养分的维持均优于常规施肥处理。长效缓释小麦专用肥用量的纯养分为常规施肥的-20%～-10%时,小麦的各经济性状指标、产量、经济效益及对土壤养分的维持与常规施肥具有同等作用。 相似文献
5.
6.
过量施用氮磷和有机肥对大白菜产量和氮磷吸收的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
采用田间肥料试验研究过量施用氮、磷和有机肥对大白菜产量和吸收氮、磷养分的影响.结果表明,与不施氮肥比较,N用量225 kg/hm2,大白菜增产102.4%;与不施磷肥比较,P2O5用量180 kg/hm2,大白菜增产21.5%;施用有机肥大白菜产量显著增加.N用量225、450、675 kg/hm2,P2O5用量180、360、540、720 kg/hm2各处理间,大白菜产量均无显著差异.过量施用氮、磷和有机肥,大白菜奢侈吸收氮、磷养分.依据土壤氮、磷收支平衡,N、P2O5、有机肥用量分别为225 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2、150 t/hm2,基本上可满足大白菜对养分的需求,在此基础上过量施用氮、磷和有机肥均导致氮和磷养分的浪费. 相似文献
7.
基于“3414”模型研究宁夏盐池县玉米氮磷钾施肥效应 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
2008年在盐池县具有代表性的土壤类型上进行了玉米＂3414＂试验,结果表明：地力贡献率为54.84%,说明土壤属于中等肥力。N、P、K对玉米产量影响大小顺序为N〉P〉K,增产效果居首位的为氮肥,施用纯N 240 kg/hm2的增产效应达到2 751.45 kg/hm2;P肥的增产幅度次之,施用纯P 120 kg/hm2的增产效应达到1 023.45 kg/hm;施用纯K 75kg/hm2的增产效应为236.7 kg/hm2。在不同肥料的交互作用中,N×P的交互作用对产量影响最大,N×P〉N×K〉P×K。施氮（N）量为360 kg/hm2,施磷量（P）为107.81 kg/hm2,施钾量（K）为4.30 kg/hm2时,玉米产量最高为7 652.23 kg/hm2。玉米产量与N、P、K肥料效应回归模型为三元二次多项式回归模型,经显著性检验达到极显著水平,可以为玉米生产施肥提供借鉴。 相似文献
8.
减氮控磷稳钾施肥对水稻产量及养分积累的影响 总被引：26，自引：8，他引：18
氮、 磷用量偏大,钾肥用量不足不仅影响水稻的正常生长发育,而且导致养分利用率偏低。本文通过田间试验,研究减量施用氮、 磷肥,稳定钾肥投入对水稻产量、 养分积累量和肥料利用率的影响。试验设14个处理,每个处理重复2次。结果表明,氮钾、 磷钾、 氮磷钾配施处理的水稻秸秆生物量和籽粒产量均显著高于不施肥处理（P0.05）; 减氮控磷稳钾处理（N 225 kg/hm2、 P2O5 60 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2）与常规施肥处理相比（N 300 kg/hm2、 P2O5 150 kg/hm2、 K2O 60 kg/hm2）能显著增加水稻秸秆生物量（P0.05）,明显提高千粒重和籽粒产量; 试验还得出,减氮控磷稳钾处理分蘖期地上部氮、 钾含量和秸秆氮、 钾含量显著高于常规施肥处理（P0.05）; 收获期地上部氮、 钾的积累量和氮、 磷的表观利用率显著大于常规施肥处理（P0.05）。适当减少氮、 磷用量, 增加钾肥用量能改善氮、 钾营养状况,促进地上部干物质的积累,提高籽粒产量和氮、 磷表观利用率。N 196.2 kg/hm2、 P2O5 46.5 kg/hm2、 K2O 90 kg/hm2的配施方案具有实际推广应用价值。 相似文献
9.
南安县域甘薯的土壤养分丰缺指标研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
应用"3414"田间肥料试验设计的试验结果,旨在了解南安甘薯产区的N、P、K肥料施用效果,建立县域土壤的甘薯养分丰缺指标,并通过多元二次肥料效应函数寻求甘薯最高产量和最佳经济施肥量。甘薯施用N、P、K肥增产增效较为显著,其增产增收效果NPKNKP,单位肥料效益PNK。南安县域内甘薯的土壤养分丰缺等级指标划分为3级,即当土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量分别为75 m g/kg、20 m g/kg、65 m g/kg时为低,在75~177 m g/kg、20~40 m g/kg、65~135 m g/kg时为中,177 m g/kg、40 m g/kg、135 m g/kg为高。甘薯推荐施肥量随土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量的提高而减少。全市平均,甘薯最高产量施肥量为N 197.43 kg/hm2,P2O563.84 kg/hm2,K2O 226.32 kg/hm2;最佳经济施肥量N 179.74 kg/hm2,P2O561.10 kg/hm2,K2O 212.50 kg/hm2。 相似文献
10.
京郊保护地番茄氮磷钾肥料效应及其吸收分配规律研究 总被引：38，自引：8，他引：30
在保护地条件下 ,研究了不同肥力条件下番茄施用氮磷钾肥料的增产效果及其养分吸收分配规律。结果表明 ,在施农家肥 36t/hm2基础上 ,施N 187.5kg ,可获得最高产量 ,但随施氮量增加 ,产量下降 ;土壤有效P含量超过 100mg/kg ,磷肥基本无效 ,且随施磷量增加 ,产量有降低趋势 ;土壤有效K含量达 216mg/kg时 ,施钾肥仍可增产 8.2%。保护地番茄干物质累积主要在盛果期 ,根、叶、茎、果的平均干重 ,分别占总干物重的 2.11%、23.6%、28.24%、45.98%。番茄植株中N、P、K养分含量特点是 ,茎和果实中K的含量超过了N、P含量 ,也超过了根和叶中K含量 ;而叶中N含量高于根、茎和果实。保护地番茄采用露地栽培技术 ,留 3穗果后打顶 ,产量水平在 67388～ 80960kg/hm2 时 ,N的吸收量为 177～ 238kg/hm2、P2O5的吸收量为 79～97kg/hm2、K2O吸收量为 212～ 309kg/hm2,氮磷钾的比例为 :1∶0.41～0.45∶1.21～1.30 ,与露地番茄的养分吸收量相近 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献