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1.
The green oak leaf roller (Tortrix viridana L.) is a major pest on oaks. The green oak leaf roller is one reason within a disease complex for the oak decline, and it
leads to defoliation of oaks in spring. In Germany, Quercus robur L. is mainly affected. The partitioning of genetic variation within and among populations of forest pests is linked to their
capacities for migration. And the capacity for migration is the basis for dispersal of the pest species to different host
trees and host populations and, therefore, for further outbreak events. Thus, the within population spatial genetic structure
(SGS) of T. viridana was investigated based on nuclear (AFLP) markers to analyse the dispersal capacity of this insect pest species at a very
small spatial scale. A total of 401 individuals of the green oak leaf roller from four stands in North Rhine-Westphalia (Western
Germany) were examined. In three of four populations, the AFLP markers revealed clearly SGS up to 40 m, which can be explained
by the mating behaviour within this species. 相似文献
2.
In natural plant populations, leaf polyphenols show high intraspecific variation that occurs both temporally and spatially. Leaf phenolics may be induced by diverse ecological factors such as light, nitrogen availability or herbivory attack. Both light and nitrogen availability can show spatial structure in forested stands, meaning that they each have a high degree of autocorrelation, which can determine the appearance of spatial structure in leaf polyphenols. However, the availability of these resources may be drastically changed by forest disturbance, and little is known about the effect of forest disturbance on the spatial pattern and scale of leaf secondary compounds. We hypothesise that the spatial structure of leaf polyphenols in understory vegetation will disappear due to forest harvesting, because these compounds depend on light availability, yet it will remain unaltered for those compounds that either depend on the availability of other resources or are under major genetic control. The study was performed in young pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) populations growing either under a pine canopy (Pinus pinaster) stand or in a pine harvested stand in NW Spain. The spatial structures of green and senescent leaf polyphenols, tannins, non-tannin polyphenols and nitrogen were analysed in both stands using geostatistical analysis. The spatial structures observed for green and senescent leaf polyphenols and tannins in the forested stand disappeared in the harvested stand. However, non-tannin polyphenols, as well as nitrogen, showed spatial structure in both stands. Understanding these changes may be important for the successful recovery of native oak populations growing under pine forests in NW Spain, one of the priorities of the local government. Our results showed that changes in the concentration of leaf secondary compounds after disturbance may be accompanied by differences in their spatial properties, which may have important consequences for ecosystem function. 相似文献
3.
[目的]研究花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,为种质资源有效利用和良种选育提供理论指导。[方法]利用12条ISSR引物对48份种质(共3个居群)花吊丝竹居群进行遗传多样性和遗传距离分析。[结果]共检测到124个位点,其中,多态性位点为102个,种质和居群水平上的多态位点百分比(PPB)分别为82. 26%和50. 27%,Ne’基因多样性指数(He)分别为0. 220 4和0. 206 6,Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0. 349 4和0. 300 5,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在中等水平的遗传变异。根据Nei’s遗传多样性计算出不同居群间分化水平(Gst)=0. 163 3,表明16. 33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,居群内的遗传变异为83. 67%。居群间的基因流Nm为2. 562 1,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在较大基因流,很大程度减少居群间遗传差异。基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果表明,48份种质可分为3组,3个居群可分为2组,居群间地理距离与亲缘关系无显著相关性。[结论]虽然花吊丝竹主要靠营养生殖来繁衍后代,其居群遗传多样性较丰富,且居群内遗传多样性大于居群间。此外,福建居群遗传多样性明显高于广西和广东地区居群。 相似文献
4.
Sakina Elshibli Juha Raisio Saila Varis Pekka Vakkari Pertti Pulkkinen 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2016,31(2):140-147
We present a genetic profile of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in three woodlands of the Helsinki region. We genotyped all mature trees and samples of seedlings to evaluate patterns of genetic variation and gene flow, and evaluate the long-term stability and natural regeneration of these stands. Although five microsatellite loci showed no significant differences in heterozygosity between generations in most locations, significant (p?per se does not interfere with gene flow over the distances represented here. Based on our findings, a minimal-maintenance program reliant upon natural regeneration of oak in the public parks of Helsinki seems plausible. 相似文献
5.
[目的]通过对濒危植物水青树叶表型性状的测量分析,研究其表型变异程度和变异规律,并从遗传和环境适应角度探讨其致濒机制,为其天然种群的有效保护及管理提供科学依据。[方法]对来自14个水青树天然种群的90个个体的17个叶形态及其表皮微形态性状进行测量,利用巢式方差分析、多重比较、主成分分析、聚类分析、相关分析等多种分析方法,探讨种群间和种群内的叶表型变异及其与地理、环境因子的相关性。[结果](1)水青树17个叶表型性状在种群内和种群间均存在显著差异;(2)17个性状的平均表型分化系数为46.69%,种群内的变异(31.83%)大于种群间的变异(28.85%),种群内变异是水青树叶表型变异的主要来源;(3)各性状平均变异系数(CV)为12.56%,变异幅度为4.17%26.25%;(4)水青树叶表型变异与年均日照时数、7月均温及年均降雨量等环境因子有关,变异呈现出随经度、纬度、海拔的梯度渐变规律;(5)利用主成分分析结果进一步聚类,可将14个水青树天然种群分为3大类。[结论]水青树天然种群间叶表型分化处于中等水平,种群内变异程度较低,其对环境的适应范围缩减,适应能力较差,这可能是导致水青树濒危的重要原因。据此,提出了相应的保护措施以便对其进行有效保护。 相似文献
6.
以20个云南松天然群体为对象,SSR分析表明云南松遗传变异主要存在于群体内,各群体间的遗传多样性水平差异不显著。基于SSR分子标记遗传多样性分析,根据Nei's遗传相似度,采用逐步聚类优先取样法,分别对初始群体、遗传多样性保护单元和剩余群体进行比较、t检验,以此评价遗传多样性保护单元的代表性。结果表明,利用该方法抽样的群体能很好地代表初始群体的遗传多样性,按30%的群体抽样,等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Shannon's信息指数和期望杂合度的保留率分别达到初始群体的98.03%、105.36%、103.99%和105.56%。保护单元的遗传多样性均高于剩余群体,抽样群体组成的遗传多样性保护单元的效果较好。 相似文献
7.
[目的]研究南方皂荚的遗传多样性和遗传结构现状,为制定有效的保护策略和育种策略提供理论依据。[方法]采用扩增片段长度多态性技术对供试的215份皂荚的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析。[结果]表明:检测到1 782个位点,其中,有1 389个为多态性位点,多态位点百分率为77.94%;皂荚各群体Shannon’s信息指数平均为0.256;Nei’s多样性指数平均为0.168,表明皂荚群体的遗传多样性偏低,皂荚群体间存在着一定的遗传分化;根据遗传距离UPGMA聚类分析,将10个群体划分为4大类。由遗传分化系数和分子方差分析结果发现,群体内的变异是皂荚遗传变异的主体,74.79%的变异来自群体内。[结论]皂荚群体的遗传多样性与遗传结构的形成不仅与其分布广泛、种子特性及生活史有关,而且与人为的砍伐、引种、生境片段化等因素有重要关系。基于上述结果提出了皂荚的保护策略。 相似文献
8.
[目的]研究毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略,为其种质资源收集、保存和遗传多样性保护等提供参考依据。[方法]利用8对微卫星分子标记进行毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性和空间自相关分析,综合制定其天然群体合理取样策略。[结果]毛红椿天然群体等位基因数平均为7.5个,期望杂合度(H_e)和多态性信息指数(PIC)均值分别为0.643 7和0.636 0,基因分化系数(G_(ST))均值为0.290 7。在遗传多样性取样策略方面,提出了根据毛红椿群体基因分化系数来确定取样群体遗传变异所占总变异比例的运算公式为1-(G_(ST))~(n-1),其中,n为取样群体的数量。当取样群体达到4个时,基本上能包括该树种97.5%的遗传变异;同时确定了目标群体的选择方法,应选择与其它群体间基因分化系数均值较大的4个群体,即贵州册亨(CH)、浙江遂昌(SC)、浙江仙居(XJ)和云南师宗(SZ)。通过构建云南宾川(BC)、云南师宗(SZ)和江西宜丰(YF)群体内取样单株数量与基因多样性和等位基因之间的捕获曲线,确定了群体内取样单株数量应达到15个以上;毛红椿天然群体内300～520 m范围内的单株间存在相似关系,超出此范围个体间差别较大,说明在进行群体内单株取样时,单株间距应大于520 m。[结论]取样群体数量、群体间遗传分化系数、群体内单株数量以及单株间距离等影响了毛红椿取样群体的遗传多样性。毛红椿天然群体遗传多样性取样策略为取样群体4个、每个群体最少取样15个单株,单株间距大于520 m。 相似文献
9.
Forest management is often carried out in different ways, without any appropriate environmental restrictions. Stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in Galicia (NW Spain) have been harvested by alternating high forest and, mainly, coppice forest. However, some totally inappropriate silvicultural treatments have been used, such as thinning of the best trees and inadequate pruning. The objective of the present study was to analyse how environmental characteristics affect the management of oak forests in Galicia. For this, a botanical inventory was carried out in 39 selected stands of Q. robur and a total of 42 parameters were measured, 4 of which were physiographical, 12 climatic, 19 edaphic and 7 silvicultural. In order to analyse the possible relationships among these variables, the silvicultural data were compared with the other data, by canonical correlation analysis. All parameters were correlated with the silvicultural regime, although the correlation was weak for the floristic data. It is therefore evident that the environmental conditions affect how forest stands should be managed, although this does not imply that more profitable use of the stands cannot be achieved than at present, and alternative silvicultural methods must be found to enable appropriate management and conservation of oak stands. 相似文献
10.
A noticeable decline and physiological weakening of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) has been recorded in the past decade in lowland parts of Slovenia. The triggers were dry climate, unfavourable precipitation patterns and human influence that brought about changes in watercourses and water tables. Regeneration and future management of this tree species is therefore questionable. To define a critical groundwater table which would permit successful regeneration, planted and naturally grown seedlings were compared in two forests differing in the degree of decline and physiological weakness of adult pedunculate oak trees. Comparison of stomatal conductance and pre-dawn water potential (PWP) showed differences of seedlings between and within forest complexes. Stomatal conductance dropped below 100 mmol m−2 s−1 at PWP values below −1.0 MPa, while closure of stomata was caused by a PWP between −1.6 and −1.9 MPa. Increased water stress equalized photosynthetic yield in both natural and planted oaks below −1.4 MPa. 相似文献
11.
As a N2-fixing tree species, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is well adapted to arid regions and is utilized for multiple purposes in China. Current knowledge of genetic variability of H. rhamnoides is limited in terms of rangewide distributions. Eleven natural populations of sea buckthorn in northeastern and northwestern China were analyzed to detect genetic variation among and within populations, by use of ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats) markers. Using eight primers, 207 polymorphic loci were observed, ranging in size from 250 to 2500 bp. The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst = 0.0679) showed that the total molecular variance of 11 populations was mainly existed within populations. The genetic variation within and among the 11 populations was 93.21 and 6.79%, respectively. No significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances of the populations was found using ISSR markers. Our study provides a population-level genetic profile for further investigation and conservation of genetic diversity of sea buckthorn. 相似文献
12.
Romero-Severson Jeanne Aldrich Preston Feng Yi Sun Weilin Michler Charles 《New Forests》2003,26(1):43-49
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation was examined in 48 northern red oaks at 14 sites representing contrasting glacial histories and age structures within the state of Indiana in the United States. PCR-RFLP of three intergenic regions revealed five haplotypes. Haplotype I was common to seven sites and was the most frequent (17 trees). Haplotype II was common to five sites and was nearly as frequent as haplotype I (16 trees). Haplotypes III, IV and V were equally infrequent and did not occur together. Genetic diversity resided among rather than within populations (GST = 0.73 ± 0.14). This preliminary survey shows that cpDNA diversity will be a useful tool for the investigation of ancient seed dispersal patterns in northern red oak. 相似文献
13.
Felix Gugerli Rolf Gall Franz Meier Beat Wermelinger 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,256(3):405-409
The dynamics of a recent outbreak of the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in Switzerland was ruled by a devastating winter storm in 1999 and the drought and heat of the summer 2003. Starting from a similar level of population sizes, estimated as the rate of infested growing stock, beetle populations increased differently in magnitude and time among different regions in Switzerland. Accordingly, we expected local or regional genetic differentiation as a result of such repeated population expansion/breakdown dynamics. We analyzed 5 nuclear microsatellites of spruce bark beetles sampled from pheromone traps at 30 locations distributed over Switzerland. Our genetic results did not indicate any sign of population differentiation, structure, isolation by distance, or recent bottlenecks. This complete lack of genetic structure suggests that spruce bark beetles are highly mobile, precluding the formation of a spatial structure at neutral molecular markers. Thus, this molecular–genetic approach does not allow us to discriminate among regional gene pools and to identify the origin of expanding beetle populations. 相似文献
14.
[目的]研究山东小果白刺的表型变异程度及变异规律。[方法]采用方差分析、相关分析、聚类分析等分析方法,对山东小果白刺5个群体种实和叶片的10个表型性状进行了比较分析。[结果]群体内变异是山东小果白刺表型变异的主要来源;各性状群体间表型分化系数的变幅为20.20%60.70%,平均值为40.71%;所有性状的变异系数平均值为9.34%,各器官的表型变异程度有叶片大小(8.99%)﹥种子大小(7.74%)﹥果实大小(6.77%)和种子形状(10.22%)﹥叶片形状(6.70%)﹥果实形状(4.35%);小果白刺10个表型性状间大多呈显著或极显著的相关关系;5个小果白刺群体被聚合成2类。[结论]山东小果白刺种实及叶片表型性状在群体间和群体内存在丰富的表型变异,其地理变异规律遵照随机变异模式。该研究结果为小果白刺种质资源的保存提供了依据。 相似文献
15.
【目的】通过测序法分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐在叶绿体rps16序列上的遗传差异,旨在分析三者之间在叶绿体基因上的变化特点和规律,探讨其种间的遗传关系。【方法】选取兰考泡桐、白花泡桐和毛泡桐各15个样本,对其提取的DNA用PCR扩增获得特异片段,并将其纯化与测序。利用软件Clustal X 2.0对所得序列进行排序;运行MEGA 4软件,进行多序列比对,分析其序列特征,并计算出K2P遗传距离。【结果】(1)对获得的rps16序列进行测定分析,得兰考泡桐序列长度分别为932 933 bp;白花泡桐序列长度为932 bp;毛泡桐序列长度分别为916918 bp。对所得rps16序列进行排序后的长度为938 bp,平均GC含量为34.31%。3个种所代表的个体之间共有10个变异位点,占整个序列长度的1.07%。其中有9个变异位点属于碱基插入或缺失类型,占变异位点总数的90%,占整个序列长度的0.96%。有1个变异位点属于碱基替换类型,占整个变异位点总数的10%,占整个序列长度的0.11%。(2)整个rps16片段的序列共有10个变异位点,其中兰考泡桐与白花泡桐在总的变异位点上,具有一致的碱基位点9个,占总变异的90%。而兰考泡桐与毛泡桐相比,没有相同的碱基。【结论】根据三种泡桐的rps16序列的序列特征和变异位点的分析,表明在叶绿体遗传方面,兰考泡桐具有与白花泡桐更多相似的遗传物质,其亲缘关系较近。综上所述,推测兰考泡桐与白花泡桐可能来自同一母系遗传。 相似文献
16.
17.
[目的]利用SSR标记比较大别山黄狮寨不同年龄级映山红(Rhododendron simsii Planch.)种群的遗传多样性及遗传结构,探究映山红不同世代间遗传多样性的变化规律,为大别山野生映山红资源的合理利用和高效保护提供科学依据。[方法]按照基径大小和丛枝多少将大别山黄狮寨典型映山红种群划分为老树、成树、小树、幼苗4个年龄级,筛选出12对多态性强的SSR引物用于PCR扩增,扩增产物经6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测并银染。构建"0/1"矩阵,利用POPGENE 32. 0软件分析种群遗传多样性。基于Nei's遗传距离,采用软件MEGA5. 0进行UPGMA聚类。[结果]不同龄级的映山红遗传多样性差别较大,幼苗和老树种群多样性最差,小树种群多样性最丰富。12个微卫星标记观测等位基因数为3～9个,平均5. 08;有效等位基因数为2. 254 9 6. 129 7,平均3. 460 5;观察杂合度HO和期望杂合度HE分别为0. 676 4～0. 881 2和0. 607 7～0. 690 7。Shannon信息指数(I)以小树群体最高,成树次之,幼苗最低。近交系数Fis为-0. 638 3～0. 174 4,平均为-0. 294 6;总近交系数Fit为-0. 615 1～0. 270 6,平均为-0. 162 1,表明各龄级种群内主要繁殖方式为杂交。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明89. 76%的遗传变异存在于年龄级内,仅10. 24%存在于年龄级间。基因流水平高,仅1个位点Nm 1。遗传一致度最高的为小树和成树种群。[结论]大别山黄狮寨映山红种群遗传多样性丰富,种群间中度分化,遗传变异主要存在于年龄级内。 相似文献
18.
Cyclobalanopsis glauca is a dominant species of evergreen broad-leaved forests in mainland China. This study compares the genetic variation of an artificially regenerated population with its donor population and two other wild populations, by using RAPD markers. A total of 74 clear, reproducible bands were scored for 12 RAPD primers; 72 were polymorphic (P = 97.3%). AMOVA revealed that most genetic variation was within populations and only 10.35% was among populations. Various measures indicated that there is no difference in genetic diversity between the planted and the original populations. ΦST between the planted offspring population and the donor population was larger than those between the planted and other two natural populations, indicating that artificial regeneration might lead to biased genetic composition, given that temporal differentiation is usually lower than spatial differentiation. This divergence may be due to unequal seed production among the maternal individuals and viability differences among seeds. 相似文献
19.
云杉属谱系地理学主要是研究云杉属种群遗传结构的历史动态规律,以及气候振荡和地质变迁对种群分布范围、种群间基因渐渗及遗传分化的影响。文中综述了国内外云杉属谱系地理学的研究进展,结论如下:我国西南山区和青藏高原（QTP）地区云杉属树种谱系地理学研究,验证了上新世QTP上升和第四纪冰期气候振荡对该物种进化起到推动作用,该物种在这2个时期快速分化;在云杉属争议种的研究中,通过对云杉属复合种群的群体结构展开研究,揭示了种群间的基因渐渗常存在于有较低基因流的基因组,方向通常是由本土树种向入侵树种渗透;某些种群之间的基因渐渗可有助于在一些基因位点上增加这些种群和其他种群之间的分化,导致生殖隔离的产生;云杉属天然杂种多被发现在种群的对称分布区边缘、或者其重叠分布区,杂种经过异地扩张又形成了新种,验证了云杉属网状进化的历史,并证明了生境特征决定杂交优势种的分布边界。 相似文献
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[目的]研究红豆树优树自由授粉子代遗传多样性及其对生长的影响,比较天然居群子代和孤立木子代遗传多样性差异,揭示子代遗传多样性的变化规律及天然居群在子代遗传多样性维持中的作用,为红豆树遗传保育和优异种质挖掘提供科学依据。[方法]以来自浙、闽、赣、川等26个红豆树优树自由授粉家系为研究对象,利用11对SSR引物对765个子代群体进行遗传多样性评价,同时分析子代遗传多样性参数与种子、生长性状的相关性。[结果](1)红豆树优树子代群体具有较高的遗传多样性,有效等位基因数为7.766个,观测杂合度(H_O)和期望杂合度(H_E)分别为0.469和0.865。(2)除SSR8外,其余位点的观测杂合度均小于期望杂合度,表明子代群体绝大多数位点处于杂合子缺失状态。(3)红豆树不同家系的遗传多样性存在明显差异,12号家系的遗传多样性水平最高,8号家系则最低。(4)比较发现,天然居群子代的遗传多样性显著或极显著地高于孤立木子代。(5)F统计量和分子方差分析(AMOVA)均表明,红豆树优树子代群体的遗传变异主要存在于家系内,家系间的遗传分化相对较小。(6)相关性分析发现,子代遗传多样性参数与种子性状、子代年高生长量呈显著正相关(r=0.378~0.527)。[结论]较大的红豆树天然居群在维持其子代较高遗传多样性中发挥了重要作用,子代遗传多样性显著影响苗木生长,这为红豆树遗传保育和优良家系选择提供了理论依据。 相似文献