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1.
Somatic embryos were produced in large numbers from cultured, unfertilized ovules of Vitis vinifera, cultivars ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Grenache’, and of the hybrid grape ‘Gloryvine’ (V. vinifera × V. rupestris). Callus of nucellar origin was produced by culturing the ovule explants initially in Nitsch medium containing 5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) or 5 μM β-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) plus 1 μM benzyladenine (BA), and then in a medium supplemented with NOA (10 μM) plus BA (1 μM). Embryos were produced when callus was transferred to basal medium containing no auxin or cytokinin. Secondary and tertiary embryos were formed by budding of primary somatic embryos. Prolonged culture of ovular callus in NOA (10 μM) plus BA (1 μM) gave rise to cell aggregates which developed into free-floating roots when transferred to basal medium. 相似文献
2.
Indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash.] is native to the North America and is an important component of the original tall grass prairie. It is also an important ornamental and forage grass. Recently, it has been proposed as an ideal biomass producer for cellulosic ethanol production. Genetic transformation is an important tool for introducing important agronomic traits into plants, but an efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration protocol is a prerequisite for successful genetic transformation. In this report, we used mature caryopses as explants and tested the effect of various combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (1–5) and kinetin (KT) (0, 0.1, and 0.2) on embryogenic callus induction using LS basal medium. Caryopses cultured on media supplemented with 2,4-D alone generally outperformed those cultured on media supplemented with both 2,4-D and kinetin for embryogenic callus induction. The best treatment is LS basal medium supplemented with 3 mg l−1 2,4-D. LS basal medium supplemented with KT of 0, 0.5, 1, 2 or 5 mg l−1 were tested for regeneration efficiency which was shown to increase as the KT concentration increased. The quality of the shoots produced on the medium containing KT at 5 mg l−1, which produced the highest regeneration frequency appeared to be lower as leaves become vitrified. Shoots were moved to a rooting medium containing either 0 or 0.1 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Rooted plantlets were then transferred to soil-containing pots and were placed in a mist room for 1 week before they are transferred to a normal greenhouse where they all survived. The reported regeneration protocol is very efficient and highly reproducible in spite of the heterogeneous nature of the tested cultivar; thus it should be suitable for genetic transformation. 相似文献
3.
Anika Nadja Sabine Prange Melanie BartschMargrethe Serek Traud Winkelmann 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010
The present study is the first report of the establishment of embryogenic callus cultures from seedling tissue, the regeneration of plants via somatic embryogenesis and the development of a regeneration system from protoplast to plant, using three wild species of Cyclamen, Cyclamen graecum Link, Cyclamen mirabile Hildebrand, Cyclamen trochopteranthum Schwarz (syn. Cyclamen alpinum hort. Dammann ex Sprenger). The ability to form embryogenic callus and to regenerate via somatic embryogenesis was strongly genotype-dependent for each species. From 0.5 g callus, up to 1461 somatic embryos were formed in the case of C. mirabile. Culture media with different concentrations of plant growth regulators, CaCl2 and activated charcoal significantly influenced embryo formation in this species. Up to 1.4 × 106 protoplasts were isolated from 1 g of C. graecum cell suspension. Diverse growth responses of the protoplasts in two embedding agents, agarose and alginate, were observed for the different Cyclamen species. These specific growth characteristics could be used as a selection marker for future fusion experiments. From both protoplast culture systems, somatic embryos were regenerated, grown to plantlets and acclimatised to greenhouse conditions. 相似文献
4.
An efficient method of repetitive somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration was established in Coriandrum sativum L. Embryogenic callus was induced from cotyledon and hypocotyl segments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 4.52 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), upon subculturing on medium having same level of 2,4-D at an interval of 3 weeks developed somatic embryos, which progressed to cotyledonary stage through early developmental stages of somatic embryogenesis. The transfer of somatic embryos at an early cotyledonary and cotyledonary stage in clumps in succession to fresh 4.52 μM 2,4-D supplemented medium developed embryos in a cyclic manner. Upon transferal to embryogenic clumps (cotyledonary embryos) to modified MS medium (4 g l−1 KNO3, 0.29 g l−1 NH4NO3, 3 mg l−1 thiamine HCl, 0.5 mg l−1 pyridoxine HCl, and 5 mg l−1 nicotinic acid), the embryos irrespective of the cycles underwent maturation and germination. Germinating embryos transferred to half-strength MS medium favored healthy growth of plantlets. The system of recurrent somatic embryogenesis in coriander offers a system for genes transfer and also scale-up production of modified plants. 相似文献
5.
T. R Monteiro E. O Freitas G. F Nogueira 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2018,93(2):196-203
The current analysis describes an improved protocol for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) through liquid medium, and assesses the influence of successive subcultures during induction of calluses in three Brazilian oil palm varieties. Calluses were induced in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 450 Picloram, 0.5 g L?1 glutamine, 2.5 g L?1 activated charcoal, 30 g L?1 sucrose, and solidified with 2.5 g L?1 Phytagel. In a first experiment, the effect of continued subculture of explants every 30 days to fresh culture medium was determined. During a second experiment, part of the embryogenic calluses obtained were transferred to a liquid medium under agitation, consisting of MS with 5 µM picloram or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After 210 days, the calluses were transferred to semi-solid media for differentiating somatic embryos. It was observed that continued subculture of explants monthly was a determinant in stimulating and improving the formation of embryogenic calluses. Embryogenic calluses in liquid medium with 2,4-D significantly improved the percentage of differentiated somatic embryos (up to 80.2%), with the largest amount of torpedo embryos (8.3 per callus). Regenerated plants with roots were individualised and transferred to a greenhouse, with close to 95% survival. 相似文献
6.
María Jesús Prado María Pilar Grueiro María Victoria González Pilar S. Testillano Cristina Domínguez Marián López Manuel Rey 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010
An efficient protocol for plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis was developed for the first time in five autochthonous grapevine cultivars (Treixadura, Torrontés, Mencía, Merenzao and Brancellao) from Galicia (north-western Spain). Improvements of the induction protocol for the cv. Albariño in respect to previously reported data were also made. Media containing NN salts and MS vitamins supplemented with combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzyladenine (BA) were effective in inducing somatic embryogenesis. The addition of casein hydrolysate produced the best results for up to four cultivars (Albariño, Treixadura, Merenzao and Brancellao). Somatic embryogenesis was also induced in explants collected during the binucleate pollen microsporogenesis stage (R3 flower stage) of all cultivars with the exception of Treixadura, suggesting that under appropriate conditions explants can display longer windows of competence. Transfer of embryogenic callus to differentiation medium produced callus proliferation and somatic embryo development proliferation by secondary embryogenesis. However, an extensive process of precocious embryo germination was observed reducing the efficiency of secondary embryo proliferation. This situation was overcame by the use of differentiation medium lacking growth regulators (DM1 medium), which allowed reducing precocious germination by half on average and improving embryo proliferation by secondary embryogenesis. Transfer of normally developed, ungerminated isolated embryos to germination medium allowed obtaining very high percentages of embryo germination (up to 97% in Mencía, more than 87% averaging all cultivars). A comparison of plant conversion between precociously and normally germinated embryos showed that precocious germination in differentiation medium reduced plant conversion, even at high rates depending on the cultivar (from 93% to 39% in Brancellao, from 86% to 61% averaging all cultivars). 相似文献
7.
利用未成熟种子建立野生阿宽蕉胚性细胞悬浮系和植株再生的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以纵切的野生阿宽蕉60d龄未成熟种子为外植体,在MI1愈伤组织诱导培养基(MS大量和微量元素及铁盐+MorelandWetmore维生素+0.1mmol/LKH2PO4+87mmol/L蔗糖+4.5μmol/L2,4-D+1g/LGelrite)中培养60d后开始出现浅黄色松散的胚性愈伤组织,150d后愈伤组织诱导率为(15.11±1.95)%。该类愈伤组织被转移到含18μmol/L2,4-D的MI2培养基中继代60d后,可获得状态均一的理想的胚性愈伤组织。胚性愈伤组织悬浮培养后,通过2个月的筛选和继代培养,可得到均质的胚性细胞悬浮系。理想的胚性愈伤组织在体细胞胚诱导培养基中培养10d后可见到白色半透明体细胞胚的发生,体细胞胚诱导率为7.70×105个/gFW。成熟体细胞胚的萌发率为(33.33±3.37)%,植株再生率为(20.83±1.68)%。 相似文献
8.
Protocols are outlined for the regeneration of Curcuma soloensis, an attractive tropical ornamental plant, from young vegetative bud explants. We used both direct and callus-mediated regeneration techniques to produce material suitable for mass propagation and the development of transgenic plants. During direct plantlet propagation, the presence of thidiazuron (TDZ) in the growing medium induced more than three times as many shoots as 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), with a mean of 18.7 shoots per explant on MS medium containing 2.5 μM TDZ compared to 5.0 shoots with 40 μM BA. Subsequently, the shoots rooted readily on MS basal medium that was free of plant growth regulators. During indirect plantlet regeneration, TDZ combined with BA and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) had significant effects on embryogenic callus induction and multiplication. The frequency of callus formation was 91.1% for explants cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 2.5 μM TDZ, 2.0 μM BA and 1.2 μM 2,4-D. On average 7.1 shoots were produced per callus mass cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM TDZ, 9.0 μM BA and 1.2 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Regenerated shoots were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM TDZ, to produce multiple shoots. In vitro cultured plantlets readily acclimatized to greenhouse conditions, showing 100% survival rates in a sphagnum, perlite and sand (1:1:1) medium. These plants were transplanted into pots or planted in the field. The ex vitro acclimated plants grew vigorously and produced showy inflorescences 5–6 months after planting. The high-frequency of shoot multiplication and rapid flowering of tissue-cultured plants indicate that C. soloensis has great potential in the floricultural market. 相似文献
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11.
An efficient plant regeneration protocol via somatic embyogenesis by leaf base culture of in vitro grown Iris pumila shoots was developed. Induction of embryogenic calli was achieved on MS media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), kinetin (4.5 μM, each) and some additives (L-proline, casein hydrolysate, adenine sulphate and tyrosine). Further differentiation of embryogenic calli was achieved on MS hormone-free media, and on media supplemented with either BAP (4.5 μM) or BAP + zeatin (4.5 and 0.2 μM, respectively), which allowed somatic embryos, as well as shoot-like structures to form. Fully developed somatic embryos germinated on an MS hormone-free medium. An anatomical study confirmed that shoot-like structures represented early germinating stages of somatic embryos. Acclimatization of plants derived from somatic embryos was 64% after 1 year and no morphological variation was observed. 相似文献
12.
Seedless grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) are widely grown in Europe, America and Asia. Fungal diseases are a great threat of them. Several wild Chinese Vitis species showed high resistance to many fungal diseases. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to assess the potential to incorporate these species in a breeding project for development of the disease-resistant seedless cultivars. Hybridization was conducted using V. vinifera as female parents and the wild Chinese Vitis spp. as male parents. In-ovulo embryo rescue was used to develop hybrid plants from the seedless females. An efficient protocol is reported here for the in vitro embryo rescue and plant development from the cross Emerald Seedless × Beichun. Ovules were excised from immature fruits 7 weeks after pollination (WAP) and cultured in the double-phase ER medium supplemented with 6.0% sucrose and 0.3% activated charcoal (AC). Following 8–12 weeks of culture, embryos were removed from the ovules and transferred onto WPM supplemented with 1.0 μM 6-benzyladenine (6-BA), 2.0% sucrose and 0.2% AC and solidified with 0.6% agar. After 8 weeks of culture, the embryos germinated and subsequently grew into whole plantlets. With the optimized parameters developed in the present study, about 34.0%, 91.2% and 77.4% of embryo formation, embryo germination and plant development were obtained, respectively. When this protocol was applied to 11 other cross combinations, genotype was found to significantly influence embryo formation, embryo germination and plant development, with different frequencies of hybrid plants successfully obtained in all crosses. 相似文献
13.
《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,105(1):117-126
The objectives of the present work were to study the embryogenic competence of floral tissues of Feijoa sellowiana and to investigate the influence of plant growth regulators on somatic embryo induction and development in order to establish a somatic embryogenesis protocol starting from somatic tissues. Petals, stamens and ovaries of floral buds were cultivated onto LPm basal medium supplemented with different levels of 2,4-D, Picloram, 2-iP, Kin and BAP. The highest embryogenic callus induction was obtained with Picloram (10 μM) and Kin (1 μM). Rates of embryogenic calluses induction in stamens and petals were significantly affected by PGRs. Embryogenic calluses were transferred to the same medium, supplemented with gradually reduced levels of PGRs-free medium. After 60 days in suspension cultures with 2,4-D (1 μM) and 2-iP (1 μM) calluses were transferred to PGR-free medium. After 30 days it was observed the development of globular somatic embryos on the surface of 18% of friable calluses previously induced with Picloram (10 μM) and Kin (1 μM). Only embryogenic calluses derived from stamens gave rise to this morphogenetic pattern.Torpedo and cotyledonary somatic embryos transferred to PGR-free culture medium were converted to complete plantlets. This is the first report of somatic embryogenesis in this species starting from somatic tissues. 相似文献
14.
A protocol for plant regeneration by somatic embryogenesis was developed in guava cv. Banarasi local by using immature zygotic embryo explants. Best induction of somatic embryogenesis was achieved from 10-week-old zygotic embryos on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-d (4.52 μM) and 5% sucrose. Maximum number of somatic embryos was produced when zygotic embryo explants were transferred to growth regulator free full strength MS basal medium after 8 days treatment with 2,4-d. Full strength MS basal medium containing 5% sucrose was most favorable for maturation of somatic embryos. Highest frequency of conversion and normal plantlet production were recorded from elongated torpedo stages of somatic embryos on half strength MS medium containing 3% sucrose. Over 90% of rooted shoots survived acclimatization. 相似文献
15.
Effect of sucrose concentrations on somatic embryogenesis in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Omid Karami Ali Deljou Mahmoud Esna-Ashari Prisa Ostad-Ahmadi 《Scientia Horticulturae》2006,110(4):340-344
The effect of sucrose concentration on callus induction followed by differentiation of embryogenic callus derived from petal explants of four carnation cultivars (Nelson, Sagres, Spirit and Impulse) was investigated. Embryogenic calli were produced on Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F.A., 1962. Revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant 154, 73–479] basal medium (MS) culture medium containing six concentrations of sucrose (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18%, w/v) all supplemented with 9 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.8 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA). Maximum frequency of embryogenic callus was obtained from the media containing 9 and 12% sucrose. Somatic embryos were induced on a hormone-free MS media containing the seven concentrations of sucrose. Development of somatic embryos was enhanced by increasing sucrose concentration from 1.5 to 12%, while it was reduced in higher concentrations of 15 and 18%. However, normal embryos were not developed in the media containing 1.5 and 3% sucrose. Ninety-five percent of somatic embryos were regenerated to form the entire plantlets when they transferred onto the half-strength hormone-free MS culture medium containing 3% sucrose. Plantlets were also continued to grow normally under greenhouse condition. 相似文献
16.
Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash.] are native to the North America and are important forage grasses and ornamental grasses. Both grasses are proposed as ideal biomass producers for cellulosic ethanol production. To apply genetic transformation, which is an important tool for incorporating desirable agronomic traits into plants to both species, however requires an efficient and reproducible regeneration protocol. We used mature caryopses from big and little bluestem as explants and tested the effect of various combinations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mg l−1) and kinetin (KT) (0, 0.1 or 0.2 mg l−1) on embryogenic callus induction with LS as the basal medium. The highest percentage of embryogenic calli induction occurred on medium containing 2, 4-D alone at 2 mg l−1 for ‘Bison’ and on medium containing 4 mg l−1 2, 4-D alone for ‘Bonilla’ big bluestem. For little bluestem, the highest percentage of embryogenic callus induction occurred on medium containing 3 mg l−1 2, 4-D plus 0.1 mg l−1 kinetin, suggesting that addition of KT is beneficial. Shoot regeneration took place on LS basal medium without any plant growth regulator for both species, although the addition of KT increased both regeneration frequency and the number of shoots produced per callus. Rooting of shoots reaching about 2 cm long occurred readily with or without α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Rooted plantlets were all successfully established in the soil. 相似文献
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18.
An efficient plant propagation system through somatic embryogenesis was established in Cymbopogon pendulus, an aromatic grass followed by analysis of genetic status of regenerants using ISSR markers. Optimum embryogenic callus induction was observed on MS basal medium supplemented with 13.57 μM 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with 8.88 μM N6-benzyladenine (BA). Subsequent culturing of embryogenic calli on MS medium containing 4.52 μM 2,4-D and 8.88–13.32 μM BA gave maximum number of somatic embryos. Addition of coconut water (CW) promoted induction, growth and differentiation of callus and somatic embryogenesis. Further development of embryos into plantlets was achieved on MS medium supplemented with lower concentration of biotin and calcium pantothenate (CaP) along with BA (4.44–13.32 μM) and kinetin (2.32–4.65 μM). The root meristems were established on half strength MS medium containing 2% sucrose and 2.46–9.84 μM Indole3-butyric acid (IBA) and successfully established in soil with 77.8% survival rate in field condition. Thirteen randomly selected regenerated clones were screened using six ISSR primers. Nine clones produced similar monomorphic amplification profiles while remaining clones showed minor variation with absence of certain parental bands and appearance of unique band. Majority of the regenerants maintained genetic fidelity with the generation of few variants as evidenced from similarity matrix estimates using Nei Li's coefficient of similarity data. 相似文献
19.
香蕉愈伤组织及体细胞胚诱导过程中的组织学观察 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
将巴西蕉(Musa AAA Cavendish)的未成熟雄花接种在MI培养基(MS+4mg/L2,4-D+1mg/L生物素+1mg/LIAA+1mg/LNAA+100mg/L谷胺酰氨+100mg/L麦芽抽提物+30g/L蔗糖+7.5g/L琼脂粉)上进行愈伤组织诱导,对愈伤组织诱导过程中的各个阶段进行组织学观察。结果表明,未成熟雄花外植体脱分化的起始部位是表皮下层的维管组织细胞,启动时间为外植体接种后4～5周;外植体接种8周后获得分生小球体;胚性愈伤组织形成于分生小球体的表面,主要由具有细胞核和核仁比大、细胞质丰富的胚性细胞组成。随着培养时间的延长,胚性愈伤组织的表面形成一些由多细胞组成的体细胞原胚,有时还可观察到二分体的存在,这表明香蕉体细胞胚可能是单细胞起源的。 相似文献
20.
Meena Pandey Uppeandra Dhar Samant Sher Singh Shirgurkar Mrudul Vijay Thengane Shubhada Ratnakar 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):493-498
SummarySecondary somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from seedling explants of Angelica glauca, an endangered medicinal plant of the Himalaya, is reported for the first time. Callus was obtained from all the explants tested in the present study (i.e., epicotyls, hypocotyls, and cotyledonary nodes). The highest frequency of callus formation (95.8%) was observed using epicotyl explants on 4.0 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), whereas 70.8% of hypocotyl explants, and 58.3% of cotyledonary nodes produced callus. One-hundred percent embryogenic callus was induced from epicotyl explants in 2.0 µM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.0 µM μnaphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), together with the maximum number of somatic embryos (34.2 embryos per explant). Cotyledonary nodes did not produce somatic embryos. Histological studies confirmed the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryos germinated into plantlets upon transfer to half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without added plant growth regulators. We observed 85% survival of these plantlets under field conditions. The development of secondary embryos was also observed when primary embryos were sub-cultured on full-strength MS medium containing 2.0 µM NAA plus 2.0 µM BA. This system of recurrent somatic embryogenesis provides a route for gene transfer and also for the large-scale production of this critically endangered medicinal plant. 相似文献