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1.
为探究晋北农牧交错带燕麦（Avena sativa）生产的最佳施氮量,以饲用燕麦‘牧王’为研究材料,采用完全随机区组设计,测定不同施氮量（0,30,60,90,120,150,180 kg·hm-2）对燕麦农艺性状和干物质产量的影响,同时对施氮量与干物质产量进行回归分析,对干物质产量与农艺性状进行相关性分析和通径分析。结果表明,施氮对燕麦株高、茎粗、旗叶叶面积有显著影响（P<0.05）,施氮量与干物质产量成极显著的二次曲线关系,干物质产量的理论最大值为9.89 t·hm-2,施氮量为93.75 kg·hm-2。相关性和通径分析表明,干物质产量（y）与各农艺性状的相关关系大小顺序依次为：株高（x1） > 叶面积（x4） > 鲜干比（x6） > 穗长（x3） > 茎粗（x2） > 叶茎比（x5）,其中除了与鲜干比呈极显著负相关以外,与其他性状均成极显著的正相关关系。干物质产量与株高和茎粗的最优回归方程为y=-9.583+0.123x1+0.803x2（R2=0.611,F=14.149**）。综合结果分析,该地区燕麦的适宜施氮量为90~120 kg·hm-2。  相似文献   

2.
A state-transition model was developed to examine the control of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) virus (BVDV) infections epidemiologically and economically at the farm level, using a computer spreadsheet program. The model offers the possibility of comparing and evaluating the alternatives ‘no intervention’ and ‘culling carriers’. All input variables can easily be modified to suit different conditions and areas, making it a flexible tool for policy making and decision support. Results of calculations with the most likely input values for Dutch conditions showed that culling the carriers which were persistently infected after an outbreak of BVD was economically unattractive (especially if there was any risk of reinfection). Further research is desired (1) to model the losses due to immunosuppression caused by BVDV infection, and (2) to predict more precisely the spread of BVDV after culling the carriers.  相似文献   

3.
In this paper, we describe the transmission of Classical Swine Fever virus (CSF virus) within herds during the 1997–1998 epidemic in the Netherlands. In seven herds where the infection started among individually housed breeding stock, all breeding pigs had been tested for antibodies to CSF virus shortly before depopulation. Based upon these data, the transmission of CSF virus between pigs was described as exponential growth in time with a parameter r, that was estimated at 0.108 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.060–0.156). The accompanying per-generation transmission (expressed as the basic reproduction ratio, R0) was estimated at 2.9. Based upon this characterisation, a calculation method was derived with which serological findings at depopulation can be used to calculate the period in which the virus was with a certain probability introduced into that breeding stock. This model was used to estimate the period when the virus had been introduced into 34 herds where the infection started in the breeding section. Of these herds, only a single contact with a herd previously infected had been traced. However, in contrast with the seven previously mentioned herds, only a sample of the breeding pigs had been tested before depopulation (as was the common procedure during the epidemic). The observed number of days between the single contact with an infected herd and the day of sampling of these 34 herds fitted well in the model. Thus, we concluded that the model and transmission parameter was in agreement with the transmission between breeding pigs in these herds.

Because of the limited sample size and because it was usually unknown in which specific pen the infection started, we were unable to estimate transmission parameters for weaned piglets and finishing pigs from the data collected during the epidemic. However, from the results of controlled experiments in which R0 was estimated as 81 between weaned piglets and 14 between heavy finishing pigs (Laevens et al., 1998a. Vet. Quart. 20, 41–45; Laevens et al., 1999. Ph.D. Thesis), we constructed a simple model to describe the transmission of CSF virus in compartments (rooms) housing finishing pigs and weaned piglets. From the number of pens per compartment, the number of pigs per pen, the numbers of pigs tested for antibodies to CSF virus and the distribution of the seropositive pigs in the compartment, this model gives again a period in which the virus most probably entered the herd. Using the findings in 41 herds where the infection started in the section of the finishers or weaned piglets of the age of 8 weeks or older, and of which only a single contact with a herd previously infected was known, there was no reason to reject the model. Thus, we concluded that the transmission between weaned piglets and finishing pigs during the epidemic was not significantly different from the transmission observed in the experiments.  相似文献   


4.
草地地上生物量（above-ground biomass, AGB）的遥感监测可快速且客观地对草地生长现状进行评估,对生态环境评价和草地资源利用有重要意义。为了提高遥感估算草地AGB的准确性,基于青海省门源县的地面实测数据,利用Landsat-8 OLI遥感数据计算出的植被指数分别构建了单因素回归模型和随机森林模型（random forest, RF）,确定了AGB遥感估测最佳模型,并反演得到了研究区2019-2021年草地AGB空间分布。结果表明：1）在29个植被指数构建的单因素回归模型中,与草地AGB相关性较高的5个植被指数为NDVI、RBNDVI、TVI、GNDVI、MSR,R2均达0.49以上。其中,NDVI模型的精度最高,验证集R2为0.50,均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE）为702.89 kg·hm-2。2）在RF模型中,变量筛选前R2=0.61,RMSE=621.14 kg·hm-2;经过变量筛选后模型精度有小幅度提升,R2达0.62,RMSE基本不变;二者精度均优于单因素模型,相比传统单因素最优回归模型,R2提高0.12,RMSE降低了80.95 kg·hm-2。3）门源县AGB空间分布特征为西北部较高,东南部相对较低;大体呈中部高,四周低的分布状况。2019-2021年全县天然草地总产草量介于4.2827万~8.9776 万t,平均单产介于1063.49~1484.82 kg·hm-2;草地类型以高寒草甸为主,2019-2021年产草量为4.0825万~5.6653 万t,平均地上AGB介于1060.38~1471.94 kg·hm-2;山地草甸平均AGB为1036.81~1637.43 kg·hm-2;温性草原平均AGB介于1198.72~1786.63 kg·hm-2。  相似文献   

5.
[目的]分析内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟地方特色肉羊品种苏尼特羊体重与体尺指标的关联程度。[方法]随机选取5~6月龄发育及健康状况良好的苏尼特羊公羊247只、母羊260只,对羊只的体重（Y）、尾长（X1）、尾宽（X2）、体高（X3）、体长（X4）、胸围（X5）进行生产性能测定,数据整理后使用SPSS 26.0统计学软件对体重与体尺指标进行相关性分析和多元线性回归分析,最终建立最优回归模型。[结果]影响苏尼特羊公羊和母羊体重的主要体尺指标为尾宽、体高、体长和胸围,且与体重均呈极显著（P<0.01）相关;逐步回归分析建立了多元线性回归模型,公羊的最优线性方程为：Y=0.57X5+0.325X4+0.241X2-35.795,R2=0.834;母羊的最优线性方程为：Y=0.577X5+0.246X4+0.205X2-31.94,R2=0.799。[结论]回归方程中胸围、体长、尾宽与体重相关性均较高,皆可作为苏尼特羊的体重预测模型。  相似文献   

6.
为了掌握内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的种群数量和种群结构,维护内蒙古贺兰山的生态平衡。于2017年11—12月,2018年4—6月、11—12月,2019年4—6月,在内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内,利用样线法对保护区内的马鹿进行调查,采用Distance R进行数据分析,估测种群数量和种群密度,并对种群结构进行探讨。研究发现,马鹿在2018年冬季种群数量最高约为2452(1678—3578)只,种群密度为3.705(2.539—5.048)只/km2,遇见率为1.943只/km。遇见率年际间变化不明显(F=0.12,P=0.986);混合群出现的次数最高,雄性群出现的次数最低,不同集群类型在不同季节的差异极显著(P<0.001);群大小在不同季节的差异不显著(P=0.132);雌雄比在不同季节中没有太大变化。  相似文献   

7.
探究间作带幅设计对玉米/苜蓿间作群体光环境特征、产量及光能利用效率(LUE)的影响,提出黄土高原旱作条件下玉米/苜蓿间作群体最佳带幅比例。研究设置了玉米单作(SM)、紫花苜蓿单作(SA)以及玉米/紫花苜蓿1∶2(I_(12))、2∶2(I_(22))和2∶4(I_(24))间作5种种植模式,并采用田间试验和数学模拟相结合的方法,分别测定了玉米和苜蓿的干物质产量及作物冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)等指标;建立了考虑光线入射角度和群体冠层结构几何关系的玉米/苜蓿间作群体辐射传输模型,并用实测值对其进行了验证。试验结果表明,在2018年,单作处理的苜蓿干物质产量显著高于间作处理(P<0.05),而在2019年各间作处理苜蓿的干物质分别比单作高197.8、180.3和197.0 g·m^(-2);处理I_(12)、I_(22)和I_(24)两年总的玉米生物量比SM处理高12.1%、0.9%和23.9%。所有间作处理的土地当量比在2019年均大于1.0,表现出间作优势。辐射传输模型可准确模拟玉米/苜蓿间作群体冠层底部的光合有效辐射,间作群体光合有效辐射模拟值与实测值的平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为59.0和66.6μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)。除玉米和苜蓿生育前期及玉米收获后,不同间作处理苜蓿群体冠层上方的PAR均低于单作苜蓿。2018和2019年I_(12)、I_(22)和I_(24)间作处理玉米的光能利用效率分别比单作处理高52.5%、9.3%、51.7%和28.5%、9.6%、21.0%,而间作苜蓿的LUE仅在2019年显著高于单作19.2%、32.4%和20.9%(P<0.05)。因此,合理的玉米/苜蓿间作带幅搭配可改善苜蓿的光照环境,提高其光能利用效率,尤其是玉米/紫花苜蓿2∶4间作群体光能利用效率和产量优势显著,建议在具有类似气候的地区推广种植。  相似文献   

8.
旨在对不同日龄雏鸡开展恩诺沙星可溶性粉混饮给药的药动学研究,并利用获得的药动学参数通过PK/PD模型结合Monte Carlo模拟（Monte Carlo simulation,MCS）评价恩诺沙星可溶性粉推荐给药方案的合理性。分别在1、7和14日龄雏鸡进行恩诺沙星可溶性粉75 mg·L-1（以恩诺沙星计）混饮给药,按预定时间点采集血样,采用经验证的HPLC法测定各时间点每只鸡的血药浓度,拟合药动学参数。将获得的药动学参数与美国临床和实验室标准协会（CLSI）给出的恩诺沙星对禽大肠杆菌的敏感性折点值（0.25 μg·mL-1）结合计算PK/PD参数,并通过MCS获得当前给药方案在大肠杆菌不同MIC分布下的达标率（target attainment rate,TAR）。结果显示,1、7和14日龄雏鸡3个处理组在第0天达峰浓度（Cmax）分别为0.561、0.564和0.550 μg·mL-1,24 h曲线下面积（AUC0-24）分别为8.85、9.85和9.27 μg·h·mL-1;3个处理组给药第4天Cmax分别为0.599、0.550和0.487 μg·mL-1,平均稳态血药浓度（Cavg）分别为0.513、0.493和0.432 μg·mL-1,AUC0-24分别为12.31、11.82和10.37 μg·h·mL-1,Cmax/MIC分别为2.40、2.20和1.95,Cavg/MIC分别为2.05、1.97和1.73,AUC0-24/MIC分别为49.24、47.28和41.48。恩诺沙星对MIC≤0.25 μg·mL-1的大肠杆菌临床分离株,1、7和14日龄雏鸡给药期间TAR为75.01%～76.11%。以上结果表明,恩诺沙星可溶性粉按目前的推荐给药方案对敏感菌PK/PD参数比值和TAR均达不到预期,不仅杀菌效果有限,且易诱导细菌产生耐药性。  相似文献   

9.
草地地上生物量（Aboveground biomass,AGB）是衡量草地生产力的关键因素,准确测定草地AGB具有重要意义。高光谱因具有时效性强、不破坏草地等特点被广泛用于草地生理生态指标的测定。本研究提取和计算了海北试验站高寒草地冠层的原始光谱（Original spectrum,OR）反射率、一阶微分光谱（First derivative spectrum,FD）反射率、光谱位置面积参数（Spectral parameters of spectral position and area,PA）和植被指数（Vegetation indices,VI）4种不同类型的特征变量,使用连续投影算法（Successive projections algorithm,SPA）和递归特征消除算法（Recursive feature elimination,RFE）进行特征选择,采用随机森林算法（Random forest,RF）构建草地AGB估测模型。结果表明：在由4种特征变量分别构建的草地AGB估测模型中,基于VI的RF模型精度最高（测试集R2=0.70,RMSE=557.87 kg·ha-1）,实测AGB与估测AGB的线性R2达到0.72;不同类型特征变量组合构建的草地AGB估测模型中,PA+VI组合的RF模型精度最高（R2=0.71,RMSE=548.97 kg·ha-1）,实测AGB和估测AGB的线性R2达到0.73。  相似文献   

10.
Thirty five strains of the host adapted Salmonella serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) have been characterized by IS200 patterns, ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), restriction fragment polymorphism after hybridization with five randomly cloned DNA-framents of S. enteridis (RFLP), and plasmid profiling in order to divide the strains into ‘genomic lines’. For comparison, 20 other strains of 9 different group-D serotypes were included. The IS200 patterns were identical in all strains of S. Dublin examined. These patterns were different from those observed in other group-D Salmonella with the exception of one strain S. Enteritidis phage type 11 and a strain of S. Rostock. The insertion element IS200 was not detected in strains of S. Dar-es-Salam, S. (II) 9,12:z -, and S. Panama. RFLP, based on probing with five random cloned chromosomal fragments gave the same pattern in all strains except for one isolate from the UK. This strain was also found to have an unique PFGE pattern and ribotype. Among the remaining strains, three different PFGE patterns and 7 different ribotypes were observed. Based on all four typing methods, 8 different ‘genomic lines’ of S. Dublin were identified. The same grouping could be obtained from the use of ribotyping alone, but PFGE and RFLP were found to provide valuable information on possible relationships between ribotypes. Seven different plasmid profiles and a group of strains without plasmids were observed. In several cases, the same plasmid profile was shown to be present in more than one ‘genomic line’.  相似文献   

11.
An experiment was conducted with Saanen goats fed fresh grass ad libitum to compare 51Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes sprayed onto either grass leaves or stems to estimate faecal output, total mean retention time (TMRT) and parameters obtained from faecal marker concentration curves, such as k1 (slow rate of passage), k2 (fast rate of passage) and transit time (TT). 51Cr-mordanted grass showed the lowest fractional rates of passage (k1 and k2) and hence the largest value of TMRT. There were not significant (P > 0.05) differences between even-chain alkanes sprayed onto leaves or stems for k2, TT and TMRT, but k1 estimates were higher (P < 0.05) for stems than for sprayed leaves. Despite the marker used, TMRT values were negatively correlated with the level of dry matter intake (r = − 0.81, − 0.80 and − 0.80 for 51Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto leaves or stems, respectively). Average faecal outputs estimated from faecal concentrations of 51Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes were not different from the actual outputs but there were differences between markers in the accuracy of estimation. The highest mean square prediction error (MSPE) and the poorest correlation between observed and estimated faecal output values corresponded to even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto stems. Values estimated using 51Cr-mordanted fibre and even-chain alkanes adsorbed onto leaves were significantly correlated with faecal outputs (r = 0.94 and r = 0.92, respectively), with MSPE being greater for the latter marker.  相似文献   

12.
We quantified the effect of Neospora caninum (NC)-serostatus on culling and (re)production in 83 herds randomly selected from the Dutch dairy herd population (random group) and in 17 herds that had experienced an abortion epidemic associated with NC infection (epidemic-abortion group). In the random group, a single whole-herd blood sampling was done during the spring of 2003, while in the epidemic-abortion group whole-herd blood sampling was done repeatedly at least once a year starting after the abortion epidemic during the period 1997–2000 until the summer of 2004. Serological test-results for NC were given as ‘negative’ (N), ‘low-positive’ (LP) and ‘high-positive’ (HP). For analysing the time to culling, calving interval and age of first calving, survival analysis was used. For categorical reproduction parameters either a logistic-regression model (abortion, non-return after 1st insemination) or a Poisson-regression model (number of inseminations per pregnancy) was used. For milk production a linear-mixed model was used. All models were controlled, if applicable, for confounding variables like parity, production, season, year and abortion and adjusted for within-herd clustering.

In random herds, HP serostatus increased the hazard for culling 1.73-fold (95% CI: 1.37–2.19) compared to N and LP serostatus. Compared to N serostatus, LP and HP serostatus in epidemic-abortion herds increased the odds for abortion 1.88-fold (95% CI: 1.41–2.52) and 1.72-fold (95% CI: 1.38–2.14), respectively. No other reproduction parameters were associated with NC-serostatus in the random or epidemic-abortion herds. We found no effect of serostatus on milk production in the random group. In contrast, milk production of LP and HP serostatus in the epidemic-abortion group was respectively, 0.72 kg milk/day (95% CI: 0.15–1.03) and 0.59 kg milk/day (95% CI: 0.13–1.30), less during the first 100 days of lactation in the first year after the abortion epidemic compared with N serostatus.  相似文献   


13.
旨在探明金龟子绿僵菌发酵液中苦马豆素含量及与苦马豆素生物合成有关的催化酶基因mRNA表达的关系,将金龟子绿僵菌接种于察氏培养基进行发酵培养,运用Q Exactive高分辨质谱仪检测培养第1、3、5、7天发酵液中苦马豆素的含量,采用qRT-PCR法检测培养第1、3、5、7天发酵液中苦马豆素生物合成通路上的催化酶基因SwnA、SwnH1、SwnH2、SwnK、SwnN、SwnR和SwnT的mRNA转录水平。结果显示,根据苦马豆素质量浓度和峰面积的变化测算出回归方程为y=31 302.5x-45 910.5（R2=0.996 7）,在培养第3天发酵液中苦马豆素含量最高为174.014 μg·mg-1;SwnA、SwnH1、SwnH2、SwnK、SwnN、SwnR和SwnT基因在不同发酵时期mRNA表达差异较大,其中SwnR基因mRNA表达与发酵液中苦马豆素含量变化相一致,而SwnH2基因mRNA表达与发酵液中苦马豆素含量变化相反。结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌SwnR基因mRNA表达与苦马豆素合成关系密切,可为后续开展苦马豆素微生物发酵工艺及其生物合成通路研究提供重要参考。  相似文献   

14.
The relationship between passage rate of digesta (PRD) and apparent faecal dry matter digestibility (DMD) was investigated in five trials. In trial 1, 2, and 3, 36 weanling (16.9 ± 3.0 kg), 24 growing (51.3 ± 8.8 kg), and 23 finishing (104.8 ± 5.2 kg) barrows were housed in metabolic crates. The beginning and end of 5-day collection periods were marked by the addition of 0.5% indigo carmine to the feed for total faeces collection and PRD determination by observing the time required for the marker to appear. In trial 4 and 5, 21 gestating gilts (215.0 ± 15.0 kg), and 19 lactating sows were individually penned. Addition of 0.5% chromic oxide to the feed enabled indirect determination of DMD and PRD. The PRD, which ranged from 12 to 80 h, was positively correlated with DMD in weanling (R2 = 0.483, P < 0.001), growing (R2 = 0.425, P < 0.01), and finishing (R2 = 0.553, P < 0.001) pigs. Body weight and DMD were not significantly correlated in weanling (R2 = 0.001, P = 0.893), growing (R2 = 0.000, P = 0.995), or finishing (R2 = 0.092, P = 0.156) pigs. A positive correlation between PRD, which ranged from 27 to 102 h, and DMD occurred in gestating gilts (R2 = 0.231, P < 0.05), but not in lactating sows (R2 = 0.014, P = 0.633). The results indicate that longer retention times of digesta improve DMD in swine. Also the results indicate the importance of PRD as a potential independent variable in digestibility assessments.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study was to compare blood copy, haematological and glucose values between cats experimentally infected with either Mycoplasma haemofelis (Group HF: 10 cats), ‘Candidatus M. haemominutum’ (Group HM: 3 cats) or ‘Candidatus M. turicensis’ (Group TU: 3 cats). Blood samples were collected regularly up to 85 days post-infection (DPI) for haemoplasma real-time quantitative PCR, haematology, Coombs’ testing and blood glucose measurement. Statistical analysis was performed using a general linear model (ANOVA) appropriate for a repeated measures experiment with significance set as P < 0.05. Cats in Group TU had significantly lower blood copy numbers than cats in Group HF (P < 0.001) and HM (P < 0.001). All Group HF cats developed anaemia (often severe), macrocytosis and evidence of erythrocyte-bound antibodies whereas Groups HM and TU cats did not. Group HF had significantly lower PCVs, haemoglobin concentrations and red blood cell counts, and significantly higher mean cell volumes, than Groups HM and TU. In Group HF, erythrocyte-bound antibodies reactive at 4 °C (both IgM and IgG) appeared between 8 and 22 DPI and persisted for two to four weeks, whereas those reactive at 37 °C (primarily IgG) appeared between 22 and 29 DPI and persisted for one to five weeks. In most cats antibodies appeared after the fall in haemoglobin started. Although Group TU had significantly lower glucose concentrations than Groups HF (P = 0.006) and HM (P = 0.027), mean blood glucose concentrations remained within the reference range in all groups. This study demonstrates that M. haemofelis infection, in contrast to ‘Candidatus M. haemominutum’ and ‘Candidatus M. turicensis’ infection, can result in a severe macrocytic anaemia and the development of cold and warm reactive erythrocyte-bound antibodies.  相似文献   

16.
The rate and structure of cattle transfers between 206 Dutch cattle herds with a ‘Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map)-free’ status by November 2002, were analyzed over a 3-year period (November 1999–November 2002). Of the 206 ‘Map-free’ herds, 184 were closed herds during the period studied. In total, 280 cattle had been introduced into 22 herds at an average rate of 0.33 animals per year per 100 cattle present in the 206 herds. Assuming a random herd-contact structure, the observed rate of cattle transfers between certified ‘Map-free’ herds was sufficiently low to relax the surveillance scheme to biennial herd examinations by pooled fecal culture of all cattle ≥2 years of age.

The cattle transfers were not randomly distributed over the herds. Forty-four of the 280 cattle originated from 12 other ‘Map-free’ herds. The other 236 cattle did not originate from a ‘Map-free’ herd and were introduced into a herd before it obtained the ‘Map-free’ status. No cattle were introduced into any of the ‘Map-free’ herds from which cattle were transferred to other ‘Map-free’ herds. Thus, continued propagation of the infection by cattle transfers was impossible in the group of herds studied during the study period. Therefore the surveillance scheme may be further relaxed, and may be differentiated regarding the risk herds pose to other herds.  相似文献   


17.
以福建尤溪玉池生草果园定位观测点为平台,利用室内培养和田间观测相结合的方法研究了生草栽培对油桃园土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,生草栽培和清耕处理土壤呼吸速率具有相似的日变化规律,且土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、土壤C/N间具有极显著的相关性,与土壤含水量、胡敏酸、富里酸、HA/FA值和土壤总有机碳含量间具有显著的相关性。生草栽培处理土壤平均矿化速率为22.890 mg/(kg·d),分别比顺坡清耕和梯台清耕处理提高62.13％和33.83％,生草栽培处理的土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量(C0)、易矿化有机碳量(C1)和初始潜在矿化速率(C0k)均显著高于顺坡清耕和梯台清耕处理,说明生草栽培可以提高土壤呼吸速率和加速了土壤有机碳的周转,有利于土壤碳氮转化和提高土壤肥力。生草栽培处理土壤潜在可矿化有机碳量占土壤有机碳总量的比例比清耕处理并没有显著增加,说明生草栽培亦有利于有机碳在土壤中的积累。  相似文献   

18.
Simple mathematical models based on experimental and observational data were applied to evaluate the feasibility of eradicating pseudorabies virus (PRV) regionally by vaccination and to determine which factors can jeopardise eradication. As much as possible, the models were uncomplicated and our conclusions were based on mathematical analysis. For complicated situations, Monte-Carlo simulation was used to support the conclusions. For eradication, it is sufficient that the reproduction ratio R (the number of units infected by one infectious unit) is < 1. However, R can be determined at different scales: at one end the region with the herds as units and at the other end compartments with the pigs as units. Results from modelling within herds showed that contacts between groups within a herd is important whenever R between individuals (Rind) is 1 in one or more groups. This is the case within finishing herds. In addition, if the Rind is more than 1 within a herd, the size of the herd determines whether PRV can persist in the herd and determines the duration of persistence. Moreover, when reactivation of PRV in well-vaccinated sows is taken into account, Rind in sow herds is still less than 1. In sow herds with group-housing systems, it is possible that in those groups Rind is 1. Results from modelling between herds showed that whether or not Rherd is < 1 in a particular region is determined by two factors: (1) the transmission of infection between nucleus herds and rearing herds through transfer of animals and (2) contacts among finishing herds and among rearing herds. The transmission between herds can be reduced by reduction of the contact rate between herds, reduction of the herd size, and reduction of the transmission within herds.  相似文献   

19.
本文采用叶绿素荧光成像和叶绿素荧光动力学相结合的方法研究外源氮（nitrogen，N）、磷（phosphorus，P）对荒漠植物唐古特白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、荧光比Rfd的影响。结果表明：在添加P为3 gP·m-2下，添加N为5 gN·m-2，10 gN·m-2和15 gN·m-2时白刺的叶绿素含量显著下降（P < 0.05）；随着P的添加，叶绿素含量呈先增加后减小趋势，P3时（3 gN·m-2+6 gP·m-2）最大；外源N、P对白刺的Fm，Fv，Fv/Fm和Rfd的影响不显著，说明外源N、P未损害PSⅡ反应中心；单施P时，白刺的Rfd最大，荧光强度最强，而P3时的光化学效率较好，叶柄以上至中部的荧光较强。因此，本研究得出外源N、P对白刺叶绿素含量和荧光活性的影响具有耦合效应，N添加为3 gN·m-2下配施6 gP·m-2能够改善白刺的叶绿素含量和荧光活性；叶绿素荧光成像技术可直观地看出白刺的叶绿素荧光分布特征，为及时发现荒漠植物的胁迫症状提供了方法。  相似文献   

20.
为探讨荒漠草地群落物种多样性及生物量分配，本研究采用样方法对乌鲁木齐市周边典型荒漠草地群落物种多样性与生物量的关系进行研究。结果表明：乌鲁木齐周边典型荒漠草地群落物种组成单一，群落平均高度、盖度、密度、生物量呈现显著性差异(P<0.05)；0～50cm土层中，群落地下生物量除梭梭群落均随着土层深度增加而逐渐减小，梭梭群落则呈先增加后降低的趋势；植物群落呈异速生长模式，拟合方程为：y=231.375×e0.003 3x(R2=0.714 8)；凋落物生物量与地下生物量之间呈线性关系，拟合方程为：y=13.818x+259.812(R2=0.616 1)；地上生物量与物种多样性之间呈单峰变化曲线，对应方程为：y=-5.210 4x2+0.004 5x+0.369 9(R2=0.307 1，P<0.01)，群落地下生物量与物种多样性之间关系表现出极显著的线性相关，对应方程为：y=3.073 5x+0.678 2(R2=0.543 4，P<0.05)。本研究结果可为退化荒漠草地的恢复及生物多样性保护、生态系统功能维持与恢复提供基础数据。  相似文献   

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