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1.
An 11-year-old domestic shorthair was examined after an enlarged left kidney was palpated by the referring veterinarian. No abnormalities were noted on complete blood count, serum biochemical profile and total thyroxine concentration, and the urine specific gravity was 1.039. An abdominal ultrasound identified the presence of a large cystic structure on the caudal pole of the left kidney. No abnormalities of the right kidney were seen. A left ureteronephrectomy was performed, and the cat recovered uneventfully from the procedure and was discharged from the hospital 5 days after surgery. The cat remains clinically normal 16 months postoperatively. Histopathology of the removed kidney demonstrated the presence of a renal cystadenoma. This report describes the successful surgical treatment of a renal cystadenoma. Renal cystadenoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis when renomegaly is noted. To the author's knowledge, a renal cystadenoma has not been previously reported in a cat.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To compare glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as estimated from Patlak plot analysis by use of single-slice computed tomography (CT) with that obtained from clearance of plasma inulin in pigs. ANIMALS: 8 healthy anesthetized juvenile pigs. PROCEDURES: All pigs underwent precontrast, whole-kidney, helical CT; postcontrast single-slice dynamic CT; and postcontrast, whole-kidney CT for volume determination. On dynamic images, corrected Hounsfield unit values were determined for each kidney and the aorta. A Patlak plot for each kidney was generated, and plasma clearance per unit volume was multiplied by renal volume to obtain whole-animal contrast clearance. Mean GFR determined via inulin clearance (Inu-GFR) was measured from each kidney and correlated to mean GFR determined via CT (CT-GFR) for the left kidney, right kidney, and both kidneys by use of linear regression and Bland-Altman analyses. RESULTS: CT-GFR results from 7 pigs were valid. Total and right kidney Inu-GFR were correlated with total and right kidney CT-GFR (total, R(2) = 0.85; right kidney, R(2) = 0.86). However, left kidney CT-GFR was poorly correlated with left kidney Inu-GFR (R(2) = 0.47). Bland-Altman analysis revealed no significant bias between Inu-GFR and CT-GFR for the left kidney, right kidney, or both kidneys. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CT-GFR as determined by use of a single-slice acquisition technique, low-dose of iohexol, and Patlak plot analysis correlated without bias with Inu-GFR for the right kidney and both kidneys (combined). This technique has promise as an accurate CT-GFR method that can be combined with renal morphologic evaluation.  相似文献   

3.
A nine-month-old domestic short haired cat was admitted with the history of acute vomiting, depression and shivering. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed minimum enlargement of the right uterine horn filled with anechoic fluid. On excretory urography, functionally and anatomically normal, enlarged left kidney was found, but right kidney was absent. It was preliminary diagnosed as hydrometra with right renal agenesis. Aiming at the correction of hydrometra, we performed ovariohysterectomy. During spaying, we found a missing segment of distal part of the right uterine horn and absence of ipsilateral kidney and ureter. Compressed uterine structure and segmental aplasia of right uterine horn were found in histopathological investigation. Taken together, it was diagnosed as a segmental aplasia of uterine horn with ipsilateral renal agenesis.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To determine scintigraphic, sonographic, and histologic changes associated with renal autotransplantation in cats. ANIMALS: 7 adult specific-pathogen-free cats: 5 males, 2 females, 1 to 9 years old. PROCEDURE: Renal autotransplantation was performed by moving a kidney (5 left, 2 right) to the left iliac fossa. Before and at multiple times after surgery, for a total of 28 days, cats were evaluated by B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, scintigraphy, and renal biopsy. RESULTS: By 24 hours after surgery, a significant decrease (42%) in mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and an increase in mean renal size (81% increase in cross-sectional area) were evident in the transplanted kidney, compared with preoperative values. By postsurgery day 28, reduction in GFR was 23%. Significant changes in renal blood flow velocity were identified in both kidneys. Consistent changes in resistive index or pulsatility index for either kidney could not be identified. When all postoperative histologic data were combined, the histologic score, indicating degree and numbers of abnormalities detected, for the transplanted kidney was significantly higher than that for the control kidney. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes in renal function, size, and histologic abnormalities develop secondary to acute tubular necrosis in cats after uncomplicated renal autotransplantation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evaluation of renal size and function may be of benefit for clinical evaluation of feline renal transplant patients, whereas measurement of the resistive index may be of little clinical value.  相似文献   

5.
Perinephric pseudocysts (PNPs) are fluid-filled fibrous sacs that surround the kidney and are not lined by an epithelium. In cats, PNPs are idiopathic, but they usually occur in association with chronic renal failure (CRF). Thirteen cats with PNPs were examined. PNPs occurred in mixed breed cats of either sex with a median age of 16 years. The PNP was palpable on physical examination and usually was interpreted as renomegaly. Clinicopathologic findings reflected CRF, and urinary tract infection was common. Rarely, a primary renal disease was diagnosed concurrent with PNPs and CRF. Diagnosis of PNPs was made by ultrasound examination and fine-needle aspiration, and treatment was by surgical removal of the PNP or ultrasound-guided drainage. Compared to previous reports of PNPs, this series of cats tended to be older and no sex predilection was found, but other findings were similar to those in the literature. Cats with PNPs may have a favorable prognosis if CRF is not severe and no other concurrent diseases are present.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To assess effects over 12 weeks of bisection nephrotomy on renal function, size, and morphology in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled, randomized, blinded experiment. SAMPLE POPULATION: Ten adult female cats. METHODS: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), determined by quantitative renal scintigraphy using (99m)Technetium-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid, urinalysis, urine culture, and ultrasonographic measurement of renal size were performed preoperatively. Left or right nephrotomy (5 cats/group) was performed. Total and individual kidney GFRs were determined at 2, 28, and 84 days, ultrasonographic measurements at 28 and 86 days, and ultrasound-guided biopsy at 86 days. RESULTS: No significant differences in mean GFR and kidney size of operated versus unoperated kidneys were observed. Individual GFR and renal size of all except 1 cat remained within normal limits. Two cats had evidence of transient ureteral obstruction in the immediate postoperative period. No significant, generalized histologic abnormalities were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Bisection nephrotomy in normal cats does not adversely affect renal function or morphology during the initial 12 weeks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bisection nephrotomy can be safely performed in normal feline kidneys without causing a significant deleterious effect on renal function. Studies in cats with pre-existing renal insufficiency are needed to ensure adverse effects would not occur in clinical cases where this surgical procedure is warranted.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of our study was to determine individual and global glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) using dynamic renal computed tomography (CT) in Beagle dogs. Twenty-four healthy Beagle dogs were included in the experiment. Anesthesia was induced in all dogs by using propofol and isoflurane prior to CT examination. A single slice of the kidney was sequentially scanned after a bolus intravenous injection of contrast material (iohexol, 1 mL/kg, 300 mgI/mL). Time attenuation curves were created and contrast clearance per unit volume was calculated using a Patlak plot analysis. The CT-GFR was then determined based on the conversion of contrast clearance per unit volume to contrast clearance per body weight. At the renal hilum, CT-GFR values per unit renal volume (mL/min/mL) of the right and left kidneys were 0.69 ± 0.04 and 0.57 ± 0.05, respectively. No significant differences were found between the weight-adjusted CT-GFRs in either kidney at the same renal hilum (p = 0.747). The average global GFR was 4.21 ± 0.25 mL/min/kg and the whole kidney GFR was 33.43 ± 9.20 mL/min. CT-GFR techniques could be a practical way to separately measure GFR in each kidney for clinical and research purposes.  相似文献   

8.
A 4-year-old castrated male Burmese cat was evaluated because of nonregenerative anemia (PCV, 20%) and was found to have renal failure. Renal ultrasonography revealed bilateral hydronephrosis. Antegrade pyelography of the right kidney failed to indicate obstructive disease. Necropsy and histologic examination of the ureters revealed a markedly stenotic lumen and massive fibrosis of the mucosa. An etiologic agent could not be found.  相似文献   

9.
The purpose of this project was to establish a procedure and reference values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in eight healthy dogs. A single section of the kidney was scanned sequentially after bolus injection (3 ml/s) of iohexol (300 mg/kg). Time-attenuation curves were constructed and the GFR per volume of kidney was calculated using Patlak graphical analysis software. The GFR was then converted from contrast clearance per unit volume (ml/min/ml) to contrast clearance per body weight (ml/min/kg). Individual kidney and global GFR were calculated using both CT and nuclear scintigraphy. Global GFR for each dog was also determined by plasma iohexol clearance. Contrast-enhanced CT underestimated the global GFR compared with the other two methods. The average global GFR was 2.57 +/- 0.33 ml/ min/kg using functional CT and 4.06 +/- 0.37 ml/min/kg using plasma iohexol clearance. There was significant (P < 0.05) interobserver variability of CT GFR of the right kidney and total GFR. There was decreased interobserver variability for the left kidney. There was no difference in the intraobserver variability for CT-determined individual kidney and global GFR. There was no difference between the motion corrected and nonmotion corrected values for individual and global CT GFR. Nuclear scintigraphy produced a slightly higher coefficient of variation than contrast-enhanced CT, 2.9% and 1.0%, respectively. It is hypothesized that altered renal blood flow, hematocrit of the small vessels, and nephrotoxicity play a role in the underestimation of GFR by contrast-enhanced CT.  相似文献   

10.
A 2-month-old, female cat was presented for abdomen dilation. The patient was undernourished, and severe left hydronephrosis was diagnosed after clinical, ultrasonographical and radiographical examination. Although pyelography was performed in order to visualise the ureteral course, surgery was necessary to reach a final aetiological diagnosis and treatment. At gross examination, the left ureter crossed the renal capsula at the level of the caudal renal pole, and the subcapsular ureteral segment was markedly dilated. Distal to the renal capsula, the left ureter was very thin when compared to the right. The parenchyma of the left kidney, as suggested by ultrasonographical evaluation, was extremely reduced in thickness. An ureteronephrectomy was performed. Histopathological evaluation revealed glomerular sclerosis and diffuse parenchymal fibrosis. Severe hydronephrosis derived from an altered renal pelvic anatomy and abnormal ureteral course determining functional stenosis. Diagnosis of congenital anomaly before development of complications such as hydronephrosis could have allowed a surgical renal capsulectomy and obstruction relief. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of severe hydronephrosis associated to altered renal pelvic anatomy and proximal ureteral ectopia in cat.  相似文献   

11.
To clarify the effect of renal dysfunction on pharmacokinetics of the prokinetic agent metoclopramide (MCP), we administered intravenously 0.4 mg/kg MCP to healthy calves and calves subjected to right kidney vessel ligation (ligation) without or with a subsequent left nephrectomy (ligation plus removal). Plasma MCP concentration, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and plasma prolactin level were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, simplified equation using iodixanol and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Only in calves with ligation plus removal, plasma MCP concentrations were increased significantly 6, 8 and 12 hr after injection, showing that a negative correlation was observed between the plasma MCP concentrations and GFR value. A tendency to increase in plasma PRL concentration was noted also in these calves. In conclusions, plasma MCP concentrations depend on the GFR mode in calves, and its critical GFR value was estimated.  相似文献   

12.
A rare case of bilateral fusion of a supernumerary kidney was found during the necropsy of a female, 8-year-old, mixed breed cat that died as a result of azotemia and chronic enteritis. Apart from enteritis, necropsy revealed four kidneys, two in the sublumbar left region and two in the sublumbar right region, with cortical and medullary regions well individualized and independent; however, the pelvis was partially fused, giving rise to a single ureter. The kidneys were small, whitish and firm, with irregular surfaces. Microscopically, all kidneys displayed normal renal glomeruli and tubules among the immature renal glomeruli and tubules with characteristics of hypoplasia. Foci of glomerulosclerosis, nephrocalcinosis and interstitial fibrosis were also observed.  相似文献   

13.
A 4-day-old alpaca cria presented for inappetence that responded to symptomatic treatment. The cria re-presented with acute signs of inappetence and azotaemia. The azotaemia persisted despite intravenous fluid therapy. There was no right kidney on ultrasound and there appeared to be perirenal oedema around the left kidney. A diagnosis of right renal agenesis and acute renal failure of the left kidney was made. The cria failed to improve and was euthanased. Necropsy examination confirmed right renal agenesis and agenesis of the right ureter and right renal artery. A section of left kidney submitted for histological examination revealed diffuse, acute, marked tubular degeneration and nephrosis. The cause of the renal failure in the left kidney was not determined.  相似文献   

14.
In humans, crossed renal ectopia is a rare, usually asymptomatic, congenital malpositioning of the kidneys, involving wandering of one or both embryonic kidneys across the midline and usually fusion with its contralateral partner. This is the first report of crossed renal ectopia in the cat. A 7-year-old, neutered male cat was presented with polyuria, polydipsia, and a palpable abdominal mass. Diagnostic investigations, including clinical pathology, survey and contrast radiography, and ultrasonography, confirmed the presence of an ectopic left kidney fused with an orthotopic right kidney, with concurrent renal failure and hypertension. Many features of crossed renal ectopia in this cat are similar to those described in humans, however the vascular supply, the presence of renal failure, and the axial rotation of the fused kidney are atypical.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether bisection or intersegmental nephrotomy adversely affects glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and whether bisection nephrotomy has less adverse effect than intersegmental nephrotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Dogs assigned to 5 groups of 3 dogs each, depending on time of euthanasia at postoperative day 1, 4, 8, 15, or 29. ANIMALS: Fifteen healthy adult intact female dogs. METHODS: Within 4 days of total and single kidney GFR measurements using technetium Tc 99m-DTPA, left intersegmental nephrotomy and right bisection nephrotomy were performed. The GFR measurements were repeated the day before dogs were killed except for the day 1 group. Histologic examination was performed on kidneys harvested from day 1, 4, 8, and 29 groups. Severity of lesions was scored on a 0 to 4 scale. Single kidney GFR was compared in each kidney before and after nephrotomy. Histologic and GFR changes were compared between bisection and intersegmental nephrotomy kidneys for each time period. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Three days after surgery, total GFR was increased from baseline by 176%, with no difference in percent change in single kidney GFR between intersegmental and bisection nephrotomy. By day 7, total and single kidney GFR were not different than baseline. Bisection nephrotomy caused more intrarenal hemorrhage and cortical infarction and inflammation than intersegmental nephrotomy. By 4 weeks, no significant histologic differences were observed between the 2 techniques. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Neither intersegmental nor bisection nephrotomy adversely affected GFR. As intersegmental nephrotomy requires additional surgical manipulation and time, bisection nephrotomy is the technique of choice for nephrotomy in dogs.  相似文献   

16.
Renal length, height, width, resistive index (RI), size of cortex, and medulla were determined by renal ultrasonography in 50 healthy Korean domestic short-hair cats. In the sagittal plane, the renal length was 3.83 ± 0.51 cm (mean ± SD) in the left kidney and 3.96 ± 0.48 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal height was 2.42 ± 0.27 cm in the left kidney and 2.36 ± 0.28 cm in the right kidney. In the transverse plane, the renal height was 2.42 ± 0.28 cm in the left kidney and 2.38 ± 0.27 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal width was: 2.65 ± 0.35 cm in the left kidney and 2.63 ± 0.31 cm in the right kidney. In the dorsal plane, the renal length was 3.84 ± 0.53 cm in the left kidney and 3.97 ± 0.54 cm in the right kidney, whereas the renal width was 2.65 ± 0.34 cm in the left kidney and 2.66 ± 0.33 cm in the right kidney. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the same structure sizes measured in different planes. In the sagittal plane, the size of the renal cortex was 0.47 ± 0.08 cm in the left kidney and 0.47 ± 0.08 cm in the right kidney, whereas of the size of the renal medulla was 0.55 ± 0.30 cm in the left kidney and 0.50 ± 0.07 cm in the right kidney. RI evaluated by pulsed wave Doppler sonography was 0.52 ± 0.05 in the left kidney and 0.55 ± 0.05 in the right kidney. The actual renal dimensions determined by gross examination were not statistically different from those determined by ultrasonography. Furthermore the renal dimensions and RI were statistically correlated to the body weight of cats.  相似文献   

17.
Observer variation in kidney depth measurement for correction of soft-tissue attenuation and kidney region of interest (ROI) drawing was evaluated using 60 clinical dogs with a wide range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for their effect on the calculated percentage uptake of 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and individual kidney GFR by scintigraphy. Kidney depth was measured separately on the lateral image using two color tables: a threshold and a continuous red-green-blue. Within-observer variability of the semi-automatic ROI drawing of the estimated total GFR was up to 10% for the right kidney (RK) and 9% for the left kidney (LK). The variability was lower between observers, 6% for RK and 8% for LK. Manual ROI drawing caused more within observer variation than semi-automatic: up to 14% for RK and 11% for LK. Continuous red-green-blue table caused more variation within and between observers than threshold table. Average within-observer variability from both observers of kidney depth measurement on different color tables could vary up to 5.5% and 6.5% variation of the GFR of RK and LK, respectively. Most variation affecting the DTPA percentage uptake came from the ROI drawing technique. Variations of the method because of the effects of both kidney depth and kidney ROI drawing were up to 8% and 10% for RK and LK, respectively. To minimize these variations a threshold scale should be used for the kidney depth measurement and an automatic or semi-automatic ROI should be used whenever possible. In sequential examinations the same person should make all the measurements.  相似文献   

18.
The current standard scintigraphic method for estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs is the integral method, which normalizes renal GFR to body weight. The plasma volume method, that is normalizing GFR to plasma volume, has been reported to be more physiologically correct. The aim of this prospective study was to test the effect of hydration status on GFR measured by these two methods in a group of dogs with suspected renal disease. Eleven dogs were recruited. All dogs underwent standardized scintigraphic examinations before and after 15 ml/kg of fluid was administered intravenously at 5–7 ml/kg/min. Individual kidney GFR estimates (n = 22) were calculated using both methods and a consensus of two observers who were unaware of clinical findings. Individual kidney GFR increased significantly (P = 0.0008) after fluid administration using the integral method and individual kidney GFR using the plasma volume method remained constant. Percentage differences for individual kidney GFR before and after fluid administration were 31.4 ± 58.1% (change ± 95% CI) for the integral method and 0.1 ± 70% (change ± 95% CI) for the plasma volume method. Intravenously administered fluid increased individual kidney GFR from low to normal in 10 of 22 kidneys using the integral method and in 1 of 22 kidneys using the plasma volume method. Findings supported the use of the plasma volume method for scintigraphic calculation of GFR in dogs with suspected renal disease and indicated that errors of kidney status classification may more likely occur when the integral method is used.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of nephrotomy on renal function in clinically normal cats. ANIMALS: 20 specific-pathogen-free, 9- to 11-month-old female mixed-breed cats. PROCEDURE: Serum chemistry analyses, CBC determinations, urinalyses, microbiologic urine cultures, renal ultrasonography, abdominal radiography, and single-kidney and total glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determinations by use of renal scintigraphy and measurements of plasma disappearance of technetium 99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were performed before surgery and at 3, 12, 26, 52, and 78 weeks after surgery in 10 cats that underwent unilateral nephrotomy and in 10 control cats that underwent a sham surgical procedure. RESULTS: Two cats (1 from each group) did not complete the study, and their data were eliminated from analyses. Unilateral nephrotomy resulted in a 10% to 20% reduction in mean single-kidney GFR, compared with that of nephrotomy contralateral control kidneys. However, mean total GFR in nephrotomy-group cats was not significantly different from that of sham-group cats. Over the 78 weeks of study, mean total GFR declined 34% and 40% in nephrotomy- and sham-group cats, respectively. Adverse events associated with nephrotomy included persistent microscopic hematuria, renal pelvis hyperechogenicity with distant shadowing on ultrasonographic evaluation, dilatation of renal pelves, and hydronephrosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nephrotomy in normal functioning feline kidneys results in a modest relative reduction in renal function, compared with contralateral kidney controls, but has minimal effect on total GFR when compared with sham-operated control cats. However, any detrimental effects of nephrotomy may be magnified in cats with diseased kidneys, which may have little or no capacity for repair or compensation.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate serum clearance of iodixanol, applicable to the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), clinically healthy and experimentally-induced nephropathy calves were prepared. Iodixanol was administered intravenously at 40 mg I/kg, and blood was withdrawn 60, 120, and 180 min later. Serum iodixanol concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. No statistical difference in GFR was noted between strains (Holstein vs. Japanese Black) or sexes, and the α(2)-adrenergic agonist xylazine increased GFR. In calves subjected to right renal vessel ligation, followed by a left nephrectomy, a marked reduction in GFR was observed with renal ischemic changes. These results suggest that the GFR estimation by serum iodixanol clearance is a ready-to-use tool in calf research and practice owing to the ease of monitoring serial renal function.  相似文献   

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