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黄土丘陵区不同坡度撂荒草地入渗特征影响因素试验研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
降雨特征和坡度是影响土壤入渗过程的重要因素,在植被恢复过程中,其对土壤入渗特征的影响可能会有所不同。选取黄土丘陵区6个坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°和30°)的撂荒草地(2年)径流小区(5 m×20 m),观测自然降雨条件下(共计34场降雨,产流11场)植被生长旺期(7—9月)土壤入渗特征,研究降雨过程参数(降雨量、平均雨强、降雨历时和I_(30))、坡度和植被盖度对坡面入渗特征的影响。结果表明:(1)11场产流降雨不同坡度土壤入渗量总体变化范围为6.58～70.91 mm,入渗补给系数为0.83～1.00,入渗率为0.22～19.35 mm/h;(2)土壤入渗量随降雨量呈线性增加(R~2=0.99,p0.01),入渗补给系数随I_(30)呈指数降低(R~2=0.91,p0.01),平均入渗率随降雨强度呈线性增加(R~2=0.71,p0.01),随降雨历时呈幂函数降低(R~2=0.99,p0.05);(3)坡度增大使得径流位移增长,导致入渗量、入渗补给系数和平均入渗率整体随坡度增大而呈幂函数增加,但当坡度25°时,因径流势能沿坡面方向分量增加,径流流速加快,上述入渗特征参数略有降低;(4)由于降雨量在植被生长周期内呈下降趋势,很大程度上导致植被对入渗特征的影响受控于降雨量,土壤入渗量表现出随着植被盖度的增加呈幂函数显著下降的趋势。总体而言,降雨特征和坡度是影响土壤入渗的主要因素,且土壤入渗特征参数可表示为降雨过程参数和坡度的综合幂函数方程;在入渗补给系数较高的情况下,植被覆盖对土壤入渗特征的影响减弱。研究结果对于坡面尺度降雨径流调控机制和生态水文过程研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
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模拟降雨下不同坡度土壤坡面产流产沙特征及磷和钾素流失研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用室内模拟降雨研究了不同坡度对土壤坡面产流产沙特征及其养分流失的影响。结果表明:在降雨条件下,初始产流时间随坡度的增加而趋于提前,初始产流时间变化范围为0.63~1.62 min,说明坡面产流时间因坡面坡度的增加而缩短。不同坡度条件下径流强度随降雨历时的增加而增加,在降雨历时前20 min,径流强度急剧增加,降雨历时20 min以后,径流强度增加趋势趋于平稳,径流强度遵循幂函数变化规律;不同坡度条件下入渗强度随降雨历时的增加而降低,在降雨历时前20 min,入渗强度急剧降低,降雨历时20 min以后,入渗强度降低趋势趋于平稳,坡面入渗强度随时间则呈对数函数变化。不同坡度下径流量均随降雨历时呈“增加—稳定”趋势（单峰曲线,抛物线规律）,在整个降雨过程中,径流量随坡度的增加而增加,在0~20 min内,径流量随降雨历时的增加陡然上升趋势,20~40 min,不同坡度条件下土壤泥沙侵蚀量均达到最大值,40 min以后泥沙侵蚀量随降雨历时的增加呈现基本平稳趋势,泥沙侵蚀量中DP,K+,SEP和SEK均随着坡度的增加而增加。不同坡度条件下,泥沙量与侵蚀泥沙中养分的含量均存在不同程度的正相关关系,其中坡面坡度为20°,25°和30°时,侵蚀泥沙养分含量与泥沙流失量间的相关性明显优于其他坡度,说明侵蚀泥沙量的增加会引起泥沙中各种类养分含量的增加效应,而随着坡度的增加,侵蚀泥沙量与侵蚀泥沙中养分的含量并非均显示出更进一步的相关性。 相似文献
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坡面尺度林地植被对地表径流与土壤水分的影响初步研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过定位观测以及对两个天然坡面有林地径流场和无林地径流场进行对比,以2003年、2004年实测的降雨、径流数据分析研究区域内降雨特性、地表径流产生的过程和机制,并结合1996～1998年相关数据,初步研究了林地植被对地表径流的影响.结果表明:无论是有林地还是无林地,地表径流系数随降雨量增大而增大.有林地径流系数小于对应的无林地径流系数.植被对地表径流有不同程度的削减作用,径流削减率与降雨量大小并不是单一的线性(递增、递减)关系:当降雨量小于73.04mm时,植被对地表径流系数的削减率随降雨量增加而增加,当降雨量大于73.04mm时,植被对地表径流系数削减率随降雨量增加降低.植被能够削弱地表径流的峰值,延缓峰值出现的时间,使得径流历时加长.植被对地表径流削减率的大小和降雨量大小关系不是单一的线性(递增、递减)关系:当降雨量小于73.04mm时,植被对洪峰的削减率随降雨量增加而增加,当降雨量大于73.04mm时,植被对洪峰的削减率随降雨量增加而呈总体下降趋势.以2004年为例,比较有林地与无林地在三种相同坡位情况下的土壤含水量大小关系,结果:坡上位土壤水分有林地大于无林地,而坡下、坡中无林地土壤水分大于有林地.说明林地植被能够拦蓄、调节径流,起到涵养水源、在空间和时间上合理配置土壤水分、提高生态效益的作用. 相似文献
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红壤坡面降雨入渗及产流产沙特征试验研究 总被引：17，自引：8，他引：9
采用室内模拟降雨研究了不同降雨强度和坡度对红壤坡面降雨入渗、产流产沙的影响.结果表明:产流时间随降雨强度和坡度的增大而提前.对于入渗率较低的红壤坡面,径流强度主要受坡面承雨强度的影响,径流强度随雨强增大而增大,随坡度增大而减小.坡面入渗率随降雨强度的增大表现为先增大后减小.降雨强度增大能够增加水分入渗,但这种促进作用仅在一定的降雨强度范围内起作用.坡面入渗率随坡度增大表现为先增大后减小.20°左右存在一个坡面入渗率变化的临界坡度.坡面细沟侵蚀发展状况对稳定坡面入渗率有比较大的影响.径流率和入渗率与降雨历时的关系分别可以用幂函数和对数函数描述.在75,100 mm/h降雨强度下,产沙量随坡度的增大而增大,而50 mm/h降雨强度下,产沙量在20°时达到最大值而后出现下降,在20°附近存在一个侵蚀产沙量变化的临界坡度. 相似文献
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选取安吉县毛竹纯林、毛竹—杨桐混交林、毛竹—杨桐—萱草混交林作为研究对象,对大气降雨和3种林分中的地表径流量、土壤流失量、养分流失量(总氮和总磷)进行了研究。结果表明:(1)安吉县6—10月份降雨量呈明显波动趋势,降雨量为6.0~106.0mm。根据降雨强度划分等级安吉县25场降雨划分为小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨。(2)安吉县暴雨对应的径流系数相对较高,其次为大雨。3种林分中毛竹纯林径流系数最大,毛竹—杨桐—萱草混交林最小。(3)3种林分径流系数、土壤流失量和养分流失量变化趋势基本一致,均呈明显波动趋势。6月和8月径流系数、土壤流失量和养分流失量相对较大。(4)降雨量与地表径流回归方程和地表径流与土壤流失量回归方程均为线性回归方程,说明降雨量与地表径流、地表径流与土壤流失量均呈线性关系。 相似文献
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模拟降雨入渗对岷江流域红壤坡面产流产沙的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
采用室内模拟降雨研究了不同降雨强度和坡度对岷江流域红壤坡面降雨入渗、产流产沙的影响。结果表明:在不同降雨强度下,随坡度的增加,初始产流时间趋于提前;随降雨强度的增大,产流时间提前,降雨强度对初始产沙时间的影响大于坡度变化的影响。在同一坡度条件下,径流强度随降雨强度的增加而增加,平均入渗率随降雨强度的增加表现为先增大后减小的趋势。50mm/h降雨强度下,径流强度和坡面平均入渗率在降雨后20min开始趋于稳定;75mm/h降雨强度下,径流强度和坡面平均入渗率在降雨后15min开始趋于稳定;100mm/h降雨强度下,径流强度和坡面平均入渗率在降雨后10 min开始趋于稳定,径流强度和平均入渗率趋于稳定的时间均随雨强的增大而明显提前,各个时刻的径流强度和入渗率的稳定值在降雨过程中并不稳定,表现为随降雨强度和坡度的增大,波动愈剧烈。坡面产沙量随坡度和降雨强度的增大而增大,当坡度由5°增大到10°时,产沙量急剧增加;当坡度由10°增加到30°时,产沙量增速趋缓,侵蚀产沙量没有出现临界坡度。坡面产流强度和入渗率随时间的变化关系分别服从幂函数和对数函数规律,不同降雨强度下的径流深和产沙量也呈现出显著的正线性关系。 相似文献
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黄河下游河岸坡面产流产沙特征及其与汇流路径长度关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
植被和地形是影响坡面侵蚀过程的重要因子,探讨两者交互作用下坡面产流产沙和汇流特征对深入理解坡面侵蚀过程和水土保持具有重要意义。采用模拟降雨试验,探讨不同降雨强度(54和90 mm·h~(-1))、坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°)和植被盖度(0%、15%、30%)下黄河下游河岸坡面的侵蚀产流、产沙特征,并基于水文连通性模型——汇流路径长度指数(Flowlength)探究植被和地形在土壤侵蚀过程中的作用以及汇流长度与产流产沙特征的关系。结果表明:54和90 mm·h~(-1)雨强下,不同植被盖度对径流流速均有减缓作用,而90 mm·h~(-1)雨强下30%盖度的减缓作用较为明显;径流总量和径流深随坡度和植被盖度增加而逐渐减少的变化基本一致,随雨强增加,受坡度影响逐渐增大。54 mm·h~(-1)雨强下,当坡度15°时,侵蚀产沙量随坡度增加增幅较小;当坡度15°后,侵蚀产沙量增幅较大。90mm·h~(-1)雨强下,当坡度15°时,侵蚀产沙量随坡度增加而增加;当坡度15°后,其随坡度增加而减少。相关分析表明,坡度对产沙量、产流量和径流深均具有显著影响,显著水平分别为P 0.001、P 0.01和P 0.05;植被盖度仅对平均流速影响显著(P 0.05)。但植被盖度对汇流路径长度影响极为显著(P 0.001),裸坡的汇流路径长度明显大于植被覆盖坡面;坡面产流产沙量随汇流路径长度的增加基本呈增加趋势。在坡度和植被盖度交互作用下,坡面产流所引发的土壤侵蚀效应受坡度影响较为明显,而在汇流过程所引发的土壤侵蚀效应中,植被的影响明显大于坡度。 相似文献
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模拟降雨对工程建设区裸露坡地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示不同降雨强度下工程建设区裸露坡地土壤侵蚀过程和氮素流失特征,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究不同降雨强度(1,1.5,2mm/min)和处理(裸地、坡面覆盖纱网)对工程裸露坡地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响。结果表明:(1)径流强度、径流含沙量、土壤剥蚀率都与降雨强度呈正相关关系,土壤入渗率与降雨强度呈现负相关关系。(2)累积泥沙量与累积径流量在裸地处理中呈现线性函数关系,在纱网处理中呈现幂函数关系。(3)地表径流中氮素流失浓度随降雨历时呈现"下降—稳定"趋势,氮素流失量随降雨强度的增加而增大,其中NO_3~-—N流失量占总氮比重高于NH_4~+—N。(4)土壤坡面覆盖纱网后能有效控制水土流失量和氮素流失量,其中径流量和NO_3~-—N流失量在小雨强处降低效果显著,分别降低了60.21%和56.74%;TN流失量和NH_4~+—N流失量在小、中雨强处降低效果较好,均达到59.26%以上;侵蚀泥沙量在小、中、大雨强处均降低了79%以上。说明土壤坡面覆盖纱网这一措施对降低工程建设区裸露坡地土壤侵蚀量和氮素流失量具有效果显著,可以作为工程建设区水土流失防止措施。 相似文献
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为探究气候和植被覆盖度变化对三峡库区消落带库岸边坡的影响,通过开展人工模拟降雨试验,分析不同雨强和植被覆盖度(0,30%,50%,70%,90%)下坡面侵蚀规律及变化特征。结果表明：(1)在不同雨强下,植被边坡侵蚀累计产沙量均随植被覆盖度的增加呈现下降趋势,整体下降演变的趋势可分为迅猛—平缓—稳定3个阶段,三峡库区消落带库岸边坡的临界盖度为50%～70%,维持植被覆盖度在此区间可以有效抑制坡面的泥沙损失。(2)同一植被覆盖度条件下地表径流相对系数与雨强呈正相关。同一雨强条件下地表径流相对系数与植被覆盖度呈负相关,说明坡面植被可以有效地阻滞地表径流,对水土流失具有一定的抑制作用。(3)选用Horton降雨入渗模型分析不同植被覆盖度对降雨入渗速率影响,发现不同植被覆盖下边坡降雨入渗大体分为降雨初期迅速减小,中期减小幅度变缓,后期逐渐趋于稳定3个阶段。植被覆盖度越大,稳定入渗率越高。研究成果可为三峡库区库岸边坡水土流失治理与推动长江生态环境保护修复提供理论参考。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献