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1.
陕北黄土区植被特征对坡面微地形的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为掌握陕北黄土区不同植被特征对坡面微地形的响应,以陕西省吴起县合沟流域半阴、半阳2个坡向的原状坡及其5种微地形为研究对象,分析对比不同坡向各类微地形的物种组成、草本生物量、植被盖度及植物多样性特征.结果表明:1)各类微地形植物群落的物种组成、植被盖度、草本生物量及植物多样性指数多优于原状坡,其中切沟和塌陷的植被状况最优,其次为浅沟和缓台,陡坎最差;2)各类微地形植物群落的Simpson指数与Shannon-Wiener指数变化趋势一致,均为切沟＞塌陷＞缓台＞浅沟＞陡坎＞原状坡,其中切沟和塌陷的植物群落所处的自然演替阶段高于其他微地形;3)经过15年自然恢复,半阳坡形成以星毛委陵菜、赖草等多年生草本植物为优势种的植物群落,半阴坡形成以铁杆蒿、茭蒿等地带性多年生草本植物为优势种的植物群落,半阴坡各类微地形植物群落的物种组成状况、草本生物量、植被盖度以及植物多样性特征指数均优于半阳坡.掌握不同微地形植被配置的差异,有助于提高陕北黄土区植被恢复措施的有效性和持续性. 相似文献
2.
选择了黄土高原安塞县境内的纸坊沟、县南沟、西沟、郭阳湾等不同流域,对黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复过程中的土壤水分变化规律进行了研究.研究结果表明,随着退耕年限的增长,60 cm以下土层的土壤水分含量逐渐减少;对于不同地形条件的土壤含水量,阴坡＞半阴坡＞阳坡,坡下＞坡中＞坡上,并且随着坡度的增大,土壤含水量减小;不同的植被类型土壤水分含量也不同,在选择的草地、灌木地、林地3种植被类型中,以草地的土壤含水量最高,林地最小,灌木地介于两者之间;从恢复方式看,自然恢复的土壤水分含量相对较高,人工恢复的土壤水分含量相对较低,自然+人工恢复介于两者之间.另外,对于同一种植被类型,生物量越大,土壤水分含量越小. 相似文献
3.
黄土丘陵沟壑区沟坡典型植物群落生长特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以纸坊沟小流域沟坡7个典型植物群落为调查对象,对其结构特征、物种多样性、盖度、地上生物量进行了系统研究。结果表明:Simpson多样性指数显示为沙棘赖草白羊草柠条苔草茭蒿铁杆蒿;Magarlef丰富度指数表现为草本群落灌木群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落;Pielou均匀度指数为灌木群落草本群落,阴坡群落阳坡群落。灌木群落地上生物量(1.53～5.85 kg/m~2)显著大于草本群落(0.17～0.41 kg/m~2),草本群落地上生物量大小排序为赖草铁杆蒿茭蒿白羊草苔草。植被盖度阴坡草本群落最大,灌木群落居中,阳坡蒿类草本群落最低。沟坡植物群落的Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数略低于梁峁坡面的植物群落,Shannon-wiener多样性指数、草本群落地上生物量显著低于梁峁坡。研究成果对于明确黄土高原小流域植被生长特性、优化水土保持措施的空间配置具有重要的指导意义。 相似文献
4.
以河沟流域土壤含水量测定和植被调查为基础,综合分析了不同地貌与土地利用类型的土壤水分空间变化,以及植被群落、植物种分布和生物量的变化。认为:黄土残塬从塬中、塬坡、沟坡到沟底,土壤水分呈有规律的变化,从塬中到沟坡中上部,土壤含水量呈递减趋势,坡麓及沟底土壤含水量则最高,而阴坡土壤含水量明显高于阳坡;农耕地土壤含水量高于草地,林地含水量最低;植被分布和生物量,与土壤水分的空间分布有着密切的关系,基本呈正相关;植物对不同地貌部位的适应性不同,从而决定了植物分布与生长。通过综合分析,提出不同地貌部位植物的适应性评价表,为人工恢复植被的植物种选择提供参考,为流域治理和水土保持提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
黄土高原干旱阳坡微地形土壤水分特征研究 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8
黄土高原地区坡面内地表的起伏形成微地形,利用其土壤含水量的差异来提高植被成活率已经成为黄土高原生态恢复建设的重要方向.采用探针式TDR对陕西省吴起县合家沟流域内的微地形及其相应原状坡的土壤含水量进行测定.结果表明,微地形对土壤含水量有显著影响,阳坡各微地形土壤水分顺序为:塌陷>切沟底>缓台>浅沟底>原状坡>陡坎.0-20cm土层土壤水分变异系数最大的是切沟底为405,最小的是缓台仅0.226,阴坡原状坡各层的变异系数均小于阳坡的微地形.最后指出黄土高原地区植被恢复建设时,在按传统立地类型划分原则所确定的植被恢复单元内,还应该按照微地形的水分特征有区别地配置植被类型. 相似文献
6.
以黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域内的大范家沟阴阳坡和拐沟阴坡坡面主要草本群落为研究对象,分析不同坡向及坡位的草本群落盖度、地上生物量及物种多样性关系。结果表明,阴坡草本群落的物种20多种,较阳坡高30%。阴阳坡面上草本群落生物量和盖度从坡下至坡上逐渐减小。在水分和养分条件好的地段均有灌木入侵。阳坡Margalef和Menhinick丰富度指数均随坡位升高而降低;而阴坡Mafgalef指数随坡位升高而降低,Menhinick指数却随坡位升高而增大;3个均匀度指数和多样性指数在阴阳坡均随坡位的升高而减小。不同坡位引起的植被盖度、Margalef丰富度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。坡位与Margalef丰富度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数呈显著相关（P〈0.05）,与Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈极显著相关（P〈0.01）。描述或评价群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度时,应多选几个指标参数,避免单一指标带来的片面性。掌握草本群落自身喜阴阳特性、生境特征、植被组成及多样性特征,充分认识植被演替条件和演替规律,对指导该区植被和生态系统恢复与重建具有重要意义。 相似文献
7.
黄土区退耕封育草地微生境土壤水分变化规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干旱、半干旱地区土壤水分亏缺是影响植被恢复与重建的限制性因子,探讨不同微生境0—60 cm土层土壤含水量的变化规律对指导植被恢复具有重要现实意义。按照机械布点原则,采用烘干法测定了土壤含水量。分析结果表明,（1）0—60 cm土层土壤含水量平均值表现为：半阴坡〉半阳坡〉阳坡;（2）同坡向不同微生境类型（峁坡坡面、峁坡坡面浅沟、峁坡坡面小切沟、大切沟沟底、大切沟阳坡或半阳坡、大切沟阴坡或半阴坡、沟坡坡面）之间0—60 cm土层土壤含水量差异极显著,其含水量的大小主要取决于局部地形和植被生长状况,局部小地形主要影响降水和日照的再分配,植被主要影响降水截留和蒸腾;（3）根据含水量的大小,将3个坡向21个微生境类型划分为3个类群,其含水量依次为11.68%,8.68%和5.77%。 相似文献
8.
采用样线法对四川地区路域边坡自然恢复后的植被进行调查,研究道路边坡对植物多样性影响。调查区域内分布植物66科159属190种。其中灌木81种,草本109种;选用了丰富度Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数等α多样性指数及Codyβ多样性指数来研究边坡的坡度、坡向、海拔、恢复时间与植物群落多样性关系。结果表明：45°～60°坡度、阴坡、500～700m海拔及〉10a以上的恢复年限的边坡,群落的多样性较高,对边坡植被恢复有利;而在〉60°坡度、阳坡、〉700m的海拔高度和〈10a的恢复年限内的多样性较低;在不同坡度和海拔的环境梯度上,Codyβ指数与α多样性分析结果一致。在生态恢复中,群落多样性低的边坡,适当增加物种丰富度、密度及有利的人为干扰,有助于提高群落多样性。 相似文献
9.
阴阳坡植物功能性状与环境因子的变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
植物性状反映了植物对生长环境的响应和适应,将环境、植物个体和生态系统结构、过程与功能联系起来,研究植物功能性状特征及其随坡向梯度的变化规律,对认识不同环境梯度下植物群落的形成及其对环境的适应机制具有重要意义.以高寒草甸植被为研究对象,测定了阴阳坡植物功能性状和土壤元素含量.结果表明:阳坡阴坡不同生境的土壤含水量、土壤全磷含量和有机质含量的变化均为阳坡＜阴坡;土壤全氮含量在阳坡阴坡的变化不明显,而土壤氮磷比和pH值的变化均为阳坡＞阴坡.阴阳坡上的植物功能性状除叶片氮含量变化不明显外,其它如叶片磷含量和比叶面积均表现出阴坡＞阳坡,而叶片氮磷比则是阴坡显著小于阳坡.植物功能性状随坡向的规律性变化,反映了高寒草甸植被群落构建过程中环境对植被的筛选效应.相关分析表明:阴阳坡土壤含水量和土壤养分是影响植物功能性状的重要因子,其中土壤含水量为主导因子. 相似文献
10.
黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解不同土地利用方式和地形条件下土壤含水率的数量特征及其变异规律,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟小流域为研究对象,利用经典统计学方法系统分析了小流域尺度土壤含水率的空间变异性。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤平均含水率之间呈极显著差异,其顺序为:农田>草地>林地>灌木地;土壤含水率在土壤剖面上呈先减小后增大的趋势。地形条件显著影响土壤含水率,其中梯田>沟底>坡地>峁顶;不同坡位土壤含水率的顺序为坡下>坡上>坡中,不同坡向间为阴坡>阳坡。上述土壤含水量的变异程度均为中等。在小流域尺度,土地利用和地形对土壤水分具有显著的交互作用。相关结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区的土壤水分管理、土地利用结构优化、不同地形条件下的植被布局提供参考。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献