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1.
In mouse embryos, segregation of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) lineages is regulated by genes, such as OCT-4, CDX2 and TEAD4. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the segregation of the ICM and TE lineages in porcine embryos remain unknown. To obtain insights regarding the segregation of the ICM and TE lineages in porcine embryos, we examined the mRNA expression patterns of candidate genes, OCT-4, CDX2, TEAD4, GATA3, NANOG, FGF4, FGFR1-IIIc and FGFR2-IIIc, in blastocyst and elongated stage embryos. In blastocyst embryos, the expression levels of OCT-4, FGF4 and FGFR1-IIIc were significantly higher in the ICM than in the TE, while the CDX2, TEAD4 and GATA3 levels did not differ between the ICM and TE. The expression ratio of CDX2 to OCT-4 (CDX2/OCT-4) also did not differ between the ICM and TE at the blastocyst stage. In elongated embryos, OCT-4, NANOG, FGF4 and FGFR1-IIIc were abundantly expressed in the embryo disc (ED; ICM lineage), but their expression levels were very low in the TE. In contrast, the CDX2, TEAD4 and GATA3 levels were significantly higher in the TE than in the ED. In addition, the CDX2/OCT-4 ratio was markedly higher in the TE than in the ED. We demonstrated that differences in the expression levels of OCT-4, CDX2, TEAD4, GATA3, NANOG, FGF4, FGFR1-IIIc and FGFR2-IIIc genes between ICM and TE lineages cells become more clear during development from porcine blastocyst to elongated embryos, which indicates the possibility that in porcine embryos, functions of ICM and TE lineage cells depend on these gene expressions proceed as transition from blastocyst to elongated stage.  相似文献   

2.
This study was conducted to evaluate how exogenous amino acids could affect preimplantation development of ICR mouse embryos. Two-cell embryos collected from naturally mated mice were cultured in amino acid-, glucose- and phosphate-free preimplantation (P)-1 medium. In Experiments 1, 19 amino acids (aa; 1% and 0.5% of MEM essential and nonessential amino acid solutions, respectively) were added to P-1 medium supplemented with either fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA; 3 mg/mL) or human follicular fluid (hFF; 10%). Regardless of BSA or hFF addition, embryo development to the morula (84 to 86% vs. 97 to 100%) and the blastocyst (54% vs. 93 to 94%) stages was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by the addition of aa compared with no addition. In Experiment 2, the cell number of blastomeres and inner cell mass (ICM) cells in blastocysts and the ratio of ICM cell to trophectodermal cell (TE) were evaluated after aa addition. In both BSA- and hFF-containing P-1 medium, a significant increase in total blastomere number were found after aa addition (47 to 52 vs. 62 to 63 cells) compared with no addition. However, the ICM/TE ratio was not significantly affected by aa supplementation in both media, while ICM cell number was greatly increased after aa addition in hFF-containing medium (12 vs. 17 cells). When blastocysts were further cultured up to 162 hr post-hCG injection, development to the hatched blastocyst stage was significantly promoted by aa addition (0% vs. 11 to 20%) in both BSA- and hFF-containing media. In conclusion, aa significantly promote the preimplantation development to the hatched blastocyst stage and such effect mainly exerted on supporting blastomere proliferation.  相似文献   

3.
We found retardation of preimplantation embryo growth after exposure to maternal restraint stress during the preimplantation period in our previous study. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of preimplantation maternal restraint stress on the distribution of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) cells in mouse blastocysts, and its possible effect on physiological development of offspring. We exposed spontaneously ovulating female mice to restraint stress for 30 min three times a day during the preimplantation period, and this treatment caused a significant increase in blood serum corticosterone concentration. Microscopic evaluation of embryos showed that restraint stress significantly decreased cell counts per blastocyst. Comparing the effect of restraint stress on the two blastocyst cell lineages, we found that the reduction in TE cells was more substantial than the reduction in ICM cells, which resulted in an increased ICM/TE ratio in blastocysts isolated from stressed dams compared with controls. Restraint stress reduced the number of implantation sites in uteri, significantly delayed eye opening in delivered mice, and altered their behavior in terms of two parameters (scratching on the base of an open field test apparatus, time spent in central zone) as well. Moreover, prenatally stressed offspring had significantly lower body weights and in 5-week old females delivered from stressed dams, fat deposits were significantly lower. Our results indicate that exposure to stress during very early pregnancy can have a negative impact on embryonic development with consequences reaching into postnatal life.  相似文献   

4.
In mammalian preimplantation development, the first cell lineage segregation occurs during the blastocyst stage, when the inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE) differentiate. Species‐specific analyses are essential to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie this process, since they differ between various species. We previously showed that the reciprocal regulation of CCN2 and TEAD4 is required for proper TE differentiation in bovine blastocysts; however, the function of CCN2 during early embryogenesis has remained otherwise elusive. The present study assessed the spatiotemporal expression dynamics of CCN2 in bovine embryos, and evaluated how changes to CCN2 expression (using a CCN2 knockdown (KD) blastocyst model) regulate the expression of pluripotency‐related genes such as OCT4 and NANOG. The conducted quantitative PCR analysis revealed that CCN2 mRNA was expressed in bovine oocytes (at the metaphase stage of their second meiosis) and embryos. Similarly, immunostaining detected both cytoplasmic and nuclear CCN2 at all analyzed oocyte and embryonic stages. Finally, both OCT4 and NANOG expression levels were shown to be significantly reduced in CCN2 KD blastocysts. Together, these results demonstrate that bovine CCN2 exhibits unique expression patterns during preimplantation development, and is required for the proper expression of key regulatory genes in bovine blastocysts.  相似文献   

5.
This study evaluated the effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA; 4 mg/ml) and estrous cow serum (ECS; 10%) in North Carolina State University (NCSU) 23 medium on the development of in vitro-matured and in vitro-fertilized porcine oocytes. Early cleavage rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in NCSU/ECS (71.3 +/- 14.7%) vs. NCSU/BSA (60.6 +/- 4.7%). Cleavage beyond the four-cell stage was not different between the two culture media (43.5 +/- 9.5% and 41.4 +/- 17.7%, respectively). The proportion of development to blastocysts was--with borderline significance (P = 0.05)--higher in NCSU/BSA (28.0 +/- 4.4%) than in NCSU/ECS (20.4 +/- 7.3%). Blastocysts produced in NCSU/BSA had significantly (P < 0.001) higher cell numbers than those cultured in NCSU/ECS (29.5 +/- 20.1 vs. 16.9 +/- 10.8). The ultrastructure of in vitro-produced blastocysts from both culture systems was compared vs. in vivo-derived blastocysts. The latter showed a clear differentiation between trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) cells. The TE cells were anchored to other TE cells or ICM cells by long, well-developed junctional complexes. The apical membrane of trophoblast cells was covered with numerous microvilli. Mitochondria were abundant, round to elongated in shape, and showed clear transverse cristae. The ultrastructure of blastocysts cultured in NCSU/BSA mimicked that of in vivo-derived embryos closely. In contrast, blastocysts from the NCSU/ECS culture system displayed an irregular ultrastructure with reduced numbers of organelles and numerous cytoplasmic inclusions, such as lipid-yolk-vacuoles and vacuoles with lipid content. In some sections of these embryos, cellular debris was detected in cytoplasm. The shape of mitochondria was more ovoid and cristae were not visible. In summary, our results demonstrate a beneficial influence of ECS in the culture medium on initial cleavage of in vitro-produced porcine embryos. Clearly negative effects of ECS in the subsequent culture period are associated with marked ultrastructural changes of embryonic cells.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of addition of ghrelin to in vitro culture medium on preimplantation development of porcine in vitro fertilized and parthenogenetic embryos. In Experiment 1, we sought to compare the in vitro developmental competence of IVF and parthenogenetic embryos. No significant (P<0.05) differences were detected for cleavage rate or blastocyst rate between the in vitro fertilization (IVF)- and parthenogenetic activation-derived embryos. In Experiment 2, parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in Porcine Zygote Medium-3 containing various concentrations of ghrelin. The blastocyst rate was remarkably (P<0.05) increased when 5 ng/ml (PA-5) and 500 ng/ml (PA-500) of ghrelin was added to in vitro culture medium compared with the other groups. Total cell number per blastocyst was slightly promoted in the ghrelin treatment groups compared with the controls. However, the ratio of inner cell mass (ICM) cell number/total cell number was significantly reduced in the PA-50 group compared with the controls (P<0.05). In Experiment 3, we cultured in vitro fertilized embryos in Porcine Zygote Medium-3 supplemented with ghrelin at different dosages. The rate of blastocyst formation was markedly (P<0.05) elevated when 500 ng/ml ghrelin was added to culture medium (IVF-500) compared with the controls. Increased total cell numbers (P<0.05) were observed when in vitro fertilized embryos were cultured in IVF-50 and IVF-500 compared with the controls. However, the ratio of ICM cell number/total cell number was decreased in the ghrelin treatment groups compared with the controls (P<0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that ghrelin can enhance blastocyst formation of porcine in vitro fertilized and parthenogenetic embryos while exerting a negative effect on the structural integrity of the blastocysts.  相似文献   

8.
齐子成  刘忠华 《中国畜牧兽医》2021,48(10):3715-3725
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9.
采用核移植技术将单个细胞注入去核2-细胞卵裂球中,比较来自于囊胚的内细胞团(ICM)和滋胚层细胞(TE)产生孕体或嵌合体的发育潜力。用TE和ICM重构胚胎的发育潜力,主要取决于注射hCG后从输卵管收集到的2-细胞胚胎的时间。在注射hCG后38～42 h和43～46 h收集得到的2-细胞胚胎,其重构胚胎仅仅能够发育到4-细胞期。注射hCG后48～51 h收集得到的2-细胞胚胎,重构后发生卵裂的胚胎比率显著提高,有少部分会发育到囊胚期。用诺考达唑(Nocodazole)处理这些重构胚,发生卵裂的胚胎比率会显著提高,并且有部分重构胚发育到囊胚阶段。将这些囊胚移植到受体鼠中,在其妊娠中期未检测到供体核的出现。用ICM和TE进行重构得到的嵌合2-细胞胚胎,其体外发育潜力有限,本试验中也未得到嵌合孕体。  相似文献   

10.
During early embryonic development, endodermal cells leave the inner cell mass (ICM) and migrate over an extracellular matrix located on the blastocoelic side of the trophectoderm to form extraembryonic endoderm. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate factors supporting porcine endodermal cell migration in vitro. In Exp. 1, porcine ICM were cultured on matrices of collagen IV, fibronectin, or laminin. Percentages of ICM generating cellular outgrowth on fibronectin (5/11; 45%) and laminin (4/10; 40%) were similar (P > 0.10); however, collagen IV (0/10; 0%) failed (P < 0.05) to support cellular outgrowth. Inner cell mass and outgrowth areas and numbers of cells in outgrowths were similar (P > 0.10) for fibronectin and laminin, and increased (P < 0.05) with time in culture. In Exp. 2, ICM were cultured on fibronectin or laminin in medium containing 0 or 500 microg/mL of the inhibitory tripeptide, arg-gly-asp (RGD), or on laminin in medium containing 0 or 10 microg/mL recombinant human tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (rhTIMP-2). Inner cell mass and outgrowth areas and numbers of cells in the outgrowths for ICM cultured on fibronectin did not differ (P > 0.10) due to the presence of RGD. Inner cell masses cultured on laminin in medium containing 500 microg/mL RGD had fewer cells in the outgrowths and slower rates of cell migration compared with 0 microg/mL (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.10) in ICM and outgrowth areas and numbers of cells in the outgrowths were observed for ICM cultured on laminin in medium containing 0 or 10 microg/mL rhTIMP-2. Both fibronectin and laminin supported porcine ICM outgrowth in vitro; however, because outgrowth on fibronectin was not inhibited by RGD, endodermal cells must express an integrin that recognizes an alternative sequence in fibronectin. Cell migration on laminin was inhibited by RGD, suggesting either RGD competes with laminin for binding sites on endodermal cells or binding RGD alters endodermal cell migration on laminin. Because rhTIMP-2 had no effect on cell outgrowth, porcine ICM do not appear to be responsive to the proliferative effects of rhTIMP-2.  相似文献   

11.
To improve embryo development in bovine separated blastomeres, we evaluated applicability of co‐culture with intact embryos. The morphological quality of blastocysts derived from separated blastomeres and rate of blastocyst formation were only slightly increased when the cells were co‐cultured with intact embryos, which did not provide significant differences when statistically analyzed. However, the cell count of inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE) and total number of cells in Day 8 blastocysts were significantly higher when the cells were co‐cultured with the intact embryos than those with the cells cultured individually (P < 0.05). Transfer of four monozygotic pairs of blastocysts derived from the cells co‐cultured with intact embryos led to three pregnancies even when the blastomeres were produced by in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization of oocytes collected by ovum pick‐up from elite cows. These results suggest that co‐culturing with intact embryos may enhance development of bovine separated blastomere.  相似文献   

12.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are expanded versions of the inner cell mass cells that compose the early mammalian blastocyst. Components derived from ES cells may contain various bioactive materials (BM) helpful for early preimplantation embryo growth. In this study, we examined the effect of human ES cell derived BM (hES-BM) on in vitro culture of bovine embryos. When bovine parthenogenetic day 2 embryos were cultured in 10% hES-BM, a significantly higher embryo development rate (44.3%) and increased cell numbers were observed relative to control medium containing 3 mg/ml BSA (19.5%; P<0.01). Among the various concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) and days of treatment (2 or 4 days) tested, 10% hES-BM treatment for 4 days provided the best culture environment to support the growth of bovine embryos in vitro (P<0.05). Little difference was observed between 10% hES-BM and 10% FBS treatment in the examined parthenogenetic or in vitro fertilized embryos, although the hES-BM group developed at a slightly better rate. However, the ICM cell numbers were significantly higher in the hES-BM group in irrespective of embryo origin (P<0.05). In addition, the relative levels of pluripotency (Oct4, × 1.8 fold; Nanog. × 3.3 fold), embryogenesis (Stat3, × 2.8 fold; FGF4, × 18.8 fold; E-cad, × 2.0 fold) and growth (Glut5, × 2.6 fold) genes were significantly higher in the 10% hES-BM group than in the 10% FBS group (P<0.05), while the levels of other genes (Bax, Bcl2, MnSOD and Connexin43) were not different. This is the first report examining the positive effects of hES-BM on bovine embryo development in vitro. Based on our results, we conclude that hES-BM can be used as a new protein supplement for bovine preimplantation embryo development.  相似文献   

13.
The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of polyester mesh culture for the in vitro production of bovine embryos, as polyester mesh is an alternative way for tracking individual embryos throughout culture using time‐lapse cinematography (TLC). Bovine embryos were isolated during in vitro culture using sections of three different polyethylene terephthalate (PET) mesh products. In vitro matured and fertilized bovine oocytes were cultured in the 217 × 217, 230 × 230 or 238 × 238‐μm openings of PET mesh sections or in simple micro‐drops (control) for 7 days under either 20% or 5% O2 tensions. No difference in embryo developmental rates was found between the culture groups in terms of cleavage, blastocyst formation and blastocyst expansion irrespective of O2 tension. In contrast, under 20% O2 tension, blastocysts that developed in PET mesh with 217 × 217‐μm opening had significantly higher numbers of total and trophectoderm (TE) cells than control embryos; however, the numbers and proportions of inner cell mass (ICM) cells did not differ. Under 5% O2 tension, no difference was found among the culture groups in the numbers of total, ICM and TE cells in embryos. All three PET mesh products investigated in this study were proven to be effective to prevent embryo movement. The results demonstrate that bovine embryos can be cultured in PET mesh sections without negative side‐effects and suggest that embryo distance determined by the mesh affects embryo quality at atmospheric oxygen tension. Polyethylene terephthalate mesh with 217 × 217‐μm openings was found to be the most suitable for further application in TLC.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
为了更全面的对四倍体胚胎的发育能力进行评估,本研究利用原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测了电融合生产的小鼠四倍体囊胚细胞凋亡情况,同时用实时定量PCR方法检测了促凋亡基因Bax和抑凋亡基因Bcl-2在四倍体囊胚中的表达。结果显示:四倍体与体外二倍体胚胎发育到囊胚的比率没有显著差别(P0.05);四倍体囊胚无论是内细胞团细胞数、滋养层细胞数还是内细胞团/总细胞数比率都显著低于体内与体外二倍体囊胚(P0.05);四倍体囊胚细胞凋亡指数显著高于体内与体外二倍体囊胚细胞凋亡指数(P0.05);促凋亡基因Bax在四倍体囊胚中的表达显著高于体内与体外二倍体囊胚中的表达(P0.05),而抑凋亡基因Bcl-2在四倍体囊胚中的表达同体内与体外二倍体囊胚中的表达没有显著差异(P0.05)。因此,四倍体囊胚质量比体内与体外二倍体囊胚质量都差,这可能是四倍体胚胎不能发育到足月的原因之一。  相似文献   

16.
为探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂丙戊酸（valproic acid, VPA)对猪手工克隆(HMC)胚胎发育潜能的影响,本研究比较了不同浓度（0、25、50、75和100 nmol/L）VPA处理猪HMC重构胚对后期胚胎发育率、内细胞团数和组蛋白乙酰化程度的影响。结果表明,50、75 nmol/L VPA处理组HMC重构胚的卵裂率和囊胚发育率均显著高于0、25和100 nmol/L VPA处理组（P<0.05）;与0、25、75和100 nmol/L相比,50 nmol/L VPA处理组能显著提高囊胚内细胞团细胞数（P<0.05）,囊胚阶段VPA处理组的组蛋白H3K14乙酰化（AcH3K14）水平高于空白组和孤雌激活囊胚。因此,应用VPA处理可提高猪HMC重构胚胎分裂率、囊胚率及增加内细胞团细胞数,提高了猪HMC胚胎的体外发育潜能。  相似文献   

17.
旨在基于高通量SNP芯片建立一种可评估牛早期胚胎染色体质量和生产性能的方法,为胚胎牛育种提供技术支撑。本研究通过胚胎切割技术分别对荷斯坦奶牛体内囊胚（n=27）、体外囊胚（n=21）、体外2细胞胚胎（n=6）和8细胞胚胎（n=5）进行切割取样并统计发育率,其中体内囊胚组分为1/2体内胚组（切取半个胚胎）和体内滋养层（trophoblast cells,TE）组（切取体内胚胎少量TE）,体外囊胚组、体外2和8细胞胚胎分别为体外TE组（切取体外胚胎少量TE）、体外2细胞（切取体外2细胞胚胎的1个卵裂球）和8细胞组（切取体外8细胞胚胎的1个卵裂球）。切割取样后进行全基因组扩增（whole-genome amplification,WGA）,对扩增成功且DNA量大于1 000 ng的样品进行SNP芯片检测,芯片检出率大于90%的进行生产性能评估,低于90%的进行染色体片段缺失分析和数据填充。结果显示：1）切割部分TE后,体内TE组剩余部分和体外TE组剩余部分继续培养24 h后的发育率分别为（94.4±5.6）%和（90.5±6.6）%,而1/2体内胚组剩余部分的发育率显著降低,仅为（22.2±14.7）%。2）1/2体内胚组和体外2细胞组扩增成功率为100%,而体内TE组、体外TE组和体外8细胞组扩增的成功率分别为（94.4±5.6）%、（76.2±9.5）%和（60.0±24.5）%;与1/2体内胚组相比,体内TE组和体外TE组经WGA后DNA量均显著下降（P < 0.05）,且体外TE组扩增后DNA量显著低于体内TE组（P<0.05）。3）相较于1/2体内胚组（91.2±1.6）%,体内TE组（76.7±15.2）%、体外TE组（74.3±9.6）%、体外2细胞组（76.1±6.9）%、体外8细胞组（61.2±19.0）%芯片检出率均显著下降（P<0.05）,且检出率均低于90%。4）以至少连续7个SNPs缺失作为染色体片段缺失筛选标准,体外TE组和体内TE组分别筛选到188个和388个染色体缺失片段,相应的缺失片段各包括46和48个基因;GO和KEGG富集分析结果显示,体外TE组缺失基因主要与细胞骨架和细胞分化相关,而体内TE组缺失基因则主要与细胞物质分泌和运输相关。5）在64 958个SNPs填充位点中52 334个SNPs填充位点的填充准确性（R2）在0.99～1之间且填充准确性为91%,说明填充的准确率较高,育种值估计显示,体外TE组生产性能低于体内TE组。综上,利用胚胎切割、单细胞基因组扩增和基因组芯片可在微创的前提下,实现对植入前早期胚胎染色体质量和生产性能的评估。同时,体内外胚胎染色体缺失片段对比分析发现体外发育过程中细胞骨架等基因异常表达可能是导致体外胚胎质量差的原因之一。  相似文献   

18.
The aim of the present study was to optimise the culture conditions for the in vitro production of bovine embryos. The development of in vitro fertilised bovine oocytes in CR1aa supplemented with 5% calf serum and IVD101 culture media were compared using traditional microdrops and Well of the Well (WOW) culture systems either under 5% or 20% oxygen tension. After 7 days of culture, a significantly higher blastocyst formation rate was obtained for embryos cultured in CR1aa medium compared to those cultured in IVD101, irrespective of O2 tensions and culture systems. The blastocyst formation in IVD101 was suppressed under 20% O2 compared to 5% O2 . Despite their similar total cell numbers, higher rates of inner cell mass (ICM) cells were observed in blastocysts developed in IVD101 medium than in those developed in CR1aa, irrespective of O2 tensions. There was no significant difference in blastocyst formation, total, ICM and trophectoderm (TE) cell numbers between embryos obtained by microdrop and WOW culture systems irrespective of the culture media and O2 tensions used. In conclusion, CR1aa resulted in higher blastocyst formation rates irrespective of O2 tension, whereas IVD101 supported blastocyst formation only under low O2 levels but enhanced the proliferation of ICM cells.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
The present study was conducted to examine the comparative efficacy of potassium simplex optimization medium (KSOM) and North Carolina State University (NCSU)-23 medium supplemented with beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME) and amino acids (AA) on the developmental competence of porcine in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. Four experiments were conducted. KSOM and NCSU-23 medium were used to culture porcine parthenogenetic (Exp. 1) and IVF (Exp. 2) embryos. KSOM and NCSU-23 were equally effective in supporting porcine parthenogenetic and IVF embryo development from the 1-cell stage to blastocysts. The NCSU-23 medium (Exp. 3) and KSOM (Exp. 4) were supplemented with amino acid (AA; 5 microl/ml non-essential amino acids + 10 microl/ml essential amino acids) and/or 10 microM beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME). The quality of blastocysts from Exp. 3 and 4 was evaluated by counting the number of total cells and determining the ratio of the inner cell mass (ICM) to trophoectoderm (TE) cells. Supplementing with AA and beta-ME or beta-ME alone in NCSU-23 produced significant (p<0.05) differences in terms of rate of cleavage to the 2- to 4- cell (80.8 to 85.4% vs. 73.6%) and blastocyst (30.4 to 30.5 vs. 23.5%) stages and the number of TE (51.4 to 53.8 vs. 35.8) and total cells (67.2 to 71.2 to 48.8) over the control group. On the other hand, supplementing KSOM with AA and/or beta-ME produced significant (p<0.05) differences in terms of rate of cleavage to the 2- to 4-cell (78.8% vs. 67.7%) and morula (57.8% vs. 46.3%) stages and the number of ICM (18.6 to 19.2 vs. 11.6) and total cells (62.8 to 70.6 vs. 42.8) over control group. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that both KSOM and NCSU-23 medium supplemented with AA and beta-ME and/or only beta-ME alone are superior to normal KSOM and NCSU-23 for porcine IVF embryo culture in terms of embryo developmental competence and quality.  相似文献   

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