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Boutelle KN Fulkerson JA Neumark-Sztainer D Story M French SA 《Public health nutrition》2007,10(1):16-23
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence of fast-food purchases for family meals and the associations with sociodemographic variables, dietary intake, home food environment, and weight status in adolescents and their parents. DESIGN: This study is a cross-sectional evaluation of parent interviews and adolescent surveys from Project EAT (Eating Among Teens). SUBJECTS: Subjects included 902 middle-school and high-school adolescents (53% female, 47% male) and their parents (89% female, 11% male). The adolescent population was ethnically diverse: 29% white, 24% black, 21% Asian American, 14% Hispanic and 12% other. RESULTS: Results showed that parents who reported purchasing fast food for family meals at least 3 times per week were significantly more likely than parents who reported purchasing fewer fast-food family meals to report the availability of soda pop and chips in the home. Adolescents in homes with fewer than 3 fast-food family meals per week were significantly more likely than adolescents in homes with more fast-food family meals to report having vegetables and milk served with meals at home. Fast-food purchases for family meals were positively associated with the intake of fast foods and salty snack foods for both parents and adolescents; and weight status among parents. Fast-food purchases for family meals were negatively associated with parental vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: Fast-food purchases may be helpful for busy families, but families need to be educated on the effects of fast food for family meals and how to choose healthier, convenient family meals. 相似文献
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基于缺口率模型的区域粮食安全风险评估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
深入分析各区域的粮食供需趋势对于保障中国未来的粮食安全至关重要。该文首先分析了影响中国粮食供需安全的风险源,提出了粮食主产区、粮食主销区和产销平衡区的粮食缺口率风险评估模型并划分了相应的风险等级,然后以洞庭湖区为例进行了实证分析。结果表明:自然灾害是影响洞庭湖区粮食供给安全的最主要因素,人口增长则是影响该区域粮食安全的普遍因素;对于大多数的县/市,资源和投入要素对未来的粮食供给将产生积极的影响。当自然灾害为一般情景或乐观情景时,洞庭湖区的粮食安全状况较为乐观;当自然灾害为悲观情景时,湖区部分县/市的粮食安全形势非常严峻。但就湖区整体而言,通过湖区内部调剂即可以满足高风险县/市的粮食需求。研究结果可为相关部门的政策制定提供客观依据,为粮食安全的风险预警和防范提供参考。 相似文献
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Inulin determination for food labeling 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Inulin and oligofructose exhibit valuable nutritional and functional attributes, so they are used as supplements as soluble fiber or as macronutrient substitutes. As classic analytical methods for dietary fiber measurement are not effective, several specific methods have been proposed. These methods measure total fructans and are based on one or more enzymatic sample treatments and determination of released sugars. To determine inulin for labeling purposes, we developed an easy and rapid anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method following water extraction of inulin. HPLC conditions included an Aminex HPX- 87C column (Bio-Rad), deionized water at 85 degrees C as the mobile phase and a refractive index detector. The tested foods included tailor-made food products containing known amounts of inulin and commercial products (cookies, milk, ice creams, cheese, and cereal bars). The average recovery was 97%, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.1 to 5% in the food matrixes. The obtained results showed that this method provides an easier, faster and cheaper alternative than previous techniques for determining inulin with enough accuracy and precision for routine labeling purposes by direct determination of inulin by HPLC with refractive index detection. 相似文献
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Laboratory computer links are a key part of acquisition, movement, and interpretation of certain types of data. Remote information retrieval from databases such as the Chemical Information System provides the analyst with structural and toxicological information via a laboratory terminal. Remote processing of laboratory data by large computers permits the application of pattern recognition techniques to the solution of complex multivariate problems such as the detection of food adulteration. 相似文献
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Decker EA Warner K Richards MP Shahidi F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(10):4303-4310
Many new in vitro methods have been developed to evaluate antioxidant activity. Unfortunately, these in vitro methods often correlate poorly with the ability of compounds to inhibit oxidative deterioration of foods because the in vitro assays do not account for factors such as the physical location of the antioxidant, its interaction with other food components, and environmental conditions. To accurately evaluate the potential of antioxidants in foods, models must be developed that have the chemical, physical, and environmental conditions expected in food products. This paper outlines model systems of the evaluation of antioxidants in three types of foods: bulk oil, oil-in-water emulsions, and muscle foods. These model systems are not intended to be inclusive of all possible methods to measure lipid oxidation and antioxidant activity. However, use of these models would allow researchers to more easily compare research results from one paper to another. 相似文献
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Antibiotic residues in animal-derived food 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R C Livingston 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1985,68(5):966-967
Antibiotics are used extensively in food-producing animals to maintain optimal health and promote growth. The use of these drugs has the potential to leave drug-related residues such as parent drug and metabolites in meat, milk, and eggs. For those drugs that require a withholding period to ensure that residues in the food products are below established tolerances, methods of analysis are required. The majority of approved antibiotics are assayed by microbiological methods. Although these methods are suitable for screening for drug residues, they often lack the specificity and precision required of regulatory methods. Present requirements for regulatory methods have resulted in the submission of physical-chemical methods in support of New Animal Drug Applications for antibiotics. 相似文献
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Lozada M Sánchez-Castillo CP Cabrera GA Mata II Pichardo-Ontiveros E Villa AR James WP 《Public health nutrition》2008,11(9):924-933
OBJECTIVE: To establish the school eating habits of Mexican children, who are prone to obesity and later to high rates of adult chronic diseases. DESIGN: Questionnaires for students and parents with staff questionnaires and interviews. SETTING: Randomly sampled schools in a socio-economically representative district of Mexico City. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 1504 adolescents aged 10-19 years attending schools in Mexico City, 27 teachers and seven headmasters, sampled from both public and private schools and from the full range of socio-economic groups. RESULTS: Foods brought from home were of a higher nutritional quality than those purchased at school, where purchases were dominated by crisps, soft drinks and other items with high energy density. Girls were more inclined to purchase inappropriately; those from poorer homes purchased less. Private-school students irrespective of socio-economic grade brought more food from home and purchased more expensive food at school. School policies allowed food and drink vendors to market any products within the schools, which benefited financially from these activities. CONCLUSIONS: Current school food policies are conducive to amplifying the current epidemic of obesity and related adult chronic diseases, and need to change. 相似文献
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Animal pollination is one of the essential services provided by ecosystems to humans. In the face of a potential worldwide pollination crisis it is important to assess which countries may be more vulnerable in order to prioritize pollinator conservation efforts. The poverty level, the population density and the level of pollinator dependence for food provisioning are key aspects to identify vulnerable countries. We evaluate these aspects and determine the level of human food provisioning dependence on pollinators in Mexico, a developing and highly populated country. The diversity of crop species in Mexico is exceptionally high. Nearly 85% of fruit and/or seed consumed species depend to some degree on pollinators for productivity. Overall, pollinator-dependent crops generate larger income but cover a lower cultivated area and produce less volume compared to non-pollinator-dependent crops. Volume per unit area, however, as well as revenue per unit area, is much higher for pollinator-dependent crops. Native wild pollinators also play a key role in fruit or seed production of Mexican domesticated plant species and in the reproduction of many useful wild species. Thus, assuring free pollination services is particularly important in Mexico as the livelihood of a large proportion of the population exclusively and directly depends on ecosystem services for subsistence. Feasible conservation strategies involve the payment of environmental services to Ejidos (communal land tenure systems) making efforts to protect or restore plant resources and native pollinators, and the creation of new protected natural areas, which ensures food provision, mating and nesting sites for pollinators. 相似文献
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化肥与粮食安全 总被引：47，自引：8，他引：47
本文根据相关文献资料,综述了化肥在保障我国粮食安全中的作用与贡献,分析和预测了实现2010、2015、2020年粮食总产目标所需新增化肥的数量。根据近6年来我国粮食生产中出现的问题,指出要保障我国粮食安全,除了继续发展化肥工业,增加化肥用量之外,国家应采取其他相应措施,包括稳定粮食作物的种植面积(至少应维持在11000万公顷水平);调整粮食价格,保护农民种粮积极性;改善农田基本生产条件,推行节水灌溉技术,促进粮食均衡增产;适度提高粮食净进口份额等等。单纯依靠增加化肥的投入,实现国内粮食供需平衡,不仅代价太大(包括资源、环境和成本代价),市场和农民也不一定能够接受。 相似文献
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Foster E Matthews JN Nelson M Harris JM Mathers JC Adamson AJ 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(4):509-514
BACKGROUND: In order to obtain a measure of nutrient intake, a measure or estimate of the amount of food consumed is required. Weighing foods imposes a large burden on subjects, often resulting in underreporting. Tools are available to assist subjects in providing an estimate of portion size and these include food photographs. The application of these tools in improving portion size estimation by children has not been investigated systematically. OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy with which children are able to estimate food portion sizes using food photographs designed for use with adults, and to determine whether the accuracy of estimates is improved when age-appropriate portion size photographs are provided. DESIGN: Original data from three separate studies, on the accuracy of portion size estimates by adults using food photographs, by children using adult photographs and by children using age-appropriate photographs, are analysed and compared. SUBJECTS: One hundred and thirty-five adults aged 18 to 90 years and 210 children aged 4 to 11 years. RESULTS: Children's estimates of portion sizes using age-appropriate food photographs were significantly more accurate (an underestimate of 1% on average) than estimates using photographs designed for use with adults (an overestimate of 45% on average). Accuracy of children's estimates of portion size using age-appropriate photographs was not significantly different from that of adults. Children overestimated a food's weight by 18% on average and adults underestimated by 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Providing children with food photographs depicting age-appropriate portion sizes greatly increases the accuracy of portion size estimates compared with estimates using photographs designed for use with adults. 相似文献
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We offer a critique of Canada's approach to domestic food security with respect to international agreements, justiciability and case law, the breakdown of the public safety net, the institutionalisation of charitable approaches to food insecurity, and the need for 'joined-up' food and nutrition policies. We examined Canada's commitments to the right to food, as well as Canadian policies, case law and social trends, in order to assess Canada's performance with respect to the human right to food. We found that while Canada has been a leader in signing international human rights agreements, including those relating to the right to food, domestic action has lagged and food insecurity increased. We provide recommendations for policy changes that could deal with complex issues of state accountability, social safety nets and vulnerable populations, and joined-up policy frameworks that could help realise the right to adequate food in Canada and other developed nations. 相似文献
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled food 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
B K Larsson G P Sahlberg A T Eriksson L A Busk 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1983,31(4):867-873
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中国水资源和粮食安全问题探讨 总被引：22，自引：7，他引：15
中国是世界人口最多的发展中国家,用占全球7%的土地、8%的淡水养活占全球22%的人口.但随着人口的持续增长,气候干旱和生态境破坏以及污染的不断扩大和加重,水和耕地资源的不断减少,中国在水资源和粮食安全方面将面临巨大的压力与挑战.中国干旱半干旱的西北地区,有70%左右的贫困人口,粮食安全问题长期存在,经济发展缓慢.目前中国政府实施的西部大开发战略,减免农业税费,增加经济投入和水利工程等建设项目,是解决西北地区贫困的关键. 相似文献
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