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小麦白粉病Erysiphe.graminis DC.是小麦上的重要病害。病害发生后严重阻碍作物叶片正常的光合作用,影响光合产物的形成和积累,最终导致小麦实粒数和千粒重下降,对产量和质量损失很大。为及时做好防治,1981—1987年对病害的流行规律及其预测预报进行了研究。 相似文献
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通过对连续26年系统测报资料分析研究,明确了豫西南麦区小麦条锈病流行程度与小麦品种抗性状况、早春菌源基数、3月下旬至5月上旬雨日、雨量、雾露日、平均气温等气象条件关系密切.提出了病害中期预测的综合分析预测法和预测指标,选择4月上旬末病田率、4月份降水系数和4月中旬至5月上旬日均温.建立了病害发生程度预报武,历史回测拟合准确率达95.4%,2007～2008年预测检验,表明预报结果与发生实况相一致. 相似文献
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2016年全国农作物重大病虫害发生趋势预报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
全国农业技术推广服务中心 《中国植保导刊》2016,(2):37-42
根据2015年各地水稻“两迁”害虫、水稻螟虫、小麦条锈病、玉米螟、蝗虫等重大病虫害的冬前基数调查结果,结合2015年冬季和2016年春季全国气候趋势预测和作物种植情况等因素综合分析,做出了水稻、小麦、玉米和马钤薯等主要粮食作物的14种（类）重大病虫害的发生趋势预报。其中小麦赤霉病、黏虫、水稻“两迁”害虫等流行性病害和迁飞性害虫重发风险高于上年,水稻纹枯病、水稻螟虫、小麦蚜虫、玉米螟发生区域广、为害重,稻瘟病、小麦条锈病、玉米大斑病、马铃薯晚疫病在部分地区有偏重发生可能,飞蝗和草地螟总体发生平稳。 相似文献
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2015年全国农作物重大病虫害发生趋势预报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
全国农业技术推广服务中心 《中国植保导刊》2015,35(2):43-48
根据2014年各地小麦条锈病、玉米螟、水稻"两迁"害虫、蝗虫等重大病虫害的冬前基数调查结果,结合2014年冬季和2015年春季全国气候趋势预测和作物种植情况等因素综合分析,做出了水稻、小麦、玉米和马铃薯等主要粮食作物的14种(类)重大病虫害的发生趋势预报。其中水稻"两迁"害虫、水稻螟虫、小麦蚜虫、玉米螟重发区域广,稻瘟病、小麦赤霉病、玉米大斑病和马铃薯晚疫病存在流行的风险,小麦条锈病、黏虫、二点委夜蛾、飞蝗和草地螟总体发生平稳,但局部地区有重发可能,以迁飞性害虫和流行性病害威胁最大。 相似文献
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由Puccinia recondita引起的小麦叶锈病,近十几年已逐步上升为小麦主要病害之一,在湖北、山东、河北等省都曾造成流行和减产。为此,从73年开始,我们对叶锈病进行了小种鉴定和品种抗叶锈性测定,并进行了大田考查。通过工作,得到以下几点认识: 相似文献
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小麦叶锈病是一种严重威胁小麦安全生产、依靠气流传播的真菌病害,近年来发生呈逐年加重趋势。为明确气象因子对小麦叶锈菌越夏的影响,本研究通过对全国698个气象站点7月-8月最热10 d的日均温和平均日最高气温进行回归分析,对7月-8月0 cm平均地温、平均风速、平均降水量、平均日照时数和平均相对湿度进行空间插值,提取了93个小麦叶锈菌越夏调查点的气象数据,再与调查点小麦叶锈菌能否越夏进行相关性分析,结果显示小麦叶锈菌越夏与7月-8月最热10 d日均温和最热10 d平均日最高气温之间存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),与其他气象因子相关性不显著(P> 0.05),结果为小麦叶锈病的越夏区划奠定了基础。 相似文献
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1984年在内蒙古卓资县白石头沟野外调查中发现4种唐松草和5种禾本科杂草都发生有叶锈病。但无迹象表明该地区自然界唐松草上发生的叶锈病与小麦叶锈病有关。在室内用小麦、华北剪股颖和无芒雀麦叶锈菌的冬孢子对亚欧和瓣蕊唐松草接种,都长出了锈孢子腔和锈孢子。用三种锈孢子分别对小麦、华北剪股颖和无芒雀麦回接,都产生了夏孢子,完成了生活循环。从此得出结论:亚欧和瓣蕊唐松草是小麦、叶锈菌的转主寄主,但在室外不起作用。而田间所见唐松草上的锈病主要与杂草上的锈病有关。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT A leaf rust attacking Aegilops speltoides in its natural habitat is reported for the first time. It was found in two locations in northern and central Israel. The two collections from A. speltoides resemble wheat leaf rust, Puccinia triticina, in most spore dimensions, in the morphology of the substomatal vesicle of the urediniospore, and in DNA content in pycniospore nuclei. Similarly to P. triticina isolates from wheat, isolates taken from A. speltoides are compatible with Thalictrum speciosissimum as an aecial host and they are crossed easily with wheat leaf rust isolates. However, isolates from A. speltoides differ from wheat leaf rust in their telial host range. They are avirulent to cultivated wheat cultivars, but attack hundreds of A. speltoides accessions that were immune to wheat leaf rust. This distinct host preference justifies delineation of the newly found leaf rust as a forma specialis (f. sp. speltoides) within P. triticina. 相似文献
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During a three‐year project from 2003 to 2006, two models have been developed to predict leaf rust (Puccinia recondita and P. triticina) occurrence and to simulate disease incidence progress curves on the upper leaf layers of winter rye (PUCREC) and winter wheat (PUCTRI). As input parameters the models use air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. PUCREC and PUCTRI firstly calculate daily infection favourability and a cumulative infection pressure index and, in a second step, disease incidence is estimated. An ontogenetic model (SIMONTO) is used to link disease predictions to crop development. PUCREC and PUCTRI have been validated with data from 2001 to 2005. Both models give satisfactory results in simulating leaf rust epidemics and forecasting dates when action thresholds for leaf rust control are exceeded. 相似文献
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为提高陕西省小麦条锈病发生面积的预测准确度,以2010年-2018年陕西省小麦条锈菌冬繁区和越冬区的发生县区数、发生面积、温度和降雨量为数据集,通过Pearson相关性分析筛选病害流行的主要影响因子,利用全子集回归筛选病害流行的因子集。以筛选得到的影响病害流行的5个因子,即累计发生县区数、冬繁区条锈病发生面积、1月平均温度、1月平均降雨量和3月平均降雨量为自变量,采用全子集回归和BP神经网络算法开展小麦条锈病发生面积的预测研究。结果表明,全子集回归和BP神经网络算法对2019年-2020年的小麦条锈病发生面积预测准确度均达90%以上,预测2021年陕西省小麦条锈病发生面积分别为46.11万hm~2和52.85万hm~2。 相似文献
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为筛选适用于小麦叶锈病防治的化学药剂,本研究选取吡唑醚菌酯和氟环唑及二者不同比例复配组合,采用喷雾接种法,测定了吡唑醚菌酯和氟环唑单剂及其不同复配比例在作为保护剂使用时对小麦叶锈病的室内防治效果,并测定了室内筛选确定的最佳比例复配药剂对小麦的安全性及对小麦叶锈病的田间防治效果。室内防效试验显示：吡唑醚菌酯、氟环唑及二者不同比例复配对小麦叶锈病病斑扩展有强烈的抑制作用,其中吡唑醚菌酯的抑制作用更强,其EC50值为0.01μg/mL。联合毒力评价表明：所有复配组合均表现出协同相加作用,吡唑醚菌酯·氟环唑质量比50∶133复配时增效系数(SR)最大,为1.50。室内及田间防治试验表明：在所设浓度梯度范围内,防效与浓度呈正相关;在有效成分120 g/hm2剂量下,26%吡唑醚菌酯·氟环唑悬浮剂(SC)的田间防效为85.12%,优于各自单剂处理。安全性评价结果显示：所有处理均能保证不同品种小麦正常生长,未发生药害现象。研究表明,吡唑醚菌酯·氟环唑复配对小麦叶锈病有很好的防治效果,可为生产上防治小麦叶锈病和科学用药提供理论依据。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT While it is generally accepted that dense stands of plants exacerbate epidemics caused by foliar pathogens, there is little experimental evidence to support this view. We grew model plant communities consisting of wheat and wild oats at different densities and proportions and exposed these communities to Puccinia recondita to induce wheat leaf rust. Wild oats was included because it is a common competitor of wheat and may act as a barrier to the dispersal of P. recondita spores among wheat plants. Disease severity was estimated as percentage of wheat flag leaves covered by rust lesions. Seeding density rarely had a significant influence on rust severity, probably because of compensation due to increased tillering at low seeding densities. In contrast, increasing the proportion of wheat in mixtures with wild oats consistently increased wheat leaf rust severity. Regression parameters describing wheat leaf rust severity as a function of wheat seeding density did not differ significantly between pure wheat stands and wheat-wild oat mixtures and, thus, failed to support an effect of wild oats on wheat leaf rust other than through its competitive impact on wheat tiller density. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Leaf rust and stripe rust, caused by Puccinia triticina and P. striiformis, respectively, are important diseases of wheat in many countries. In this study we sought to identify molecular markers for adult plant resistance genes that could aid in incorporating such durable resistance into wheat. We used a doubled haploid population from a Japanese cv. Fukuho-komugi x Israeli wheat Oligoculm cross that had segregated for resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust in field trials. Joint and/or single-year analyses by composite interval mapping identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) that reduced leaf rust severity and up to 11 and 7 QTLs that might have influenced stripe rust severity and infection type, respectively. Four common QTLs reduced stripe rust severity and infection type. Except for a QTL on chromosome 7DS, no common QTL for leaf rust and stripe rust was detected. QTL-7DS derived from 'Fukuho-komugi' had the largest effect on both leaf rust and stripe rust severities, possibly due to linked resistance genes Lr34/Yr18. The microsatellite locus Xgwm295.1, located almost at the peak of the likelihood ratio contours for both leaf and stripe rust severity, was closest to Lr34/Yr18. QTLs located on 1BL for leaf rust severity and 3BS for stripe rust infection type were derived from 'Oligoculm' and considered to be due to genes Lr46 and Yr30, respectively. Most of the remaining QTLs for stripe rust severity or infection type had smaller effects. Our results indicate there is significant diversity for genes that have minor effects on stripe rust resistance, and that successful detection of these QTLs by molecular markers should be helpful both for characterizing wheat genotypes effectively and combining such resistance genes. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Host plant resistance is an economical and environmentally sound method of control of leaf rust caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, which is one of the most serious diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Wild relatives of wheat, including the tetraploid T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum, represent an important source of genes for resistance to leaf rust. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the performance of leaf rust resistance genes previously transferred to wheat from three accessions of T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum, (ii) determine inheritance and allelic relationship of the new leaf rust resistance genes, and (iii) determine the genetic map location of one of the T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum-derived genes using microsatellite markers. The leaf rust resistance gene transferred to hexaploid wheat from accession TA 28 of T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum exhibited slightly different infection types (ITs) to diverse races of leaf rust in inoculated tests of seedlings compared with the gene transferred from TA 870 and TA 874. High ITs were exhibited when seedlings of all the germ plasm lines were inoculated with P. triticina races MBRL and PNMQ. However, low ITs were observed on adult plants of all lines having the T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum-derived genes for resistance in the field at locations in Kansas and Texas. Analysis of crosses between resistant germ plasm lines showed that accessions TA 870 and TA 874 donated the same gene for resistance to leaf rust and TA 28 donated an independent resistance gene. The gene donated to germ plasm line KS96WGRC36 from TA 870 of T. timopheevii subsp. armeniacum was linked to microsatellite markers Xgwm382 (6.7 cM) and Xgdm87 (9.4 cM) on wheat chromosome arm 2B long. This new leaf rust resistance gene is designated Lr50. It is the first named gene for leaf rust resistance transferred from wild timopheevi wheat and is the only Lr gene located on the long arm of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes. 相似文献