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1.
The components of ecosystem evapotranspiration of a Norway spruce forest (Picea abies L.) as well as the vertical structure of canopy evapotranspiration were analyzed with a combination of measurements and models for a case study of 5 days in September 2007. Eddy-covariance and sap flux measurements were performed at several heights within the canopy at the FLUXNET site Waldstein-Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay) in the Fichtelgebirge mountains in Germany. Within and above canopy fluxes were simulated with two stand-scale models, the 1D multilayer model ACASA that includes a third-order turbulence closure and the 3D model STANDFLUX. The soil and understory evapotranspiration captured with the eddy-covariance system in the trunk space constituted 10% of ecosystem evapotranspiration measured with the eddy-covariance system above the canopy. A comparison of transpiration measured with the sap flux technique and inferred from below and above canopy eddy-covariance systems revealed higher estimates from eddy-covariance measurements than for sap flux measurements. The relative influences of possible sources of this mismatch, such as the assumption of negligible contribution of evaporation from intercepted water, and differences between the eddy-covariance flux footprint and the area used for scaling sap flux measurements, were discussed. Ecosystem evapotranspiration as well as canopy transpiration simulated with the two models captured the dynamics of the measurements well, but slightly underestimated eddy-covariance values. Profile measurements and models also gave us the chance to assess in-canopy profiles of canopy evapotranspiration and the contributions of in-canopy layers. For daytime and a coupled or partly coupled canopy, mean simulated profiles of both models agreed well with eddy-covariance measurements, with a similar performance of the ACASA and the STANDFLUX model. Both models underestimated profiles for nighttime and decoupled conditions. During daytime, the upper half of the canopy contributed approximately 80% to canopy evapotranspiration, whereas during nighttime the contribution shifted to lower parts of the canopy. 相似文献
2.
Haizhen Sun Terry L. Clark Roland B. Stull T. Andrew Black 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2006,140(1-4):338
Local-scale wind regimes over an idealized two-dimensional (2D) mountain having similar horizontal and vertical scales as Vancouver Island were investigated using a high-resolution mesoscale model. The model-generated flow outputs were then used as ersatz data to assess the impact of limiting assumptions in the eddy-covariance (EC) method as well as the effectiveness of tower flux data time-filtering for the main tower site of the Fluxnet-Canada British Columbia flux station. In this paper, we describe the simulated mesoscale and local-scale flow regimes, and in Part II we describe their use in assessing tower-data analyses of CO2 fluxes.The numerical model was enhanced to include parameterizations for: tree drag, radiation effects of forest canopies on the surface energy budget, and soil heat conduction. Simulations were performed both over an idealized bare hill and over a forested hill. The simulated flow involved interactions between the land/sea breeze, convective thermals, and mountain circulations under fair-weather conditions.The resulting simulated winds over the forested slope were much weaker than those over a bare slope. The nocturnal drainage flow over the forested slope was separated into sub-canopy and above-canopy regimes due to the temperature inversion at treetop. The strongest downslope flows occurred above the canopy with a minimum velocity occurring in the upper canopy where canopy drag is the strongest. The overturning of large convective eddies during daytime resulted in intermittent downslope flows under the canopy during the day. Wind regimes had a rapid shift from upslope to downslope flow above the canopy just after sunset. Further testing will be made using 3D simulations with higher resolution. 相似文献
3.
We have compared the contributions of unit source fluxes over a clearcut area in a forest and over the contiguous forested area to the eddy-covariance (EC) flux of CO2 measured at a tall tower standing in the center of the clearcut under daytime convective conditions. Based on the comparison, the clearcut influence on EC flux measurements is evaluated from the footprint (or source area) perspective. The large-eddy simulation (LES) technique is used to simulate the bottom-up dispersion of two conservative and passive tracers that are released from the clearcut and from the forested area, respectively. Time series of LES-generated vertical velocity and mixing ratios of both tracers at all the levels are recorded every model time step at the tower location during the last hour of each LES run; this somewhat mimics real EC flux measurements at the tower. The contribution of the unit surface flux over the clearcut relative to that over the forested area decreases with increasing measurement height, decreasing convective boundary layer depth, increasing atmospheric stability, and decreasing size of the clearcut. These results are fitted to an empirical relation and used to evaluate flux measurements at the 447-m tall tower in Wisconsin, USA. The contribution of the unit flux over the clearcut to the EC flux measured at the 30-m level of the tower is larger than 50% of that over the forested area under most unstable conditions, while smaller than 2.5% at the 396-m level. Existing analytical footprint models underestimate the clearcut influence because effects of clearcut-induced heterogeneity of the turbulent flow are not taken into account. 相似文献
4.
On concentration footprints for a tall tower in the presence of a nocturnal low-level jet 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper reports on the location of sources contributing to a point concentration measurement in the stable boundary layer. Concentration footprints for sensors located at different heights during the night are examined using a backward-in-time Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model. Simulations of air parcel transport in a non-steady-state atmospheric boundary layer above a bare surface and a forest under different insolation suggest that sources located as far as several hundred kms away contribute to a concentration measurement made at levels as high as 500 m. The origin of the maximal contribution area shifts during the night depending on the wind direction at the sensor location, a feature most prominent in the presence of decoupling between sensor levels and surface sources. Simulations suggest that atmospheric static stability alone is not a sufficient criterion to trigger flow decoupling. The presence of the low-level jet provides vertical mixing of air parcels even for stable boundary layers with Richardson numbers higher than the critical. This finding is in agreement with earlier observations suggesting that the level of the low-level jet nose acts as a strong lid prohibiting vertical gas propagation. These findings have important implications in the interpretation of eddy-flux measurements in nocturnal conditions. 相似文献
5.
于2018年4月至2019年3月在长沙地区典型樟树林收集降水、穿透水和相应的冠层信息,分析穿透水量的空间变异及穿透水稳定同位素的特征,旨在揭示林冠层水文过程,为林地水文生态系统的科学管理提供参考。结果表明:樟树林下总穿透水量为340.1 mm,占林外总降水量的71.2%;受观测点距树干距离和冠层叶面积指数等因素的综合影响,穿透水量具有较大的空间变异,且在时间变化上相对稳定。分析表明,研究区穿透水量的空间变异系数随降水量增加而减小,体现了降水特征对穿透水空间变异的重要影响;相对穿透水量而言,穿透水稳定同位素组成受冠层结构和大气条件的影响较小,其空间变异较小,在时间变化上不稳定;大部分降水事件中穿透水稳定同位素较降水稳定同位素富集,但其平均值之间不具有显著性差异,说明穿透水在形成过程中经历了较弱的蒸发作用;穿透水与降水中稳定同位素和过量氘的偏离还暗示了冠层具有选择性穿透效应。 相似文献
6.
长三角地区毛竹林冠截留的影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探究毛竹林林冠截留与其影响因素之间的关系,于2012年4月至2013年3月,定位观测了毛竹林的林冠截留特征以及相关影响因子数据。结果表明,研究期内,长三角地区毛竹林的穿透雨率、树干茎流率和林冠截留率,分别占同期降雨总量的60.6%,6.7%和32.7%;林冠枝叶部分与树干部分的持水能力分别为0.82和0.1mm;引入叶面积指数作为林冠特征并与林冠截留进行分析,结果发现各月林冠截留总量随月平均叶面积指数的增加呈一定程度上增大的趋势,月平均林冠截留率随各月平均叶面积指数的增大而减小;各气象因子与毛竹林的林冠截留量的灰色关联度大小顺序为:降雨强度降雨量风速空气温度风向空气湿度,各气象因子与毛竹林的林冠截留率的灰色关联度大小顺序依次为:空气温度风向降雨量风速降雨强度空气湿度。 相似文献
7.
Haizhen Sun Terry L. Clark Roland B. Stull T. Andrew Black 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2006,140(1-4):352
We apply a high-resolution atmospheric model to assess the influence of mesoscale advection of CO2 on the estimation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using eddy-covariance CO2 flux measurements at a Fluxnet-Canada forest site located on sloping terrain on Vancouver Island, Canada. The numerical simulation is performed for fair-weather conditions over an idealized two-dimensional mountain bounded by water. The model is enhanced to include a CO2 budget with a treatment of canopy photosynthesis and soil respiration.The simulation captures the transport of CO2 by nocturnal drainage flows and weak land breezes. The resulting vertical profiles and time evolution of CO2 concentration show a significant variation near the ground, associated with stability changes in the atmospheric boundary layer. The simulated vertical CO2 gradients are found to be large around sunset and sunrise. The decrease of CO2 concentration over land after midnight and the CO2 accumulation over the neighboring water surface indicate CO2 advection.A CO2 budget analysis of the numerical-model output shows that the mean horizontal and vertical advection have significant fluctuations and opposite signs during daytime, with the net result that they largely counteract each other. At night, mean advection results in the underestimation by 20% of the nocturnal respiration. The estimated NEE at night is dominated by sub-grid-scale vertical flux in this simulation. Further evaluation using 3D simulations with higher resolution is needed to see if our results hold where vertical fluxes are much better resolved. 相似文献
8.
Shibata Hideaki Kirikae Machiko Tanaka Yumiko Sakuma Toshio Hatano Ryusuke 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,105(1-2):63-72
The proton budgets of deciduous and coniferous forest ecosystems on volcanogenous regosols in Hokkaido, northern Japan, were studied by measuring the biogeochemical fluxes (atmospheric deposition, canopy leaching, vegetation uptake and leaching from soil) at each site during a three year period. The proton budgets were developed for individual compartments of the ecosystem: vegetation canopy, organic and mineral soil layers. At both sites, atmospheric S deposition was the dominant proton source in the vegetation canopy. In organic horizons, dissociation of weak acids (bicarbonate and/or organic acids) and vegetation uptake of base cations were the dominant proton sources, and the net mineralization of base cations was the dominant proton sink. Atmospheric acid deposition was almost neutralized in the forest canopy and organic horizon. At both sites, weathering and/or ion exchange of base cations and protonation of weak acids (mainly bicarbonate) were the dominant proton sinks in the mineral soil. In both organic and mineral soil, internal proton sources (mainly vegetation uptake of base cations and dissociation of weak acids) exceeded external proton sources, indicating that acid deposition was not the main driving force of soil acidification in the studied forest ecosystems. 相似文献
9.
单旋翼电动无人直升机辅助授粉作业参数优选 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
不同类型的农用无人直升机的结构不同,旋翼所产生气流到达作物冠层后形成的风场也有较大差异,对应的风速、风向和风场宽度等参数对花粉的运送效果直接影响到授粉的效果(母本结实率)、作业效率及经济效益。该文采用单轴单旋翼电动无人直升机,根据正交试验设计法设计了3因素(飞行高度、飞行速度和飞机及负载质量)3水平的正交试验,通过考察平行于飞行方向(X向)、垂直于飞行方向(Y向)、垂直地面(Z向)3个方向上的峰值风速(X、Y向越大越好,Z向越小越好)、Y向风场宽度(越宽越好)、动力电池的压降(放电越慢越好)3个指标,对单旋翼电动无人直升机用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数进行优选,试验结果分析表明:SCAU-2型单轴单旋翼电动无人机在峰值风速1 m/s时对应的水稻冠层有效风场最宽可达8.1 m,最窄为4.9 m,该机型在所设计的试验条件下基本能满足传播花粉的需求;该机型在水稻冠层所形成风场的峰值风速主要受飞机的飞行速度、飞机及负载质量、飞行高度影响,且随着飞行速度的降低、飞机及负载质量的增加、飞行高度的降低,其峰值风速有逐步增大的趋势。结合有效风场宽度及电池电量消耗程度来考量,3种主要因素的主次排序及其较优水平依次为飞行速度1.56 m/s、飞机及负载质量14.05 kg和飞行高度1.93 m。该结果可为其他单轴单旋翼电动无人直升机用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数设置提供参考,而且也可为制定基于农用无人直升机的水稻制种辅助授粉作业技术规范提供依据。 相似文献
10.
以甘肃民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带涡动相关仪（EC）和大孔径闪烁仪（LAS）的同步观测数据为基础,借助通量足迹模型,分析生长季和非生长季通量源区的分布与变化特征,比较了源区在不同风向下,足迹权重比的变化对二者观测值之间差异的影响。结果表明：（1）研究区在非生长季盛行西北风,在生长季则盛行东风,EC和LAS源区的空间分布与盛行风向一致,二者在非生长季源区的面积均大于生长季。（2）大气稳定条件下EC和LAS的源区面积普遍大于不稳定条件下。随着源区贡献率的增加（由50%增至90%）,EC和LAS源区的重叠面积和足迹权重比也增加,并且非生长季的源区重叠程度优于生长季。在生长季和非生长季,EC和LAS源区都呈现不规则分布的特点。（3）相比于东西风向,生长季南北风向下的足迹权重比更高,二者所观测显热通量值更为接近,决定系数（R2）也更高。说明源区的足迹权重比在一定程度上可以解释EC和LAS在观测结果上的差异,这为地表通量的尺度扩展提供了方法学上的参考。 相似文献
11.
为探索影响林冠截留量各因素的主次关系,利用灰色系统理论,对重庆市缙云山不同类型天然林地内影响林冠截留量的因素进行了灰关联分析。不同植被类型的林冠截留能力大小依次为:针阔混交林>阔叶林>毛竹林。对于毛竹林,各因素对林冠截留量影响的大小顺序依次为:降雨强度>降雨量>气温>风速>空气湿度;对于针阔混交林,各因素影响大小依次是:降雨量>气温>风速>空气湿度>降雨强度;对于阔叶林,各因素影响大小依次是:降雨强度>降雨量>气温=风速>空气湿度。影响毛竹林、针阔混交林和阔叶林林冠截留量的主要是降雨过程,蒸散过程对针阔混交林林冠截留量起着重要作用。 相似文献
12.
Fate of spinosad in litter and soils of a mixed conifer stand in the Acadian forest region of New Brunswick 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Thompson DG Harris BJ Lanteigne LJ Buscarini TM Chartrand DT 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(4):790-795
Spinosad is a natural insecticide, produced via fermentation culture of the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa, with potential use against a number of forest pests including spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem]). Persistence of spinosad was determined in terrestrial fate experiments conducted within a semimature stand of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.]) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L]) in the Acadian forest region of New Brunswick, Canada. Results of experiments established under full coniferous canopy and in a canopy opening indicated that spinosad dissipated rapidly following hyperbolic kinetics in both litter and soils and was not susceptible to leaching. Time to 50% dissipation estimates for spinosyn A ranged from 2.0 to 12.4 days depending upon matrix and experimental conditions. Spinosyn D dissipated to levels below quantitation limits (0.02 microg/g of dry mass) within 7 days in all cases. Sporadic low-level detection of the demethylated metabolites suggested that parent compounds were degraded in situ. 相似文献
13.
Sulphur (S) gas emissions from the West Whitecourt Gas Plant were shown to have δ34S value near +22%. while the δ34S value for pre-industrial soil and ground water was found to be near 0‰ This isotopic ‘leverage’ provided a means of assessing the fate of S-gas emissions and the movement of S-compounds among the four main compartments of the forest ecosystem: air, vegetation, soil, and water. Several high volume sampling techniques were used to relate the δ34S values of atmospheric S-compounds to wind direction at the intensive experimental site 1.5 km cast of the gas plant. These techniques included field testing of a wind directionally controlled high volume sampling array. Winds from the direction of the gas plant carried particulates and SO2 which were considerably more enriched in δ34S than for other wind directions. The stable S isotopic compositions of lodgepole × jack pine needles at sampling locations around the S-gas emission source were consistent with the wind rose summary for the area. Height dependences were found for the δ34S values of atmospheric particulates and for pine foliage. Needles in the upper canopy frequently had δ34S values 5 to 10‰ higher than S-gas emission from the gas plant, thereby suggesting an isotopically selective metabolic process. δ34S values of total S-compounds in surface waters increased with increasing organic S content, approaching a limit near +22‰, suggesting that both parameters were mutually influenced by the input of S-gas emissions to the forest ecosystem. Limited soil profile δ34S data indicated that S of industrial origin penetrated the soil to at least 1 m depth in exposed, dry areas lacking biological cover while in a light forest cover, penetration to 60 cm had not yet occurred. Stable S isotopes were found to be a practical environmental tracer of industrial S in the forest ecosystem in Alberta. 相似文献
14.
油松作为我国北方地区典型的森林植被类型,研究辐射能量在其冠层中的分配、收支及传输,是构建森林冠层辐射传输模型和生态过程模型的理论基础,对阐明森林植被群落中能量流动和物质循环机理具有重要意义。基于贺兰山生态站油松林通量塔定位观测获取的上、下行长短波辐射、光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)以及气象数据,分析2021年4—9月不同天气和季节条件下油松林冠层的辐射能量截获及传输特征。结果表明：(1)晴天条件下太阳总辐射的日变化表现为光滑的“单峰”曲线,但多云条件下则呈现不规则的“多峰”曲线,且减弱48.3%的太阳总辐射能量到达冠层顶部。(2)太阳总辐射以下行短波辐射为主,晴天的上行短波辐射日变化虽也呈“单峰”形态,但仅占下行短波辐射的8.1%,上行和下行长波辐射随昼夜交替略有波动。(3)太阳短波辐射的季节动态特征表明,上行和下行短波辐射在6月最高,而上行和下行长波辐射在7月最高。(4)在冠层上方(25 m处)呈规则“单峰”形态的PAR日动态曲线,经过冠层截获和传输作用后,在冠层下方(7 m处)变为不规则曲线;PAR的透过率为32.2... 相似文献
15.
Takuya Kubo Tsuyoshi Kobayashi Kyoko Kato Seiichi Nishimura Shigeru Uemura Kiyomi Ono Akihiro Sumida Toshihiko Hara 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2008,148(8-9):1293-1304
In order to more accurately evaluate the functional activity of forest stands by canopy production and evapotranspiration, we improved the methods for field measurements and statistical modeling to estimate foliage configuration (spatial distribution of leaves) while simultaneously reconstructing the three-dimensional photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) distribution (PPFD pattern) in a forest canopy. By using a sensor (photodiode) array, a PPFD pattern was observed in summer 2002 under the canopy in an even-aged, pure stand of Japanese mountain birch Betula ermanii Cham. (17-years old) in Hokkaido, northern Japan. A Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling technique is developed such that a set of foliage configurations generated by the model referred to as the Gibbs foliage canopy (GFC) approximates the field-measured PPFD pattern. The posterior distribution of the foliage configurations is generated by the parallel tempering MCMC of eight independent series of foliage configurations. The GFC model generated the posterior distribution of the LAI estimates (mean 4.56) that appeared to be appropriate in comparison to other LAI estimates of the B. ermanii stand based on the indirect and nondestructive methods by LAI-2000 (LAI = 3.43) and litterfall traps (LAI = 5.56) because they could be under- and overestimated, respectively. Our evaluations of the canopy production and evapotranspiration rates suggest that the relationship between LAI and canopy functions was not very simple because it depended on the nonlinear functional forms of the leaf responses of photosynthesis and transpiration to PPFD. The current study demonstrates an application of MCMC techniques that can generate a set of possible structures of unobserved/unobservable objects based on the high-resolution dataset obtained by some indirect (or remote-sensing) methods. 相似文献
16.
Estimates of roughness length and zero plane displacement for a foliated and non-foliated oak canopy
《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1986,36(3):241-248
Measurements of wind speed were made above the canopy of an oak forest in foliated and non-foliated conditions. Zero plane displacement height was estimated at 7.2 and 5.5 m, while roughness length was estimated at 1.0 and 0.9 m, for foliated and nonfoliated conditions respectively. Mean tree height was 9.6 m. The effect of both parameters on evaporation of intercepted rainfall is evaluated. 相似文献
17.
A program of atmospheric measurements was carried out in support of the West Whitecourt case study in the summers of 1975 and 1976. Measurements in and around an isolated stand of mature lodgepole × Jack pine trees included temperature, moisture, and wind measurements at a climatological station outside the stand and at several levels on a 30 m radio mast tower within the stand. Sulphur dioxide concentrations were also measured on the tower. A number of short-term, intensive measurements were made to document the meteorological and SO2 environments in more detail, with special attention given to the transport of S gas from the source to the sink. The major source of SO2 at the intensive experimental site was very likely the flare stacks at the gas processing plant. Sulphur dioxide events at the study site were typically daytime, low concentration bursts of a few minutes in duration which occurred with westerly winds under fair weather conditions. Air impinging on the stand tended to flow around the edges of the stand, over the canopy, and into the trunk space. This aerodynamic effect, together with the uptake of SO2 by the vegetation, caused a minimum in SO2 concentration in the crown of the forest. 相似文献
18.
复杂地形条件下涡度相关法通量测定修正方法分析 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
复杂地形条件下涡度相关法通量观测修正方法以及夜间净生态系统CO2交换通量（NEE）质量评价方法，是世界范围内通量观测研究中的重大技术问题。本文以鼎湖山南亚热带针阔叶混交林生态系统涡度相关法碳通量观测数据，探讨典型订正方法对CO2通量估算的影响。主要结论有：1）基于流线坐标系统的二次坐标旋转（DR）、三次坐标旋转（TR）和平面拟合坐标旋转（PF），均使得CO2通量（Fc）绝对值趋于变小，变化幅度依次为：DR〈PF〈TR。坐标转换对Fc影响程度白天小于夜间，冬季小于夏季，冠层上方小于冠层下方。2）冠层下方和冠层上方CO2通量合适的u^＊订正阈值分别为0．05、0．2ms^-1。3）对于涡度相关通量观测中普遍存在的夜间CO2涡度通量偏低问题，WPL订正没有帮助，坐标转换甚至起到反作用，冠层储存项订正在一定程度上减少夜间偏低程度，但效果不显著；u^＊订正可以明显减少夜间偏低幅度，但估算结果与箱式法相比依然偏低。夜间涡度通量观测数据最好能结合箱式法观测结果讲行校诈． 相似文献
19.
为明确风水交错侵蚀中风力和水力侵蚀的相互影响,针对风向和径流方向相反(迎风坡)的交错侵蚀,采用人工模拟降雨与风洞试验研究前期风蚀对后继水蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)受前期风蚀影响,后继水蚀产流时间均较仅水蚀提前,径流强度较仅水蚀增大。(2)前期风蚀加剧后继水蚀却未改变其变化趋势。无论是否有前期风蚀影响,后继水蚀速率随降雨历时增加均逐渐增大而后趋于平稳;但当前期风蚀的风速较大时(12,15 m/s),后继水蚀速率较仅水蚀增大最显著,其侵蚀速率高达仅水蚀速率的4.6倍。(3)受前期风蚀影响,水蚀对风水交错总侵蚀的贡献高于仅水蚀在仅水蚀与仅风蚀侵蚀量之和的比例。前期风蚀对后继水蚀起明显的促进作用。但随风蚀风速增大,水蚀对交错侵蚀的贡献从93%逐渐减小到0.5%。未来的研究中应考虑多次营力叠加和地形(迎风坡-背风坡)对交错侵蚀过程的影响,从而为理清风蚀和水蚀间复杂的交互作用奠定基础。 相似文献
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圆形多轴多旋翼电动无人机辅助授粉作业参数优选 总被引：11，自引：8，他引：3
圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机与单轴单旋翼无人直升机相比,结构上有很大差异,因而其旋翼所产生气流到达作物冠层后形成的风场参数亦有所不同。该文采用3种圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机,根据正交试验设计法设计了3因素(飞行高度、飞行速度以及飞机与负载质量)3水平的正交试验,通过考察平行于飞行方向(X)、垂直于飞行方向(Y)、垂直地面(Z)3个方向上的峰值风速、Y向风场宽度(越宽越好)、动力电池的压降(放电越慢越好)3个指标,对该机型用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数进行优选,试验结果分析表明:圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机在水稻冠层形成的X向风场宽度明显大于Y向的风场宽度;有别于单旋翼无人直升机,圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机X向风场只有1个峰值风速中心,Y向风场存在2个峰值风速中心,这一现象主要由飞行器多个旋翼的侧向气流叠加形成,相互之间存在干扰,而且也影响了Y向风场的有效宽度。在实际应用中,对于能实现GPS自主导航飞行的机型,应根据作业的便利程度尽量利用X向的风力,更有益于辅助授粉作业;而对于未采用GPS自主导航飞行的机型,为便于飞控手对飞机位置的判断与姿态操控而必须沿父本行方向进行飞行作业时(即利用Y向风力),应充分考虑垂直于飞行方向风场宽度较窄的实际情况,通过降低作业效率来弥补。圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机在水稻冠层所形成风场的峰值风速主要受飞机的飞行速度、飞机与负载质量、飞行高度影响。结合有效风场宽度及电池电量消耗程度来考量,3种主要因素的主次排序及其较优水平依次为飞行速度1.30 m/s、飞机与负载质量18.85 kg和飞行高度2.40 m。该结果可为其他圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数设置提供参考,而且也可为制定基于农用无人直升机的水稻制种辅助授粉作业技术规范提供依据。 相似文献