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1.
为了提高氮肥的利用效率，降低氮肥造成的环境污染，探索氮肥增效剂在陇中旱作丘陵区的适应性，在陇中丘陵区旱作农业条件下，设常规施肥、尿素氮减量20%添加NBPT、尿素氮减量20%添加DMPP、尿素氮减量20%、不施氮肥5个处理，研究增效剂NBPT 和DMPP对陇中半干旱区马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，常规施肥马铃薯产量均高于尿素氮减量20%的处理，处理间差异不显著，但与不施氮肥差异显著。其中尿素氮减量20%的处理中，以添加DMPP处理产量最高，为13 000 kg/hm2，较不施氮肥处理增产17.72%；其次是添加NBPT处理，较不施氮肥处理增产13.41%；氮减量20%，且不添加DMPP和NBPT处理排名第3，较不施氮肥处理增产12.59%；另外，尿素氮减量20%添加DMPP处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、水分利用效率和降水利用效率较相同施氮量处理均有一定幅度的提升。因此，DMPP在陇中旱作马铃薯田使用对其产量和水分利用效率具有一定的提升作用。 相似文献
2.
不同品种滴灌棉花水氮效应差异性比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究选取当地两个主栽棉花品种,通过不同水、氮用量研究棉花品种间在产量、氮肥吸收利用和水分利用效率的差异性。结果表明:标杂A1品种总体表现要优于新路早33号,干物质积累和籽棉产量上在低水条件下(3 600m3/hm2)品种间差异不显著,中、高水处理下(4 500m3/hm2,5 400m3/hm2)品种间差异均达到显著水平;两个施氮水平下(240kg/hm2,320kg/hm2)品种间总吸氮量和氮肥利用效率差异均显著;低水处理下两个施氮水平品种间水分利用效率差异不显著,中水处理下品种间水分利用效率差异显著,高水低氮处理水分利用效率在两个品种间差异不显著,但在高水高氮施用量条件下差异表现显著。 相似文献
3.
不同氮肥管理对吉林春玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响 总被引：30，自引：7，他引：23
针对吉林春玉米氮肥施用中存在氮肥用量偏大,且具盲目性的现状,采用田间试验研究农民习惯施氮量和推荐施氮量下氮肥不同施用方式对春玉米干物质积累、子粒产量、氮素吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明,推荐施氮量下,苗期和灌浆期春玉米干物质积累量显著高于习惯施肥,有机无机配合提高了春玉米干物质积累速率。施氮处理与不施氮相比均显著增加玉米子粒产量,增产11.2%～16.8%; 推荐施氮量下玉米子粒产量与习惯施氮量相当,但显著提高氮素的偏因子生产力和农学效率。在氮磷钾用量一致的基础上,用30%有机肥氮替代化肥氮与100%化肥氮处理的产量相当,对氮素利用效率也没有影响,并降低收获期土壤无机氮含量。说明合理施用氮肥不但能够维持玉米产量,还可减少氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用效率;有机肥部分替代化肥氮是吉林春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。 相似文献
4.
探究小麦蚕豆间作体系下的小麦最适氮肥施用量,建立作物产量和氮肥利用效率协同提高的间作体系氮肥管理策略。通过2年的田间定位试验,在N 0、90、180、270 kg/hm2 4个小麦施氮水平下,研究了小麦蚕豆间作体系的产量效应、氮肥利用效率、兼顾产量与氮肥利用效率的小麦最适施氮量和推荐阈值,探讨了间作提高小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的关键土壤因子效应。结果表明,在4个施氮水平下,与单作小麦相比,间作小麦产量平均增加22.12%,产量可持续性指数平均增加3.68%,土地当量比平均为1.13,氮肥表观利用率平均增加18.44%,氮肥农学利用率平均增加9.64%,氮肥偏生产力平均增加21.14%。回归分析结果表明,小麦间作最高产量施氮量较单作平均减少3.28%,增产18.76%。以小麦相对产量的85%～90%作为氮肥施用量的推荐范围,小麦单作氮肥推荐阈值为101～128 kg/hm2,间作小麦氮肥推荐阈值为90～117 kg/hm2,小麦间作较单作施氮量减少9.40%～12.22%,小麦产量增加18.20%。综合小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的关系,单作小麦最适施氮量为133 kg/hm2,间作小麦最适施氮量为106 kg/hm2时可兼顾提高小麦产量和氮肥利用效率,保证小麦增产及氮肥减施增效。结构方程分析表明小麦间作中硝态氮是提高氮肥利用效率的关键土壤因子。 相似文献
5.
采用田间小区试验,监测夏玉米不同生长期土壤水分和硝态氮剖面含量变化,研究不同施氮量对其时空变化及籽粒产量、水肥利用效率的影响,探讨氮肥对水肥资源高效利用的调节作用。结果表明：不同施氮处理,土壤剖面水分和硝态氮随土壤深度的变化趋势基本一致,即表层50 cm土壤水分和硝态氮含量较高且呈降低态,50-110 cm相对较低且波动较小,灌浆期二者均达到最低值;各生长期表层50 cm土壤含水量呈不施氮处理均高于施氮处理,50-110 cm土层则相反;施氮能提高土壤硝态氮含量,土壤硝态氮运移受土壤水分状况和含量的影响,含量越高,向下移动越深;施氮能显著提高水分利用效率及籽粒产量,增产效果明显（增产28.52%-37.86%）,二者均以施氮240 kg/hm^2处理最高;随施氮量的增加籽粒产量及籽粒吸氮量和水分利用效率增幅均表现为先升高后降低之趋势,当施氮量超过240 kg/hm^2后,籽粒产量和水分利用效率提高并不显著;不施氮与施氮处理氮素生产力、氮肥利用率之间均存在极显著差异。在本试验条件下,从控制土壤硝态氮积累及取得较高的产量和氮素利用率综合考虑,夏玉米的适宜施氮量范围应控制在120-240 kg/hm^2较好。 相似文献
6.
通过田间小区随机区组试验研究不同施氮水平再生水灌溉对设施番茄土壤供氮能力和产量的影响,对不同施氮处理再生水灌溉设施番茄关键生育阶段根际、非根际土壤矿质氮和全氮含量、番茄生物量和产量、氮肥利用效率、表观氮素损失量进行对比分析。结果表明:再生水灌溉氮肥减施20%处理和氮肥减施30%处理,番茄关键生育期根际土壤矿质氮含量保持在40mg/kg以上,根际与非根际土壤矿质氮含量差异介于10.47%～12.63%之间,促进了非根际土壤矿质营养向根际土壤迁移;再生水灌溉氮肥减施20%处理和氮肥减施30%处理氮肥利用效率和产量均显著高于常规施氮处理,而土壤供氮能力与常规施氮处理差异不大。因此,再生水灌溉条件下,施氮水平控制在189～216kg/hm2之间,可有效削减0-30cm根层土壤表观氮素损失,提高根际土壤供氮能力,显著提高番茄关键生育阶段氮肥利用效率和番茄产量。 相似文献
7.
减施氮肥和增氧灌溉对水稻氮代谢关键酶活性及氮素利用的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
该研究旨在分析减施氮肥和增氧灌溉对水稻氮代谢关键酶活性及氮素利用的影响。2020年以中旱221（旱稻）、中浙优8号（水稻）和IR45765-3B（深水稻）共3个品种为材料,设常规淹水灌溉（Conventional Flood Irrigation, WL）、微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉（Micro-nano Bubble Water Oxygenation Irrigation, MBWI）2个灌溉模式和常规施氮（195.0 kg/hm2）、减施氮肥（157.5 kg/hm2）2个氮水平,研究了减施氮肥和增氧灌溉对水稻关键生育时期氮代谢相关酶活性、植株含氮量、氮素积累量以及产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与常规施氮处理相比,减施氮肥降低了氮代谢酶活性,而增氧灌溉有助于提高硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸合酶、谷丙转氨酶活性。增氧灌溉和氮肥一定程度上有助于水稻氮素积累,增氧灌溉下减施氮肥处理比淹水灌溉常规施氮量的当季氮肥利用率分别提高15.6%、36.2%、21.5%（P<0.05）。增氧灌溉和增施氮肥显著增加水稻产量,中旱221增氧灌溉下减施氮肥比淹水灌溉常规施氮量处理增产3.5%（P<0.05）,而中浙优8号和IR45765-3B增氧灌溉下减施氮肥与淹水灌溉常规施氮量差异不显著（P>0.05）。相关分析表明,氮代谢酶活性与同时期叶片含氮量及氮素积累量大多呈显著或极显著的正相关。可见,增氧灌溉可以显著提高水稻氮素代谢相关酶活性,从而显著提高水稻氮素积累量、产量和当季氮肥利用效率,水稻氮肥减施条件下采用增氧灌溉有助于水稻维持较高氮肥吸收和利用效率,而谷氨酰胺合成酶活性可以用于预测水稻各时期氮素积累量。研究结果可为水稻氮肥减施和提高水稻氮肥利用效率提供理论和技术支持。 相似文献
8.
采用田间试验研究了施肥对9个水稻品种的产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用率的影响,并比较了不同品种水稻对肥料的响应差异,以期为水稻的科学施肥提供依据。结果表明,不施肥处理(CK)9个水稻品种产量变幅为5 312~7 473 kg/hm2,平均为6 444 kg/hm2,变异系数为13.3%。NPK处理显著提高了各品种产量,与CK相比,增产量分别为3 240~5 578 kg/hm2,平均增产量4 262 kg/hm2;增产率分别为47.2%~91.3%,平均增产率66.1%。试验条件下,施氮可显著提高各品种产量和氮素吸收量,与不施氮处理(PK)相比增产39.6%~90.9%,氮素吸收量增加59.4%~157.8%;磷、钾肥对水稻的产量无显著影响。不同水稻品种的氮肥利用率也存在较大差异,变幅为23.2%~53.8%。 相似文献
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10.
为探究江汉平原地区中低产田小麦种植的最适施氮量,以适宜长江中下游流域种植的小麦品种郑麦9023与扬麦23为材料,设置0、135、180和225 kg·hm-24个纯氮施用量,研究施氮量对小麦籽粒产量及产量构成、氮素利用效率以及部分农艺性状的影响。结果表明,当施氮量在0～225 kg·hm-2范围内时,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐降低,而小麦的旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)值、有效穗数、穗粒数和生物量逐渐增加,同时籽粒产量在施氮量为225 kg·hm-2时最高,但与180 kg·hm-2施氮量处理并无显著差异。在0～180 kg·hm-2施氮量范围内,氮肥的增施可显著增加植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量和收获指数。在180 kg·hm-2施氮量处理的基础上继续增施氮肥至225 kg·hm-2,并未显著增加小麦各生育时期植株干物质积累量。在不同施氮量处理下,扬麦23较郑麦9023平均增产19.8%,且有效穗粒数较多、穗... 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献