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禽类下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的内分泌调节 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
动物生殖系统的发育和功能维持受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺（HPG）轴的调控。下丘脑、垂体、性腺在中枢神经的调控下形成一个封闭的自动反馈系统，三者相互协调、相互制约使动物的生殖内分泌系统保持相对稳定。下丘脑接受经中枢神经系统分析与整合后的各种信息，以间歇性脉冲形式分泌促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH），刺激垂体前叶分泌促性腺激素（GTH），即卵泡刺激素（FSH）和黄体生成素（LH），然后促进睾丸或卵巢的发育并分泌睾酮或雌二醇。性腺、垂体、下丘脑释放的调控因子又可以作用于上级中枢或其自身，形成长轴、短轴和超短轴反馈调节通路。 相似文献
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旨在研究促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)在妊娠期黄牛下丘脑—垂体—卵巢轴中的表达,探索其与妊娠的关系。运用免疫组化ABC法和图像分析软件Image-ProPlus6.0对妊娠期黄牛下丘脑、垂体和卵巢组织中GnRH的表达情况进行研究。结果表明:(1)在下丘脑中,GnRH阳性神经元主要分布于下丘脑前核(AH)、乳头体内侧核(MMN)、腹内侧核(VMN)、弓状核(ARC)及室旁核(PVN),其中AH和MMN阳性产物分布面积(S)和累计光密度(IOD)值均较大(SAHSMMNSVMNSARCSPVN和IODAHIODMMNIODVMNIODARCIODPVN;P0.001);(2)在腺垂体中,存在大量GnRH阳性细胞,而神经垂体中仅有GnRH阳性纤维;(3)在卵巢中,GnRH阳性产物分布在妊娠黄体、卵泡颗粒细胞及间质中。结果提示,在下丘脑各核团中,AH和MMN的GnRH可能对维持黄牛妊娠起主导作用,而垂体和卵巢中GnRH可能是通过自分泌和旁分泌方式与相关激素协同作用来维持妊娠黄牛的激素平衡及内环境稳态等。 相似文献
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褪黑素(MLT)是松果体分泌的一种神经内分泌激素,具有参与免疫反应、调节生命活动的节律性等多种生物学功能,并与生殖内分泌息息相关。目前对于褪黑素的研究主要集中在人类的癌症和植物等方面,而关于动物生殖内分泌的研究较少,深度较浅。研究表明,褪黑素可以调控动物下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴生殖相关激素的内分泌作用,抑制或促进促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、性腺激素的分泌。而在不同物种间,褪黑素作用效果却不同。论文综述了褪黑素对促性腺激素释放激素、促卵泡素、促黄体素、性腺激素以及其他与生殖相关激素的调控,为褪黑素调控动物生殖内分泌的的研究提供参考,以期对褪黑素在动物生殖调控中的作用更深入了解。 相似文献
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Kisspeptin是由KISS1基因编码的一种神经肽。Kisspeptin与其受体是GnRH神经元上游的关键调节因子,通过调控GnRH释放刺激垂体促性腺激素的分泌。Kisspeptin在哺乳动物下丘脑、垂体和性腺等器官组织中表达,参与下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴功能调控,在哺乳动物生殖过程中发挥重要作用。文章主要从下丘脑、垂体和性腺三个方面阐述Kisspeptin对哺乳动物生殖功能的调控作用,并就Kisspeptin在动物初情期启动、季节性繁殖和繁殖性能上的研究进行分析总结,以期为Kisspeptin在动物繁殖领域的研究和应用提供参考依据。 相似文献
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下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统作为人体内三大内分泌系统之一,通过对生殖激素的分泌调节,在动物机体的生育繁殖过程中具有极其重要的作用。但是随着人们对各种疾病发生机制的了解,发现下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统对生殖激素调节异常也会导致许多非生殖方面疾病的发生。相应的一些其他疾病也会通过影响下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统,导致生殖激素分泌异常,造成生殖方面的障碍。因此对于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统的研究越来越显得重要。 相似文献
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促性腺激素释放激素及其类似物在母猪繁殖中应用的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH))是下丘脑分泌的生殖激素,主要通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴参与调控动物的生殖活动,也可直接作用于性腺或其他器官发挥重要功能。哺乳动物的GnRH具有相同的十肽结构,通过改变十肽结构中第六、九、十位氨基酸可合成不同的GnRH类似物。GnRH及其类似物可通过刺激促黄体素(LH)分泌、抑制雌激素受体二聚化及调节胚胎附植期相关蛋白质的合成来影响动物的繁殖性能。GnRH及其类似物已被证明可提高猪的繁殖力。在母猪生产中,GnRH类似物的应用仍存在受胎次影响、促进排卵但不能增加产仔数等问题。文章主要从GnRH的来源与功能、GnRH及其类似物的结构、GnRH受体(GnRHR)的结构与功能、GnRH及其类似物对母猪繁殖性能的影响,以及存在的问题与展望五方面介绍了GnRH及其类似物在母猪繁殖中的应用研究进展。 相似文献
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GnIH/GnRH对鸟类排卵的调控作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
鸟类卵泡的发育受下丘脑-垂体-性腺(Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal,HPG)轴调控,其中,下丘脑是调控各器官活动的中枢,促性腺激素抑制激素(Gonadotropin-inhibitoryhoromne,Gn IH)和促性腺激素释放激素(Gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)是下丘脑中分泌的两种神经肽,GnRH可以促进垂体中促性腺激素的释放,而Gn IH则起着与其相反的作用,GnIH/GnRH激素在鸟类的排卵调控中起着重要作用。文章对GnIH/GnRH激素的发现、分布、结构、受体以及调控等方面进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
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促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)神经元是控制生殖的主要神经元。下丘脑GnRH神经元的适时激活,兴奋性和抑制性信号跨突触传递的严格控制,决定了性腺发育和成年个体的繁殖能力。研究表明,神经胶质细胞是调控GnRH神经元的主要细胞,神经胶质细胞利用胞体和突起,通过多种细胞和分子机制调控GnRH神经元,包括分泌旁分泌因子调控GnRH神经元,通过黏合分子和具有重塑性的神经胶质细胞覆盖GnRH神经元来完成神经胶质细胞和GnRH神经元之间的接触依赖性通讯。论文对神经胶质细胞调控GnRH神经元活性和分泌的机制进行了综述,以期对神经胶质细胞在生殖调控中的作用有更深入的了解。 相似文献
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The hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis is the regulatory system for reproduction in mammals. Because secretion of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) into the portal vessels is the final step at which the brain controls gonadal activities, the GnRH neuronal system had been thought to be central to the HPG axis. A newly discovered neural peptide, kisspeptin, has opened a new era in reproductive neuroendocrinology. As shown in a variety of mammals, kisspeptin is a potent endogenous secretagogue of GnRH, and the kisspeptin neuronal system governs both the pulsatile GnRH secretion that drives folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, and the GnRH surge that triggers ovulation in females. The kisspeptin neuronal system is therefore considered a master player in the central control of mammalian reproduction, and kisspeptin and related substances could therefore be valuable for the development of novel strategies for the management of fertility in farm animals. To this end, the present review aimed to summarize the current research on kisspeptin signaling with a focus on domestic animals such as sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and horses. 相似文献
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隐花色素1(Cryptochrome 1,Cry1)基因作为生物钟调控环路的负调控因子,对生物节律的稳定发挥着重要作用,因此研究Cry1基因在哺乳动物生殖轴系的表达对揭示哺乳动物季节性繁殖的调控机理有着重要意义。本实验应用qPCR和免疫组织化学等方法研究了Cry1基因在雄性绵羊生殖轴系(松果体、下丘脑、垂体、睾丸和附睾)的分布和表达情况,并通过生物信息学分析对Cry1蛋白的结构做了预测。结果显示:在绵羊生殖轴系各组织中均有Cry1表达,其中在下丘脑中的表达最高,睾丸次之,各组数据间差异显著。免疫组化结果显示Cry1蛋白在松果体和下丘脑中成弥散性表达,胞膜、胞质及胞核均有阳性表达。在垂体上Cry1蛋白主要位于毛细血管的管壁细胞和血管周围的腺细胞上。Cry1蛋白还在睾丸组织的基膜和间质细胞,以及附睾管腔上皮细胞、管周肌样细胞和腔面精子上呈阳性表达。生物信息学分析发现Cry1蛋白无信号肽信息和跨膜结构,主要位于细胞质和细胞核中,与牛、鹿的亲缘关系最近。Cry1基因参与了绵羊的繁殖,为生物钟调控哺乳动物的季节性繁殖提供了一定的研究基础。 相似文献
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Increasing evidence suggests that orexins--hypothalamic neuropeptides--act as neurotransmitters or neuromediators in the brain, regulating autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. Orexins are closely associated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the preoptic area and alter luteinizing hormone (LH) release, suggesting that they regulate reproduction. Here, we investigated the distribution of orexin B (immunohistochemical technique) and the relationship between orexin B and GnRH containing fibres and neurons in the pig hypothalamus using double immunofluorescence and laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Orexin B immunoreactive neurons were mainly localized in the perifornical area (PeF), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), zona incerta (ZI) and the posterior hypothalamic area (PH), with a sparser distribution in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area. Immunoreactive fibres were distributed throughout the central nervous system. Approximately 30% GnRH neurons were in close contact with orexin B immunoreactive fibres, among these approximately 6% of GnRH neurons co-localized with orexin B perikarya in the region between the caudal preoptic area and the anterior hypothalamic area. Orexin B may regulate reproduction by altering LH release in the hypothalamus. 相似文献
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Nigel C. BENNETT 《Integrative zoology》2011,6(4):311-320
The Damaraland mole‐rat is a subterranean mammal exhibiting extreme reproductive skew with a single reproductive female in each colony responsible for procreation. Non‐reproductive female colony members are physiologically suppressed while in the colony, exhibiting reduced concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and a decreased response of the pituitary, as measured by the release of bioactive LH, to an exogenous dose of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH). Removal of the reproductive female from the colony results in an elevation of LH and an enhanced response of the pituitary to a GnRH challenge in non‐reproductive females comparable to reproductive females, implying control of reproduction in these individuals by the reproductive female. The Damaraland mole‐rat is an ideal model for investigating the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that regulate the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis. In contrast, we know less about the control of reproduction at the level of the hypothalamus. The immunohistochemistry of the GnRH system of both reproductive and non‐reproductive female Damaraland mole‐rats has revealed no significant differences with respect to morphology, distribution or numbers of immunoreactive GnRH perikarya. We examined whether the endogenous opioid peptide beta‐endorphin was responsible for the inhibition of the release of the GnRH from the neurons indirectly by measuring LH concentrations in these non‐reproductive females following single, hourly and 8 hourly injections of the opioid antagonist naloxone. The results imply that the endogenous opioid peptide, beta‐endorphin, is not responsible for the inhibition of GnRH release from the perikarya in non‐reproductive females. Preliminary data examining the circulating levels of cortisol also do not support a role for circulating glucocorticoids. The possible role of kisspeptin is discussed. 相似文献
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Fine tuning of the nervous system in response to intrinsic and extrinsic cues is necessary for successful reproductive behavior. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) was originally identified as a hypophysiotropic hormone that facilitates the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary. Although later studies reported their presence, the nonhypophysiotropic GnRH systems, which consist of two groups located in the terminal nerve (TN) and the midbrain tegmentum, respectively, has long been overshadowed by the hypophysiotropic GnRH system. By taking advantage of the teleost brains in which all three GnRH systems are well developed, the anatomical and electrophysiological properties of all three groups of GnRH neurons have been studied. However, despite our increasing endocrinological knowledge, we know very little about the manner of information flow by nonhypophysiotropic neuromodulatory GnRH neurons in the brain. In this article, we will review recent advances in the studies of nonhypophysiotropic GnRH neurons from cellular to behavioral levels. We will first discuss general features of the information processing by peptides and then introduce our recent approaches toward the understanding of the excitation-secretion coupling mechanism of single GnRH neuron using our newly developed primary culture system of isolated TN-GnRH3 neurons. We also introduce autocrine/paracrine regulation of TN-GnRH3 neurons by NPFF peptides for synchronization among them. In addition, we highlight recent advances in the neuromodulatory action of GnRH peptide on the information processing of sensory neuronal circuits and reproductive behavior. These multidisciplinary approaches will greatly advance our understanding of the complex action of GnRH peptides in relation to the brain control of reproduction. 相似文献
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鸡繁殖性能近交衰退是地方鸡遗传资源活体保种过程中面临的重要问题之一,本研究旨在探讨全基因组CpG岛（CpG island,CGI）区DNA甲基化在鸡繁殖性能近交衰退中的作用。分别从狼山鸡高近交组和低近交组中各选取健康母鸡3只,即试验分2个组,每组3个重复,然后采用全基因组重亚硫酸盐测序（WGBS）技术,检测分析两组个体性腺轴组织（包括卵巢和下丘脑）全基因组DNA甲基化差异,筛选差异甲基化区域（DMRs）,并对CpG岛区差异甲基化基因进行功能注释和富集分析。结果表明,狼山鸡高近交组和低近交组比较,其卵巢和下丘脑基因组整体甲基化水平均不存在显著差异（P>0.05）;高、低近交组间差异甲基化区域检测发现,下丘脑和卵巢中分别检测到5 948和4 593个差异甲基化区域,其中1 798和995个差异甲基化区域位于基因组CpG岛区,分别注释到1 020和552个基因;下丘脑中,这些CpG岛区差异甲基化基因显著富集在信号转导、神经系统发育、生殖系统发育和卵母细胞成熟调控等繁殖相关的GO条目,以及转化生长因子β信号通路、乙型肝炎、脂肪酸代谢、胰岛素信号通路等19条KEGG信号通路（P<0.05）;卵巢中,CpG岛区差异甲基化基因显著富集于12条信号通路（P<0.05）,包括慢性骨髓白血病、流感A、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、粘着连接等,一些与卵子发育和性激素分泌相关的信号通路也被富集到,如黄体酮介导的卵母细胞成熟、卵母细胞减数分裂、GnRH信号通路、雌激素信号通路等,其中包含CDC27、ADCY8、AKT3等10个差异甲基化基因。因此,本研究在狼山鸡高、低近交组间检测到了大量差异甲基化区域,并发现大量差异甲基化基因与繁殖性状相关,推测这些基因CpG岛区DNA甲基化可能在狼山鸡繁殖性能近交衰退调控中发挥重要作用,研究结果为进一步深入探索鸡繁殖性能近交衰退调控机制奠定了基础,为物种资源保护和家禽育种工作提供了理论参考依据。 相似文献
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《中国畜牧杂志》2020,(1)
进化过程中生物钟通过将合成代谢和分解代谢两种代谢过程进行时间上的分离,优化代谢效率;同时使动物机体的代谢循环与睡眠/活动循环同步,维持基本的代谢节律。哺乳动物的繁殖性能主要受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调控。下丘脑视交叉神经上核的主生物钟能够产生自发性振荡并且感受光周期的变化,引发褪黑素分泌的变化。褪黑素(MT)作为一种重要的节律调节因子和生殖激素,介导下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴各部分激素的节律性变化,进而调控哺乳动物繁殖性能。同时肠道菌群的变化作为一种繁殖障碍的反映逐渐引起人们的关注。本文将重点阐述昼夜节律对宿主能量代谢、繁殖性能以及肠道菌群之间的相互作用,主要包括中枢生物钟视交叉神经上核(SCN)通过褪黑素介导的下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴各部分激素的节律性变化,进而调控哺乳动物的繁殖节律。 相似文献
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The Central Effect of β‐Endorphin and Naloxone on The Biosynthesis of GnRH and GnRH Receptor (GnRHR) in The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary Unit of Follicular‐Phase Ewes 
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下载免费PDF全文 M Ciechanowska M Łapot K Mateusiak E Paruszewska T Malewski A Krawczyńska F Przekop 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2016,51(4):555-561
The effects of prolonged, intermittent infusion of β‐endorphin or naloxone into the third cerebral ventricle of follicular‐phase ewes on the expression of genes encoding GnRH and GnRHR in the hypothalamus and GnRHR in the anterior pituitary gland (AP) were examined by an enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay. Activation or blockade of μ‐opioid receptors significantly decreased or increased the GnRH concentration and GnRHR abundance in the hypothalamus, respectively, and affected in the same way GnRHR quantity in the AP gland. The changes in the levels of GnRH and GnRHR after treatment with β‐endorphin as well as following action of naloxone were reflected in fluctuations of plasma LH concentrations. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that β‐endorphinergic system in the hypothalamus of follicular‐phase ewes affects directly or via β‐endorphin‐sensitive interneurons GnRH and GnRHR biosynthesis leading to suppression in secretory activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis. 相似文献
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传统的手术去势技术正受到动物福利和规模化标准化畜牧生产需求的挑战,作为手术去势的优势替代方法,免疫去势能够很好地阻滞睾丸发育,控制性行为,避免手术带来的痛苦。免疫去势是采用免疫学方法破坏下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的激素平衡,通过降低促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、黄体生成素（LH）和卵泡刺激素（FSH）的水平,进而使性腺激素水平降低,最终抑制性腺功能,达到去势的目的。免疫去势分为激素免疫去势和基因免疫去势,其靶标经历了下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴自下而上的筛选,依次为睾酮、LH、FSH、GnRH、吻素-1（KISS-1）,其中位于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴上游的GnRH激素、GnRH和KISS-1基因3种靶标去势效果较好。免疫去势效果及机制的相关研究表明,免疫去势具有改善生产性能、安全和可逆的特点,但其可逆性机制还不清楚。去势导致肾上腺发挥代偿作用,但目前免疫去势的肾上腺代偿研究鲜见报道。文章首先介绍了几种靶标的免疫去势机制,其次对免疫去势的特点和应用进行了讨论,旨在为推动免疫去势技术在动物生产繁殖领域的应用提供理论依据。 相似文献