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1.
1960-2009年青海省极端降水事件的变化特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用1960-2009年青海省26个气象台站的降水资料,采用线性倾向估计法、反距离加权法、M—K突变检测等方法,研究了青海省50a来极端降水事件变化的空间分布以及时间变化特征。结果发现,近50a来,青海省极端降水天数、最大的1d和5d降水总量、中雨天数和逐年平均降水强度均表现为增加(强)趋势,只有极端降水天数通过了0.05的置信度检验;各极端降水指数变化趋势存在空间差异,祁连山地区极端降水天数、最大的1d和5d降水总量、中雨天数和逐年平均降水强度增加趋势明显,青海省东部地区增加不明显或呈微弱减少趋势;青海省极端降水事件在0.05的置信度下发生了明显的突变现象,且各极端降水指标与年降水总量有很好的相关性。 相似文献
2.
近50年来山东省极端降水指数变化特征分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用山东省117个气象站1961—2013年逐日降水观测数据,根据选取的9个极端降水指数,分析了区域内各极端降水指数的时间变化趋势和空间分布规律,并探讨了各极端降水指数与总降水量之间的关系。结果表明:长时段(1961—2013年)中一日最大降水量(RX1d)、最大连续五日降水量(RX5d)、降水强度(SDⅡ)、最长连续无雨日数(CDD)增大趋势不明显,其他各指数均有减小趋势,短时段(1991—2013年)除RX1d,CDD呈减小趋势,其他各指数均有增大趋势。不同地区两时段各极端降水指数变化趋势并不相同,短时段变幅更大同时变化显著的站点更多。除CDD和总降水量有近三分之一的站点为不显著的负相关外,其他指数和总降水量多为显著正相关。 相似文献
3.
为了研究济南市极端降水事件时空变化特征,采用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall突变分析、小波分析等方法,基于济南市1970—2019年49个雨量站50 a的逐日降水资料,选用12个极端降水指数进行研究。结果表明:年降水量(PRCRTOT)呈显著增加趋势(p<0.05),增加速率为31.04 mm/10 a; 连续干旱日数(CDD)呈大幅下降趋势(p<0.05),下降速率为16.51 d/10 a,雨日日数(RD)、极端降水日数(R95)、极端降水总量(R95P)呈明显上升趋势(p<0.05),年降水强度呈下降趋势(p<0.05),其余指数呈不显著增加趋势; 研究区雨日日数、极端降水日数、极端降水总量、连续干旱日数及年降水量发生明显突变,其他指数突变不明显; 在周期变化上,多数指数存在22～27 a,17～17 a,7～10 a,4～5 a的主振荡周期; 从空间分布看,极端降水指数的空间差异明显,大雨日数、1日最大降雨量、5日最大降雨量及年降水量高值区基本集中在原济南市中心城区、东南部山区和莱芜附近,低值区集中在北部郊区。总体而言,济南市极端降水事件频发,应重视城市排水,减少内涝风险。 相似文献
4.
近40年三江平原极端降水时空变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究区域尺度极端降水时空格局有助于区域整体性评估降水可能带来的风险。以三江平原21个气象站点1979—2014年逐日降水量观测资料为基础,选取了11个极端降水指数,应用气候倾向率、克里金插值法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、累积距平、R/S分析法和相关分析法,从降水强度、降水频率等方面分析了近40 a三江平原极端降水时空变化特征,并对极端降水指数进行了趋势预测。研究表明:(1)近40 a三江平原极端降水指数整体呈减少趋势,且降水量减少主要表现为降水强度降低;其中持续干燥日数(CDD)、普通日降水强度(SDII)、5日最大降水量(RX5day)存在明显突变现象,均在2000年左右发生"由多到少"的突变;(2)极端降水指数变化趋势存在显著空间差异,RX1day,RX5day,R99p呈减少趋势的站点所占比例分别为52.4%,61.9%,61.9%;年降水总量(PRCPTOT)整体呈现"西北、东南地区上升趋势显著,东北、西南地区以下降趋势为主"的降水分布格局,极端降水总量(R99P)上升幅度较大的地区主要集中于平原中部的宝清县;(3)根据极端降水指数的历史变化趋势与Hurst指数叠加结果预测可知,未来极端降水指数基本呈上升趋势。研究结果可为三江平原农业区充分利用天然降水、预估农业气象灾害影响提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
根据天山北麓8个气象站1961—2010年气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、Hurst指数等方法,分析了天山北麓气温和降水的变化特征。结果表明:（1）50 a来,天山北麓年平均气温和年降水量均呈增加趋势,其变化率分别为0.26 ℃/10 a、15.67 mm/10 a;冬季增温最为明显,升温幅度达0.49℃/10 a左右,降水倾向率表现为夏季最大,为5.44 mm/10 a;（2）年平均气温和年降水量的突变年份分别在1996年和1983年;未来两者整体上呈增加趋势;（3）极端高（低）温指数在近50 a呈现增加（减少）趋势;极端降水指数中零降水日数和最长连续无降水日数呈不同程度的递减趋势,1日最大降水量和极端强降水日数以1.36 mm/10 a和1.81 d/10 a的速率递增,各极端气候指数空间差异明显;极端气温指数与年平均气温、极端降水指数与年降水量均有很好的相关性。 相似文献
6.
《水土保持研究》2020,(3)
利用河西地区经过严格质量控制的13个站点1958—2015年的日降水资料,从年度和季节尺度,定义分析了最大连续降水事件的日数、降水量和降水强度的9个指标,应用标准化序列法描述指标随时间的演变情况,使用Mann-Kendall趋势分析法在95%置信水平下进行了趋势的显著性检验,以研究该地区最大连续降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)河西地区最大连续降水日数发生以1～2 d为主,近年来,夏季日数增长,秋季日数减短,但整体来看,年、夏和秋季最大连续降水日数均有增长,但中西部更加明显。(2)最大连续降水量在夏季略有下降,秋季增多明显,且河西中西部地区夏秋分化更明显,东南部地区以下降为主。(3)年、夏和秋季4～6 d的最大连续降水强度最大,降水强度随着最大连续降水日数的增加略有上升。总体上近年来河西地区最大连续降水日数增加,降水强度上升,表明河西地区具有湿润化趋势,而秋季湿润趋势更明显。研究结果有助于进一步了解西北干旱区的极端降水变化特征和区域气候变化应对情况。 相似文献
7.
1960-2014年福建省极端气候事件时空特征及变化趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为分析福建省极端气温和降水事件的时空特征及变化趋势,基于区域内23个气象站点,1960-2014年逐日降水、最高气温、最低气温和平均气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、最小二乘和Mann-Kendall非参数检验等方法进行研究.结果表明:1)在区域尺度下,冷气温指数呈降低趋势,其中冷持续指数和冷夜指数下降趋势较显著;而暖气温指数(作物生长期、暖夜天数和暖昼天数)均呈显著增加趋势;2)过去55年中,除最大持续降水时间(CWD)外,总降水量和其余极端降水指数均呈增加趋势;3)空间特征上,极端气温指数的上升或下降趋势在全省区域内基本一致,而极端降水指数区域差异明显,上升倾向率较高的站点主要分布在沿海地区.极端冷指数呈下降趋势,极端暖指数呈上升趋势;降水量和极端降水增加而CWD减少,表明强降水在时间上更集中,该区域洪涝和局部干旱的风险加大.研究结果可为区域水资源适应性管理、水土保持及农业管理提供参考依据. 相似文献
8.
河北省主要极端气候指数的时空变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据河北省142个气象站点1961-2010年逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等基础资料,采用线性倾向估计法及Kriging插值法,研究河北省极端气温事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)在极端气温指数的空间分布方面,极端最高气温和夏日均呈从南至北逐渐降低的趋势,高值中心分别位于邯郸、邢台、石家庄、衡水和邯郸、邢台、石家庄、衡水、廊坊、沧州等地,而霜日则呈北高南低的空间变化规律,高值中心主要位于张家口北部地区,极端最低气温、暖日指数及持续冷期无明显的空间分布规律;从变化趋势的空间分布特征来看,全省夏日、暖日指数、极端最低气温及大部分地区的极端最高气温呈增加趋势,全省霜日则呈下降趋势,持续冷期的变化不显著。(2)极端降水指数无明显的空间分布规律。日最大降水量、强降水量、暴雨日数、连续干日及连续湿日均呈零星分布,降水强度从东南至西北大体呈降低趋势;从变化趋势的空间分布特征来看,在1961-2010年河北大部分地区的日最大降水量、强降水量、降水强度、连续湿日及暴雨日数均呈下降趋势,而连续干日呈增加趋势。从极端气温及降水指数的变化趋势可以看出,河北省具有干暖化倾向,农业生产上应采取相应的适应对策。 相似文献
9.
广东省极端降水事件的变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
[目的]分析广东省极端降水事件的分布特点并对其未来的变化趋势进行判断,旨在为该省的气候评估预测、生态环境建设及经济可持续发展方面的研究提供科学依据。[方法]利用广东省1960—2013年的逐日降水数据,根据百分位方法定义了极端降水事件的阈值,通过采用Mann-Kendall法、小波分析、Hurst指数等方法,对该区的极端降水事件频次和强度的变化特征及其变化趋势进行研究。[结果]广东省极端降水事件的发生频次、强度及极端降水量均呈上升的趋势,且极端降水量对总降水量的贡献率在50%以上。在空间上极端降水事件的发生频次呈现出北高南低的规律性,而强度正好相反。在未来的变化预测中,广东省大部分地区极端降水事件的频次和强度与过去变化趋势相一致,呈持续增加的趋势。[结论]极端降水事件的频繁发生给广东省造成了严重的损失,应加强极端气候事件的预防工作,针对不同成因的极端降水事件应采取不同的应对措施。 相似文献
10.
极端降水是气候变化的重要研究内容之一。在全球气候变化背景下,探究秦岭地区的极端降水变化,对于明确区域极端气候差异及探究其机理具有重要的意义。基于秦岭地区1960-2015年29个气象站点降水数据以及秦岭25 m×25 m分辨率的DEM数据集,选取6个极端降水指数,运用最小二乘回归法、Man-Kendall突变检验法、5年滑动趋势法和克里金插值法研究了56年来秦岭地区极端降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:（1）秦岭地区极端降水分布存在明显空间差异性,西北部是年均连续无雨日数高值区,中西部为连续降水日数高值区;强降水日数、强降水量、5日最大降水量和降水强度等指数呈"南高北低"的分布格局,位于秦岭最南端的紫阳县是各个极端降水指数极大值区。（2）56年来,秦岭地区极端降水的持续性整体呈减少趋势;强度呈增加趋势。秦岭山地降水时间短、强度大,尤其是在秦岭南部地区,应加强防备,以免引起洪水灾害造成的重大破坏。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献