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1.
添加残次苹果发酵物对稻草青贮品质及其微生物数量的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了探讨添加残次苹果发酵物改善稻草的青贮品质及其适宜添加比例。按残次苹果发酵物和稻草质量比为全部为稻草（Ⅰ）、1∶9（Ⅱ）、3∶7（Ⅲ）、5∶5（Ⅳ）、7∶3（Ⅴ）、9∶1（Ⅵ）混合进行青贮。青贮90 d 后开封，测定青贮前后的营养成分，鉴定青贮饲料的感官品质、发酵品质以及有氧暴露情况下pH值和微生物数量的变化。结果表明，添加残次苹果发酵物显著提高青贮原料的粗蛋白（Crude Protein，CP）和可溶性碳水化合物（Water Soluble Carbohydrate，WSC）的含量（P<0.05），降低了原料的中性洗涤纤维（Neutral Detergent Fiber，NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（Acid Detergent Fiber，ADF）的含量（P<0.05）；青贮90 d天后，混合青贮饲料的乳酸（Lactate Acid，LA）、乙酸（Acetic Acid，AA）含量随着残次苹果发酵物添加量的增多而增加；处理Ⅰ的LA（0.17%）、AA（0.09%）含量最低，显著低于其他5个处理（P<0.05），而丁酸（Butyric Acid，BA）含量、AN/TN（Ammonia Nitrogen Total Nitrogen）的比值显著高于其他5个处理（P<0.05）；有氧暴露后，随着有氧暴露时间的延长，各处理的pH值、酵母菌数量、霉菌数量逐渐增多，乳酸菌数量逐渐减少；处理Ⅰ的乳酸菌数量始终显著低于其他各处理（P<0.05），酵母菌和霉菌数量始终显著高于其他各处理（P<0.05）；而处理Ⅲ、Ⅳ的乳酸菌数量始终显著高于其他处理（P<0.05），酵母菌和霉菌数量始终保持较低水平。未添加残次苹果发酵物处理Ⅰ的感官评分和综合评分均为劣等，添加残次苹果发酵物的稻草青贮处理Ⅲ和处理Ⅳ的感官评分和综合评分均为优等；同时添加残次苹果发酵物增加了混贮的营养价值，改善了混贮的发酵品质。综合分析，在试验中添加残次苹果发酵物能改善稻草的青贮品质，其添比例在3∶7～5∶5之间适宜。 相似文献
2.
同/异型乳酸菌对青贮玉米开窖后品质及微生物的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
该研究旨在分析添加不同发酵类型的乳酸菌处理对开窖后玉米（Zea mays L.）青贮发酵品质、微生物数量及有氧稳定性的影响,为生产实践提供参考。设计4个添加乳酸菌玉米青贮处理：CK处理（不加任何菌剂）;T处理（同型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus plantarum和Pediococcus acidilactici复合添加,添加量为1∶1,1×105 cfu/g;Y处理（异型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus buchneri,添加量为1×105 cfu/g;TY处理（同型+异型发酵乳酸菌）：Lactobacillus plantarum、Pediococcus acidilactici和Lactobacillus buchneri复合添加,添加量为1∶1∶1,1×105 cfu/g。发酵期为60 d,检测开窖后各处理第0、48、96、144、192、240 h发酵品质及微生物的变化,应用隶属函数法对玉米青贮发酵品质及微生物数量进行综合评判。结果表明Y和TY处理的有氧稳定时间显著高于其余处理（63.87～64.67 h,P<0.05）,分别达到195.58和196.21 h,且乙酸质量分数始终显著高于CK和T处理（P<0.05）。T处理pH值始终显著低于其余处理（P<0.05）,且乳酸质量分数始终显著高于CK和Y处理（P<0.05）。Y处理WSC（water soluble carbohydrate）质量分数始终显著高于其余处理（P<0.05）,霉菌数量始终显著低于其余处理（P<0.05）。CK处理的NH3-N质量分数,好氧细菌数量及CO2产量始终显著高于其余处理（P<0.05）。开窖时间与各处理的CO2产量、乳酸菌和酵母菌数量分别满足Allometric1,ExpDec1和Logistic非线性关系,与霉菌和好氧细菌数量呈一元线性关系。综合评价排序：Y处理>TY处理>T处理>CK处理。因此,单一添加异型发酵乳酸菌的玉米青贮,开窖后在改善发酵品质、降低有害微生物数量、提高有氧稳定性方面均优于单一添加同型或复合添加乳酸菌的玉米青贮。 相似文献
3.
为了提高10 L发酵罐发酵胡柚汁中活菌数、总酚含量和总黄酮含量,本试验以植物乳杆菌L1(Lactobacillus plantarum L1)和发酵乳杆菌L2(Lactobacillus fermentum L2)为发酵菌种发酵胡柚果汁,考察了摇瓶发酵条件下初始pH值和溶氧对胡柚汁乳酸菌发酵过程以及菌体细胞凝聚性的影响,并对10 L发酵罐发酵放大进行了研究。结果表明,不同pH值和装液量会影响胡柚汁发酵过程中活菌数、总酚含量和总黄酮含量,且胡柚汁发酵过程中乳酸菌细胞有自凝聚能力。在10 L发酵罐中控制搅拌转速为100 r·min-1并结合pH控制发酵,胡柚汁发酵最大活菌数达到2.86×1010CFU·mL-1,总酚和总黄酮最大含量分别达到268 和752 μg·mL-1,比10 L发酵罐静置发酵分别提高47%、12%和13%,达到摇瓶最佳发酵效果。本研究结果为乳酸菌发酵胡柚汁饮料的规模化生产提供了理论依据。 相似文献
4.
为提高甘薯淀粉加工副产物的高值化利用水平,本试验以植物乳杆菌(Lp)、干酪乳杆菌(Lc)、保加利亚乳杆菌(Lb)、戊糖片球菌(Pp)、嗜热链球菌(St)、商业植物乳杆菌(SZ)6种乳酸菌分别对甘薯渣进行发酵,系统分析不同发酵产物的pH值、总酸含量及营养功能成分,并采用灰色理论加权关联度对甘薯渣发酵产物进行综合营养评价,筛选适宜发酵甘薯渣的乳酸菌菌种。结果表明,6种乳酸菌的发酵能力存在显著差异,其中Lb组pH值最低(3.15),Lc组总酸含量最高(27.90);同时,不同乳酸菌对发酵产物中营养功能成分的影响存在显著差异,其中Lb组乳酸含量最高(11.60 mg·mL-1),SZ组乙酸含量最高(66.99μg·mL-1),Lb组可溶性膳食纤维含量最高(0.74 g·100 mL-1),St组总酚含量最高(146.87μg GAE·mL-1)。与未发酵样品相比,Lc组游离氨基酸总量提高了3.71倍;所有发酵产物中的Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Se等矿物质元素含量均显著提高。进一步通过灰色理论加权关联度分析发现... 相似文献
5.
添加初花期骆驼刺改善苜蓿青贮品质 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为改善苜蓿的发酵品质,软化初花期骆驼刺的刺状花梗,确定二者的适宜混贮比例。采用初花期骆驼刺、紫花苜蓿及其二者不同比例混合料为青贮原料,共5个处理,青贮90 d后,通过分析青贮前、后的化学成分、乳酸菌和酵母菌数量变化;鉴定青贮饲料感官品质和发酵品质,研究骆驼刺与苜蓿混合青贮对青贮品质的影响。结果表明,2种豆科牧草混合后,干物质、可溶性碳水化合物含量、乳酸菌数量和酵母菌数量较苜蓿显著提高(P0.05);青贮90 d后的所有青贮饲料,乳酸菌数量明显上升,酵母菌数量明显下降;混贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮/总氮、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和甲醇、乙醇、丙醇含量显著低于苜蓿青贮(P0.05或P0.01),乳酸含量显著高于苜蓿青贮(P0.01);混贮饲料的乙酸、丙酸含量显著高于骆驼刺(P0.01),混贮饲料有氧稳定性好,感官品质优良。骆驼刺占混贮料的30%及以上时,均能改善苜蓿青贮品质。研究结果为骆驼刺资源开发利用,寻找无添加剂高水分苜蓿青贮方法提供理论依据。 相似文献
6.
乳酸菌发酵作为果蔬汁的一种绿色加工技术,不仅可以赋予产品独特的风味,还可以转化其中的活性物质,提高产品的营养价值和保健功效。该研究以湖北杂交枸杞为原料,使用6种乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌及发酵乳杆菌)进行发酵,研究发酵前后枸杞果汁理化特性、主要活性成分及体外抗氧化变化,并利用主成分分析进行综合评价优选出理想的发酵菌株。结果表明,6种乳酸菌在枸杞果汁中生长良好,活菌数均能达到10.0 lg CFU/mL以上。发酵后的枸杞果汁中总糖和还原糖含量显著降低(P0.05),且植物乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌产酸能力更强,发酵后总酸含量达6.74、6.07g/kg。与未发酵枸杞果汁相比,经植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌发酵的枸杞果汁中总酚含量增加了13.76%～28.07%,而嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌发酵后无显著性差异(P0.05)。6种乳酸菌发酵后枸杞果汁中总黄酮含量增加了55.80%～161.97%。发酵枸杞果汁的抗氧化活性与发酵前相比均有显著提高(P0.05)。基于主成分分析的综合评价函数显示经植物乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌发酵的枸杞果汁品质更优,适宜作为开发枸杞高值化绿色加工饮品的发酵剂。 相似文献
7.
酸马奶酒中微生物的分离鉴定及抗菌特性的研究 总被引：27，自引：3，他引：27
从内蒙古锡盟不同地区采集15份酸马奶酒样品,经分离纯化、归属种鉴定,并单菌发酵液经调pH值、蒸发酒精、浓缩后,对李斯特杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌进行抑菌研究。结果表明,酸马奶酒是由多种乳酸菌和酵母菌共同发酵的乳饮料。其中乳酸菌中有球菌5个属,杆菌6个属,酵母菌6个属。乳酸菌中有9株乳球菌和12株乳杆菌对李斯特杆菌有抑制作用,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无抑制作用。酵母菌中有4株对大肠杆菌有抑菌作用,其中有2株同时对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用,对李斯特杆菌无抑制作用 相似文献
8.
发酵床垫料翻耙结合网床养殖改善鸭舍空气质量与鸭生产性能 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为解决规模化肉鸭生产中粪污影响鸭健康和污染环境的问题,研发了一种发酵床结合网床架养新技术及其配套的可移动式网床下发酵床垫料翻耙系统,并研究了该模式在控制舍内气载微生物数量和提高鸭生产性能中的优势。结果显示:1)可移动式发酵床垫料翻耙系统实现不同发酵床体共用一台翻耙机。2)与发酵床平养相比,鸭26日龄之前未翻耙垫料时,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(1.531×105 CFU/m3)和大肠杆菌数量(1.298×104 CFU/m3)显著升高(P0.05);鸭27~34日龄时每4 d翻耙垫料,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(2.304×105 CFU/m3)和金黄色葡萄球菌数量(1.353×105 CFU/m3)显著降低(P0.05);鸭35~39日龄时每天翻耙垫料,发酵床网养舍内需氧菌总数(1.255×105 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌数量(14.13 CFU/m3)显著降低(P0.05)。3)在发酵床平养舍内,与每4 d翻耙1次垫料相比,每天翻耙1次垫料舍内需氧菌总数(2.688×105 CFU/m3)、大肠杆菌(2.038×104 CFU/m3)、金黄色葡萄球菌(8.90×104 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌(47.11 CFU/m3)数量显著(P0.05)降低,而在发酵床网养舍内,每天翻耙1次垫料舍内需氧菌总数(1.255×105 CFU/m3)和"沙门+志贺"氏菌(14.13 CFU/m3)数量显著降低(P0.05)。4)与发酵床平养相比,发酵床网养增加鸭体质量(P0.05),降低死亡率和上市淘汰率(P0.05)。结果表明研发的肉鸭养殖新模式能更好地减少舍内空气中病原菌浓度,改善鸭舍内空气环境,提高鸭生产性能。该研究为发酵床结合网床架养新模式在规模企业中推广应用提供技术支持。 相似文献
9.
为获得发酵性能优良的菌株,生产优质的发酵叶用芥菜,本研究从自然发酵的芥菜中分离发酵用菌株,通过测定乳酸菌的生长、产酸和亚硝酸盐降解能力以及酵母菌的产气、产酯能力和蛋白酶活性等发酵特性进行筛选,并对筛选获得的优良发酵菌加以应用。结果表明,筛选获得的2株乳酸菌L8短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、L9植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和1株酵母菌Y9酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)在腌制叶用芥菜中的发酵性能优良。与自然发酵的叶用芥菜相比,接菌发酵叶用芥菜的pH值和亚硝酸盐含量分别减少了2.22%和88.13%;总酸含量、氨基酸态氮含量分别增加了9.02%和28.09%。接菌发酵提高了腌制芥菜的营养品质和安全性。本研究丰富了叶用芥菜的发酵菌种,为蔬菜发酵加工产业奠定了技术基础。 相似文献
10.
酸解羽毛粉研制生物有机肥及其促生效果研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为提升生物有机肥料中功能微生物的数量,腐熟堆肥中添加外源氨基酸固态发酵功能菌是研制生物有机肥的主要手段。目前主要外源添加氨基酸菜粕的高成本严重阻碍了生物有机肥产业的发展。本试验通过研究酸解羽毛粉作为外源添加蛋白对固态发酵功能菌的影响及其所研制生物有机肥的促生效果,以开发生物有机肥新的原料配方。研究结果表明,腐熟堆肥中,随着酸解羽毛粉添加量的增加,所研制生物有机肥中功能菌的数量呈现先增加后下降趋势,为促进功能菌的增殖,酸解羽毛粉最优添加量为50 g/kg;盆栽试验结果表明,酸解羽毛粉作为外源蛋白添加制成的生物有机肥能够显著增加茄子和番茄株高、茎粗和SPAD值,移栽20天时,相比于对照,茄子分别增加19.02%、29.02%和4.80%;移栽50天时,番茄分别增加14.74%、18.70%和4.74%。研究结果表明,酸解羽毛粉作为外源蛋白添加剂能够有效增殖固体发酵过程中的功能菌,研制的低成本生物有机肥具有优异的促生效果,研究结果能够为生物有机肥产业的发展提供理论依据。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献