共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 527 毫秒
1.
2.
本试验旨在评估饲粮添加黄芪和葡聚糖硫酸钠盐（dextran sulfate sodium,DSS）刺激对羔羊后肠道发酵和微生物组成的影响。试验分为DSS刺激前和刺激后2个阶段。在第1阶段,选取36头42日龄健康、体重相近（5.2 kg±2.0 kg）的断奶湘东黑山羊,随机分配到对照组（CON,n=16;饲喂基础饲粮）和黄芪组（AP,n=20;饲喂基础饲粮＋10 g/（d·头）黄芪根粉）,饲喂36 d后（包括7 d预饲期）屠宰（除去第2阶段各组选取的6只羔羊外,剩余的均屠宰）,收集盲肠组织和食糜样品用以评估饲粮添加黄芪对羔羊后肠道发酵和微生物组成的影响;第2阶段,在试验第36天,从CON组和AP组中分别随机选取6只羔羊进行DSS刺激（4%体重剂量口服）,持续8 d后屠宰,收集盲肠组织和食糜样品用以评估羔羊后肠道发酵和微生物在DSS刺激后的变化情况。结果表明：①与CON组羔羊相比,AP组羔羊盲肠发酵参数及微生物组成均无显著差异（P>0.05）;②与DSS刺激前羔羊相比,DSS刺激后羔羊盲肠微生物发酵所产生乙酸含量降低,丁酸含量显著升高（P<0.05）;③与DSS刺激前羔羊相比,DSS刺激后羔羊盲肠黏附总细菌（total bacteria）和梭菌XIVa （Clostridium cluster XIVa）数量显著增加（P<0.05）,食糜中梭菌XIVa和乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus）含量显著降低（P<0.05）;④16S rDNA测序结果显示,在门水平上,不同处理羔羊厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）占80%以上,其次是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和软壁菌门（Tenericutes）;不同处理羔羊肠道微生物组成无显著差异（P>0.05）;⑤短链脂肪酸浓度与碳水化合物代谢菌之间存在显著相关性。上述结果表明,饲粮中添加黄芪根粉对羔羊盲肠微生物发酵能力和微生物组成无显著影响,DSS刺激会降低盲肠微生物发酵乙酸能力和有益微生物的数量,改变细菌在属水平相对丰度。 相似文献
3.
生物发酵饲料作为"第四代活的饲料",近年来备受畜牧行业的关注,也是国家实行饲料全面禁抗后的替抗研究手段之一。生物发酵饲料立足于去除原料抗营养因子、改善饲料营养价值、提高饲料养分消化利用率、产生有益微生物代谢产物,达到维护动物肠道健康、提升动物机体免疫力、促进动物生产性能、减少动物粪污排放和环保健康养殖的目的。生物饲料在养猪生产上应用最早、也最为广泛,从早年欧洲家庭农场的液体发酵饲喂,到近年来发酵原料、益生活菌及其代谢产物在猪饲料上的使用,都取得了成功实践。文章就生物发酵饲料的概述、其替抗的作用机理及其在生猪养殖上的研究进展进行综述,为生物发酵饲料的广泛应用提供参考依据。 相似文献
4.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nisin and monensin on rumen fermentation of diets containing hay and barley (80:20%) in artificial rumen (Rusitec system). The Rusitec system consisted of four fermentation vessels (V1, V2, V3, V4): V1 was without additives (control), V2 received daily 2 mg of nisin, V3 involved 5 mg of monensin and V4 combination of 2 mg of nisin with 5 mg of monensin. After an adaptation period (7 days), the fermentation parameters were determined for six consecutive days. Compared to control diet, the addition of nisin resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) of hemicellulose degradation, acetate, propionate (mmol.day-1) production and energetic efficiency of VFA (E), decrease of butyrate production. Nisin had no effect on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), cellulose and detergent fiber degradation, production of total gas, methane and efficiency of microbial synthesis. The addition of monensin resulted in an decrease of DM, OM (P < 0.05), cellulose, hemicellulose, detergent fiber degradation (P < 0.001), total gas, methane and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) production. Monensin also significantly decreased acetate, butyrate, L-lactate (mmol.day-1) production and it increased propionate production (P > 0.001) and efficiency of microbial synthesis. The combined effect of nisin and monensin in V4 was similar to the effect of monensin in V3 compared to control. Then, the effect of additive monensin was dominant over nisin. In conclusion, our results indicate that nisin was less effective than monensin on some fermentation parameters (important for the improvement of the efficiency of utilization of the diet by ruminants) in artificial rumen. 相似文献
5.
Twenty-three lactating dairy cows were switched from a standard diet to a ration of alfalfa/grass silage and 1 kg rapeseed cake supplemented with raw potatoes and fodder beets allowed on a semi-restricted basis. The effects of feed choice on urinary markers for nitrogen metabolism were evaluated by the Stepwise regression technique. Each kilogram dry matter of potatoes and fodder beets lowered milk urea concentration and also the urinary ratio urea/creatinine to a similar extent, but allantoin and fecal results suggested larger hindgut fermentation and hence lower ruminal microbial protein production with potatoes than with fodder beets. The variation for concentration of urinary constituents associated with animal, sampling day and sampling time suggests multiple sampling within a day as preferable for spot sampling. It is concluded that the reluctance to potatoes by some cows may cause initial difficulties when fed to high yielding cows naïve to the feed. 相似文献
6.
本试验旨在探讨高精料日粮下添加阿卡波糖对奶牛瘤胃和后肠发酵的影响。试验选用3头干奶期荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,阿卡波糖添加剂量为0,0.5和1.0 g/d,试验分3期进行,每期21 d。结果表明,与对照组比较,添加阿卡波糖显著降低了奶牛瘤胃液中丙酸浓度(P<0.05),提高了乙丙比(P<0.05),但对瘤胃pH值、乳酸、乙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组比较,添加阿卡波糖显著降低了粪便pH值和氨氮浓度(P<0.05),提高了乳酸、丁酸和异戊酸浓度(P<0.05),但对乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙丙比无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果说明,高精料日粮下长期添加阿卡波糖虽可影响瘤胃液中个别挥发性脂肪酸的浓度,但对瘤胃整体发酵和瘤胃pH值无显著影响,此外,添加阿卡波糖可增加后肠发酵,并可能对后肠健康带来潜在危害。 相似文献
7.
菌酶协同发酵菜籽粕在动物生产中的应用及存在问题 《畜牧与饲料科学》2022,43(6):57-63
通过菌酶协同发酵技术提升菜籽粕类饲料质量和营养价值，改善适口性，降低饲料中植酸和硫苷含量，增加菜籽粕类饲料替换常规蛋白原料豆粕的比例，可在一定程度上缓解养殖业中大豆粕等蛋白饲料原料成本不断提高的问题。分析发酵菜籽粕处理常用方法——微生物发酵法和酶解法的优缺点，介绍制备菌酶协同发酵菜籽粕类饲料所需的菌种和酶制剂种类，综述菌酶协同发酵菜籽粕的功效，阐述其在动物生产中的应用现状及存在的问题，以期为菌酶协同发酵菜籽粕在畜禽生产中的科学应用提供参考。 相似文献
8.
微生物发酵法生产丙酸 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
丙酸及其盐是重要的饲料防腐剂。发酵法生产丙酸是现代发酵工程研究的热点之一。由于丙酸发酵是一种终产物抑制发酵,因此发酵法生产丙酸收率低而经济效益差,目前尚难替代化学合成法。本文探讨了丙酸菌的培养条件以及丙酸代谢机理,介绍了丙酸菌耐丙酸突变株的选育现状。着重综述了补料分批发酵、固定化细胞反应器以及耦合发酵技术在丙酸发酵中的应用进展。分析了发酵法生产丙酸的存在问题,指出,丙酸发酵研究应当注重优良菌种的选育和耦合发酵技术的应用。提出了采用离子交换法实现丙酸耦合发酵的技术路线。 相似文献
9.
《动物营养（英文）》2019,5(3):217-226
Dietary fibers (DF) contain an abundant amount of energy, although the mammalian genome does not encode most of the enzymes required to degrade them. However, a mutual dependence is developed between the host and symbiotic microbes, which has the potential to extract the energy present in these DF. Dietary fibers escape digestion in the foregut and are fermented in the hindgut, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that alter the microbial ecology in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Most of the carbohydrates are fermented in the proximal part, allowing protein fermentation in the distal part, resulting in colonic diseases. The structures of resistant starch (RS), arabinoxylan (AX), and β-glucan (βG) are complex; hence, makes their way into the hindgut where these are fermented and provide energy substrates for the colonic epithelial cells. Different microbes have different preferences of binding to different substrates. The RS, AX and βG act as a unique substrate for the microbes and modify the relative composition of the gut microbial community. The granule dimension and surface area of each substrate are different, which influences the penetration capacity of microbes. Arabinose and xylan are 2 different hemicelluloses, but arabinose is substituted on the xylan backbone and occurs in the form of AX. Fermentation of xylan produces butyrate primarily in the small intestine, whereas arabinose produces butyrate in the large intestine. Types of RS and forms of βG also exert beneficial effects by producing different metabolites and modulating the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, it is important to have information of different types of RS, AX and βG and their roles in microbial modulation to get the optimum benefits of fiber fermentation in the gut. This review provides relevant information on the similarities and differences that exist in the way RS, AX, and βG are fermented, and their positive and negative effects on SCFA production and gut microbial ecology of pigs. These insights will help nutritionists to develop dietary strategies that can modulate specific SCFA production and promote beneficial microbiota in the GIT of swine. 相似文献
10.
G. Csik G. Nagy G. Mtis Z. Neogrdy A. Kulcsr . Jerzsele K. Szekr P. Glfi 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2014,37(4):406-412
Butyrate, a commonly applied feed additive in poultry nutrition, can modify the expression of certain genes, including those encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In comparative in vitro and in vivo experiments, the effect of butyrate on hepatic CYP genes was examined in primary cultures of chicken hepatocytes and in liver samples of chickens collected from animals that had been given butyrate as a feed additive. Moreover, the effect of butyrate on the biotransformation of erythromycin, a marker substance for the activity of enzymes of the CYP3A family, was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Butyrate increased the expression of the avian‐specific CYP2H1 both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the avian CYP3A37 expression was decreased in hepatocytes following butyrate exposure, but not in the in vivo model. CYP1A was suppressed by butyrate in the in vitro experiments, and overexpressed in vivo in butyrate‐fed animals. The concomitant incubation of hepatocytes with butyrate and erythromycin led to an increased CYP2H1 expression and a less pronounced inhibition of CYP3A37. In in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments, butyrate‐fed animals given a single i.m. injection of erythromycin, a slower absorption phase (longer Thalf‐abs and delayed Tmax) but a rapid elimination phase of this marker substrate was observed. Although these measurable differences were detected in the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin, it is unlikely that a concomitant application of sodium butyrate with erythromycin or other CYP substrates will cause clinically significant feed‐drug interaction in chickens. 相似文献
11.
12.
Microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the hindgut of dairy cattle is responsible for 5 to 10% of total-tract carbohydrate digestion. When dietary, animal, or environmental factors contribute to abnormal, excessive flow of fermentable carbohydrates from the small intestine, hindgut acidosis can occur. Hindgut acidosis is characterized by increased rates of production of short-chain fatty acids including lactic acid, decreased digesta pH, and damage to gut epithelium as evidenced by the appearance of mucin casts in feces. Hindgut acidosis is more likely to occur in high-producing animals fed diets with relatively greater proportions of grains and lesser proportions of forage. In these animals, ruminal acidosis and poor selective retention of fermentable carbohydrates by the rumen will increase carbohydrate flow to the hindgut. In more severe situations, hindgut acidosis is characterized by an inflammatory response; the resulting breach of the barrier between animal and digesta may contribute to laminitis and other disorders. In a research setting, effects of increased hindgut fermentation have been evaluated using pulse-dose or continuous abomasal infusions of varying amounts of fermentable carbohydrates. Continuous small-dose abomasal infusions of 1 kg/d of pectin or fructans into lactating cows resulted in decreased diet digestibility and decreased milk fat percentage without affecting fecal pH or VFA concentrations. The decreased diet digestibility likely resulted from increased bulk in the digestive tract or from increased digesta passage rate, reducing exposure of the digesta to intestinal enzymes and epithelial absorptive surfaces. The same mechanism is proposed to explain the decreased milk fat percentage because only milk concentrations of long-chain fatty acids were decreased. Pulse-dose abomasal fructan infusions (1 g/kg of BW) into steers resulted in watery feces, decreased fecal pH, and increased fecal VFA concentrations, without causing an inflammatory response. Daily 12-h abomasal infusions of a large dose of starch (~4 kg/d) have also induced hindgut acidosis as indicated by decreased fecal pH and watery feces. On the farm, watery or foamy feces or presence of mucin casts in feces may indicate hindgut acidosis. In summary, hindgut acidosis occurs because of relatively high rates of large intestinal fermentation, likely due to digestive dysfunction in other parts of the gut. A better understanding of the relationship of this disorder to other animal health disorders is needed. 相似文献
13.
中国的谷物糠麸产量巨大,但未被充分利用,附加值低。小麦麸的粗蛋白质（CP）、粗纤维（CF）含量较高,吸水性较强,易霉变,易被呕吐毒素污染。米糠CP、粗脂肪（EE）含量较高,但易发生酸败。黑麦麸、燕麦麸、高粱糠的CP含量较高,而玉米皮CP、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量较高。糠麸矿物质丰富,还含有多种活性物质。而微生物发酵能够分解有害物质,增加食品、饲料中活性成分。通过微生物发酵能降低糠麸抗营养因子含量,将无法利用、利用率低的成分分解为易消化的小分子物质,提高蛋白质含量及消化率。目前糠麸发酵使用的微生物主要为霉菌、酵母、乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌,少部分使用食用真菌。研究表明,发酵糠麸富含有益代谢产物,能够为动物提供良好的抗氧化剂、益生菌来源,在合理利用糠麸的同时减少抗生素使用。发酵利用糠麸饲料能够达到一物多用,既降低生产成本,又解决废物排放造成的环境污染问题。作者综述了糠麸的营养价值、发酵菌种、发酵前后变化及其发酵饲料在动物生产的应用,以期为发酵糠麸的应用提供一定依据。 相似文献
14.
Oriana M. Köhler Walter Grünberg Nadine Schnepel Alexandra S. Muscher-Banse Abbas Rajaeerad Jürgen Hummel Gerhard Breves Mirja R. Wilkens 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2021,105(1):35-50
Homeostasis of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi) is maintained by a concerted interplay of absorption and reabsorption via the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney and by storage and mobilization from the bone regulated mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin. The present study aimed at characterizing the effects of dietary P restriction on bone, vitamin D metabolism and rumen fermentation traits reflecting the endogenous P cycle maintaining the ruminal P supply for microbial metabolism. The experiments were done in eleven female, non-pregnant, non-lactating four- to nine-year-old Black Headed Mutton sheep allotted to two feeding groups: "P-restricted" (0.11% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM) and "Control" (0.38% P/kg DM and 0.88% Ca/kg DM). Dietary P restriction did not lead to hypophosphataemia, probably due to a compensation by bone mobilization, demonstrated by increased serum concentrations of a resorption marker and altered gene expression in bone tissue. In addition, the RNA expression of fibroblast growth factor 23, a bone-derived factor involved in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism, was significantly reduced with dietary P restriction. Furthermore, several genes related to vitamin D metabolism and plasma concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D were associated with serum concentrations of phosphate (Pi). In the parotid gland, the expression of the Pi transporter NaPi2b was negatively associated with serum Pi and positively with parathyroid PTH expression. Although Pi concentrations in saliva and the gastrointestinal tract were significantly reduced, we found no adverse effects of the P-restricted ration on the production of short chain fatty acids, but slight differences in the production of butyrate as well as its relationship to rumen Pi and ammonia concentrations that might indicate an impact on ruminal fermentation. 相似文献
15.
有效微生物菌群(EV)是一种复合高效微生物制剂,在养殖业上使用EM具有改善饲养环境、降低发病率、提高饲料报酬、增加养殖效益等作用。本研究进行了EM对产蛋鸡应用效果试验。试验表明:EM对蛋鸡生产具有明显促进作用,10周试验表明,以10%比例将EM发酵饲料添加于蛋鸡日粮中,并配合饮用EM发酵水,日均产蛋量提高4.70%,产蛋率提高2.90%,料蛋比下降4.73%,毛利润提高12.79%。 相似文献
16.
试验对不同水分添加量、不同发酵时间的稻草微生物饲料干物质在山羊瘤胃内的消失率进行系统研究,旨在为评定稻草微生物饲料的营养价值提供基础数据.试验选择3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管贵州黑山羊,采用尼龙袋法,以不加水不发酵为对照组,分别测定了水分添加量为40％、50％、60％和70％的稻草微生物饲料,经10、20、32 d发酵后干物质在山羊瘤胃内的消失率.结果显示：发酵时间和水分添加量对稻草微生物饲料中干物质消失率均具有显著影响.从发酵时间看,发酵32 d的饲料在山羊瘤胃内各时间点的干物质消失率均高于对照组（P＜0.01）和其他试验组（P＜0.05）;从饲料水分添加量看,96 h的干物质消失率均以水分添加量60％组最高.发酵10 d水分添加量60％组为36.52％,比对照组高10.94％（P＜0.05）,比40％组高0.74％ （P ＞0.05）,比50％组高0.41％ （P ＞0.05）,比70％组高0.19％ （P＞0.05）;发酵20 d水分添加量60％组为44.32％,比对照组高34.63％ （P ＜0.01）,比40％组高7.16％ （P ＜0.05）,比50％组高6.00％ （P ＜0.05）,比70％组高3.65％（P＞0.05）;发酵32 d水分添加量60％组为,比对照组高42.68％ （P ＜0.01）,比40％组高7.36％（P＜0.05）,比50％组高6.94％ （P ＜0.05）,比70％组高6.27％ （P ＜0.05）.结果表明：以水分添加量为60％,发酵32 d制成的稻草微生物饲料干物质消失率效果最好. 相似文献
17.
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and domestic horse (Equus caballus) hindgut microflora demonstrate similar fermentation responses to grape seed extract supplementation in vitro 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 N. F. Huntley H. D. Naumann A. L. Kenny M. S. Kerley 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2017,101(5):e195-e209
The domestic horse is used as a nutritional model for rhinoceros maintained under human care. The validity of this model for browsing rhinoceros has been questioned due to high prevalence of iron overload disorder (IOD) in captive black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Iron chelators, such as tannins, are under investigation as dietary supplements to ameliorate or prevent IOD in prone species. Polyphenolic compounds variably affect microbial fermentation, so the first objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE; a concentrated source of condensed tannins; CT) on black rhinoceros hindgut fermentation. Equine nutrition knowledge is used to assess supplements for rhinoceros; therefore, the second objective was to evaluate the domestic horse model for black rhinoceros fermentation and compare fermentation responses to GSE using a continuous single‐flow in vitro culture system. Two replicated continuous culture experiments were conducted using horse and black rhinoceros faeces as inoculum sources comparing four diets with increasing GSE inclusion (0.0%, 1.3%, 2.7% and 4.0% of diet dry matter). Diet and GSE polyphenolic compositions were determined, and sodium sulphite effect on neutral detergent fibre extraction of CT‐containing forages was tested. Increasing GSE inclusion stimulated microbial growth and fermentation, and proportionally increased diet CT concentration and iron‐binding capacity. Horse and black rhinoceros hindgut microflora nutrient digestibility and fermentation responses to GSE did not differ, and results supported equine fermentation as an adequate model for microbial fermentation in the black rhinoceros. Interpretation of these results is limited to hindgut fermentation and further research is needed to compare foregut digestibility and nutrient absorption between these two species. Supplementation of GSE in black rhinoceros diets up to 4% is unlikely to adversely affect hindgut nutrient digestibility or microbial viability and fermentation. 相似文献
18.
本试验旨在研究断奶前后犊牛在不同固液比例饲喂模式下营养物质代谢及其瘤胃发酵的异同,从而探索基于不同饲喂模式下的犊牛断奶方式。试验选用7日龄荷斯坦公犊牛36头,随机分成3组,每组12头,各组采用相同原料组成、相同营养成分的代乳粉和颗粒料。在总干物质饲喂量保持一致的情况下,改变固液饲料饲喂比例,形成3种饲喂模式组:高液体饲料比例(HL)组,28~56日龄内,颗粒料∶代乳粉保持在1∶2,56日龄断奶;对照(LS)组28~56日龄内,颗粒料∶代乳粉从1∶2逐步降低到1∶1,56日龄断奶;高固体饲料比例(HS)组,28~42日龄内,颗粒料∶代乳粉从1∶2逐步降低至1∶0,并于42日龄断奶。试验期77 d。分别于犊牛28、42、56和84日龄采集瘤胃液,35和63日龄进行断奶前后消化代谢试验。结果表明:断奶前,与HS组相比,HL、LS组犊牛总能代谢率相对较高,但差异不显著(P0.05);断奶后,HS组消化能代谢率、氮利用率及氮的生物学价值较HL组显著提高(P0.05)。与HL组相比,HS组84日龄瘤胃液微生物蛋白含量显著提高(P0.05)。3组间瘤胃液氨态氮浓度无显著差异(P0.05)。84日龄时,HS组犊牛瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丁酸比例显著高于HL组(P0.05),各组间丙酸、戊酸比例无显著差异(P0.05)。综上可得,适量增加固体饲料饲喂比例有助于改善断奶前后犊牛瘤胃发酵环境,促进瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成,提高断奶后犊牛饲粮能量代谢率、氮的生物学价值及氮利用率;采用高固体饲料饲喂模式,犊牛在42日龄固体饲料采食量达到1.0 kg/d时实施断奶具有一定优势。 相似文献
19.
麸皮富含多种营养物质,但同时含有粗纤维和植酸等,限制了其在饲料中的充分应用。微生物发酵技术可降低麸皮的抗营养因子含量,释放多种活性物质,从而大幅提高其在饲料中的应用价值。作者主要综述了有关麸皮的营养成分、发酵菌种、发酵工艺优化、发酵产物营养品质改善及其功能特点等的研究进展。麸皮中含粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、酚酸和膳食纤维等,这些营养物质以复杂的结构与形式存在麸皮中,限制了其在饲料中的有效利用。麸皮发酵常用的菌种主要有芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌、霉菌四大类,这些菌种分泌的多种酶系在麸皮的发酵降解中发挥着不同的作用。采用合理的优化策略获取最优发酵工艺可显著提高目标产物含量,其中响应面法是应用最多的方法。麸皮通过微生物发酵提高了其酚酸类物质、膳食纤维、可溶性总糖和蛋白质的含量,对动物提高抗氧化水平、增强机体免疫力、改善肠道环境及提高生产性能起到促进作用。 相似文献