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1.
利用高效液相色谱法分别测定了单次和多次混饲口灌大菱鲆诺氟沙星(NFLX)后鱼体主要组织中的NFLX含量。通过MCP-KP药动学程序对NFLX在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学及残留消除规律进行了分析研究。结果表明,以30mg/kg的剂量单次混饲口灌大菱鲆,NFLX在大菱鲆体内的达峰时间(Tmax)为2h,血、鳃、肾脏、肝脏、肌肉的达峰浓度(Cmax)分别为:8.365、7.519、1.871、6.485和4.060μg/g;NFLX在组织中的消除半衰期(T1/2)由小到大依次为:肝脏8.18h<肌肉12.39h<鳃丝15.29h<血液23.22h<肾脏23.25h。连续5d以30mg/kg的剂量混饲口灌大菱鲆,消除半衰期(T1/2)由小到大依次为:肌肉74.88h<血液98.16h<肝脏186.43h<鳃192.12h<肾脏200.45h。以上研究表明,诺氟沙星在大菱鲆体内的吸收较为迅速,有利于疾病的预防和治疗用药。在组织中以肾脏中的残留最为显著。使用诺氟沙星进行大菱鲆疾病的预防和治疗时,至少停药30d后方可上市销售。 相似文献
2.
中草药方剂对施氏鲟血浆和肝脏中一氧化氮、丙二醛含量及一氧化氮合酶活性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
实验采用灌服的方法研究了11种中草药复方制剂对1+龄施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)生长及免疫指标的影响.实验包括6个复方和5个单方中草药添加组,每组设对照.各方剂按通常添加剂的用量对实验鱼灌服,日灌服量为每100g鱼体重灌服0.3ml药液,每日按鱼体重的2%投喂鱼类基础饲料.结果显示:贯众、方剂四、鱼腥草能显著性增加施氏鲟血浆中NO的含量,方剂五、当归、黄芪、茯苓能显著性降低施氏鲟血浆中NO的含量,鱼腥草、黄芪、甘草能显著性降低施氏鲟肝脏中NO的含量;方剂二能显著性增加施氏鲟血浆和组织样中NOS的含量;除黄芪、甘草、茯苓外其他其它中草药方剂均有降低施氏鲟血浆和组织样中MDA含量的作用. 相似文献
3.
两种给药途径土霉素残留在鲫鱼体内的消除规律 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
探讨了在肌肉注射和口灌给药方式下土霉素残留在鲫鱼组织内的消除情况。结果表明: 鲫鱼肌肉注射和口灌给药后土霉素在体内的最大浓度依次是: 肌肉 4 636mg/kg和 2 869mg/kg, 血液 5 467mg/kg和 3 112mg/kg, 肝脏 7 165mg/kg和 5 086mg/kg, 肾脏 8 308mg/kg和 5 017mg/kg; 肌肉注射第 288h时除肾脏中的土霉素浓度仍然高达 0 375mg/kg, 其他组织中已经检测不到土霉素的存在, 而口灌给药第 288h时肌肉、血液、肝脏、肾脏中土霉素的浓度依次为: 0 133mg/kg, 0 237mg/kg, 0 272mg/kg, 0 272mg/kg。因此, 在 (10±1)℃水温条件下, 以剂量 50mg/kg鱼体重单次给药, 肌肉注射各组织内的药物浓度比口灌给药高, 口灌给药消除速度比肌肉注射慢。本次实验结果建议在 (10±1)℃以上水温条件下, 无论肌肉注射还是口灌给药, 建议第 12天以后捕鱼食用是安全的。 相似文献
4.
在水温16±0.6℃条件下,以20mg/kg鱼体重剂量对健康大菱鲆静脉注射和口服达氟沙星,利用高效液相色谱法测定96h内血浆和组织中的达氟沙星含量.DAS 2.0自动药动学软件分析表明,静注给药时,达氟沙星的血药经时过程符合零级吸收二室开放模型,表达方程式为C静注-45.74le-1.927t+7.332e-0.019t,消除半衰期(t1/2β)和药时曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为36.336h和431.981h·μg/ml;口服给药时,达氟沙星的血药经时过程符合一级吸收二室开放模型,表达方程式为C中服-6.796e-0.05t+3.135e-0.005t-9.931e-0.011t,12h时血药浓度达到最大值(Cmax)5.312μg/ml,消除半衰期、药时曲线下面积和表观分布容积(Vd)分别为129.228h、284.915 h·μg/ml和2.986 L/kg;口服达氟沙星的生物利用度(F)为65.96%,肝脏和肾脏内的药物浓度较高,与血药浓度相似,而肌肉内较低.根据达氟沙星在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学特点及其对主要致病菌的体外抑菌参数指标,提出了口服给药方案:按12.17mg/kg体重/次,1日1次. 相似文献
5.
在水温(28±2)℃、盐度28条件下,采用30mg/kg的剂量口灌法,用HPLC-MS/MS检测研究了盐酸氯苯胍在体质量为(350.15±5.18)g的眼斑拟石首鱼体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律。结果显示,单剂量口灌给药后,眼斑拟石首鱼血浆中盐酸氯苯胍的药时数据符合一级吸收二室模型,药物在血浆中的达峰时间、血药质量浓度峰值、药时曲线下面积和消除半衰期分别为2.39h、958.78μg/L、33 247.57μg/(L·h)和19.24h;盐酸氯苯胍在肌肉、肝脏和肾脏的血药含量峰值分别为156.72、227.68μg/kg和553.44μg/kg,达峰时间分别为2.0、1.5、2.0h;药时曲线下面积分别4664.04、4897.74、17 228.19μg/(kg·h);消除半衰期分别为19.68、24.33、22.81h。按30mg/kg剂量连续5d口灌给药后,鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的药物消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为24.46、35.39、39.60、33.94h。若以10μg/kg为最高残留限量,肌肉作为食用靶组织,在本试验条件下,建议休药期不少于7d。 相似文献
6.
为研究肠道气泡堆积对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)组织抗氧化能力及溶菌酶活力的影响,采集了15尾肠道气泡堆积的银鲳为病鱼组,15尾健康银鲳为对照组,分别采集各组样品的肝脏、肾脏、肌肉和鳃组织,并对这4种组织的超氧化物歧化酶活力、过氧化氢酶活力、丙二醛含量、总抗氧化能力以及两种组织(鳃和肾脏)溶菌酶活力进行测定和比较。结果显示,相比对照组,病鱼组肝脏、鳃和肾脏的总抗氧化能力都有下降,其中肝脏和肾脏显著下降(P<0.05);而肌肉中总抗氧化能力病鱼组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组肝脏和肌肉的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力显著高于病鱼组(P<0.05);丙二醛含量对照组肝脏和肌肉中显著低于病鱼组(P<0.05),但鳃和肾脏显著高于病鱼组(P<0.05);溶菌酶活力病鱼组鳃显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但肾脏与对照组间无显著性差异。结果表明,肠道气泡堆积对银鲳组织抗氧化能力及其溶菌酶活力影响较大,导致肝脏与肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活力显著降低,鳃溶菌酶活力显著升高。 相似文献
7.
为给大菱鲆临床安全用药提供依据,对二氟沙星在健康大菱鲆体内的药代动力学特征进行了研究。在水温为14–17℃条件下,以20 mg/kg体重剂量静脉注射和口服二氟沙星,分别于给药后的15、30 min和1、2、4、6、8、12、16、24、36、48、72、96 h采血及各组织,利用高效液相色谱测定各组织和血浆中的二氟沙星含量,采用DAS 2.0自动药动学软件分析药代动力学参数。结果显示,静注给药后,血浆中二氟沙星的药-时曲线符合零级吸收二室开放模型,消除半衰期(t1/2β)和药时曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为30.02 h和440.37 h·μg/ml;口服给药后,血浆中二氟沙星的药-时曲线符合一级吸收二室开放模型,4 h时血药浓度达到最大值(Cmax)6.32μg/ml,t1/2β和AUC0-t分别为94.72 h和246.66 h·μg/ml,生物利用度(F)为56.01%,肾脏和肌肉内的药物浓度较高,而肝脏内相对较低。拟合的最佳口服给药方案为:按鱼体重每次给药11.94 mg/kg,每日1次。 相似文献
8.
氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药物代谢动力学的研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
应用反相高效液相色谱法对口灌和肌肉注射氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)体内的代谢规律进行了研究.按100 mg·kg-1口灌给药后血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中氟苯尼考浓度的达峰时间分别为2h、6h、0.5h、1h,以后开始缓慢下降,给药2d后血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的氟苯尼考浓度分别为4.209μg·mL-1、0.792μg·g-1、0.493μg·g-1、1.448μg·g-1,给药3d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度分别为0.0836μg·mL-1,肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的氟苯尼考浓度均未检出;按100mg·kg-1肌肉注射给药后血浆中氟苯尼考浓度达峰时间为0.5h,以后开始缓慢下降,给药5d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度为0.1151μg·mL-1,给药10d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度未检出.口灌氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中分布可用开放性二室模型来描述,口灌给药的血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为27.939h、18.844h、11.83h、36.87h;肌肉注射氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中分布可用开放性一室模型来描述,肌肉注射给药的血浆中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)为37.52h. 相似文献
9.
水温(28±2)℃时,按20mg/kg的剂量给平均体质量(500±10)g的鳜鱼单次口服乳酸诺氟沙星,服药后0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、12、24、48、72、96h,分别测定鳜鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的药物含量,采用非房室模型分析药物在鳜鱼体内的代谢消除规律。结果显示,乳酸诺氟沙星在鳜鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的达峰时间分别为4.333、6、3、5h,达峰质量浓度分别为3.625、2.39、33.089、19.375mg/L,各组织中肝脏吸收的药物含量最高,其次是肾脏、血浆和肌肉;乳酸诺氟沙星在鳜鱼血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的消除半衰期分别为42.589、131.652、16.830、30.558h,药物在肝脏中消除速度最快,而在肌肉中消除最慢。以肌肉中药物残留限量为50μg/kg计,建议单次投喂乳酸诺氟沙星的休药期不低于24d。 相似文献
10.
诺氟沙星在牙鲆体内的残留及消除规律研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
首次报道了诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin，NFLX)在牙鲆体内的残留及消除规律并建立了组织中NFLX的分离提取及检测方法。以30mg／kg剂量连续5d口服灌胃给药，取血液、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、鳃5种组织，组织中药物先加入pH7．4磷酸盐缓冲液匀浆，再用乙腈振荡提取，反相高效液相色谱法测定其中诺氟沙星的残留浓度，此方法平均回收率71．37％～82．13％，最低检测限达0．005μg/ml。残留研究结果表明，诺氟沙星在5种组织中消除速率快慢不一，肾脏及鳃等非食用组织为诺氟沙星残留的靶组织。若规定可食用组织中的诺氟沙星最大残留限量为50μg／kg，在本实验条件下，建议临床休药期为10d。 相似文献
11.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
12.
13.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
14.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
15.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 
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下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
16.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献
17.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future. 相似文献
18.
Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Franz Lahnsteiner 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(7):3901-3909
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos. 相似文献
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T. Citarasu K. Venkatramalingam M. Micheal Babu R. Raja Jeya Sekar M. Petermarian 《Aquaculture International》2003,11(6):581-595
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could
lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment
in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load
in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献