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1.
Litopenaeus vannamei were stocked in 25 clear‐water 500‐L tanks at 100 shrimp m?2 and in 25 green‐water 1000‐L tanks at 60 animals m?2. Four diets were formulated to include krill meal at 10, 50 or 110 g kg?1; or krill oil at 25 g kg?1 by replacing fish meal, fish oil, soybean lecithin and cholesterol. Diets had similar levels of crude protein, total energy and essential amino acids. After 72 days, shrimp reared in clear and green water showed no differences in performance among diets. In clear water, shrimp attained 13.1 ± 0.59 g body weight, 1.00 ± 0.06 g week?1 growth, 81.4 ± 7.3% survival, 780 ± 118 g m?2 yield, 16.9 ± 1.8 g shrimp?1 apparent feed intake (AFI), and 2.18 ± 0.29 food conversion ratio (FCR). In green water, shrimp attained 14.3 ± 0.81 g body weight, 1.04 ± 0.09 g week?1 growth, 91.4 ± 5.4% survival, 569 ± 69 g m?2 yield, 20.9 ± 3.2 g shrimp?1 AFI, and 2.22 ± 0.34 FCR. Diets containing krill meal or krill oil were able to fully replace the protein and lipid value of fish meal, fish oil, soybean lecithin and cholesterol at no cost to performance.  相似文献   

2.
ADELIZI  ROSATI  WARNER  WU  MUENCH  WHITE  & BROWN 《Aquaculture Nutrition》1998,4(4):255-262
Eight experimental diets were formulated for rainbow trout using agricultural byproducts as major ingredients. Each experimental diet contained varying amounts of corn grain, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and one of the following: 200 g kg?1 peanut meal, 200 or 400 g kg?1 soybean meal (SBM), 390 g kg?1 low-allergen soy flour, 310 g kg?1 soy protein concentrate, 300 g kg?1 low-allergen soy protein concentrate or 200 g kg?1 SBM + 110 g kg?1 blood meal. One diet contained 200 g kg?1 SBM and canola oil as the main lipid source. The remaining diets contained 95 g kg?1 menhaden oil. Fish fed a commercial trout diet exhibited significantly greater weight gain (322%), and a lower feed conversion ratio (0.89) but significantly lower protein efficiency ratio (2.18) than fish fed the experimental diets. Within the experimental diets, fish fed the 400 g kg?1 soy flour diet and the 400 g kg?1 soybean meal diet had significantly higher weight gains (276% and 268%) and protein efficiency ratios (2.58 and 2.52), and lower feed conversion ratios (1.02 and 1.03) than fish fed other experimental diets. Fillet flavour varied between treatments. Most notable was the lower fishy flavour and higher chicken flavour of fish fed the diet that contained canola oil rather than menhaden oil. Microscopic evaluation of the liver and five sections of the gastrointestinal tract failed to demonstrate any differences between treatment groups. The ingredient costs of several experimental diets were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet. However, the superior feed conversion ratios of fish fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of fish produced.  相似文献   

3.
Aquaculture of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) has been increasing, yet there have been few nutritional studies and no evaluations of alternative protein sources in diets. Solvent‐extracted, dehulled soybean meal (SBM) and expelled‐extruded soybean meal (exSBM) were fed to yellow perch to evaluate their effectiveness in replacing dietary fish meal (FM) in isonitrogenous practical feed formulations. Both soy ingredients were incorporated in graded amounts from 100 to 730 g kg−1 of the diet. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and survival were significantly affected by type of soy ingredient, concentration and the interaction of the two main effects. Consumption was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 400, 600 and 730 g kg−1 compared to fish fed diets containing lower concentrations. Weight gain was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 600 g kg−1 and FE significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 500 g kg−1 compared to fish fed the control diet or lower concentrations of soy ingredients. Most fatty acid concentrations were affected by feeding exSBM compared to fish fed the control diet, but long chain fatty acids remained at relatively high concentrations. Based on feed consumption, weight gain and FE data, yellow perch are able to effectively utilize both soy ingredients in practical diets. A conservative recommendation of 300 g kg−1 diet appears appropriate for growout diets.  相似文献   

4.
Juvenile barramundi (～220–280 g start weight) were fed extruded dry‐pelleted diets containing varying amounts of fish meal and meat meal in three experiments (E). E1 and E2 were each 66‐day farm studies utilizing 16 floating cages (400 fish per cage) in an aerated freshwater pond. E3 examined the same diets as fed in E2 but under controlled water temperature (28 ± 0.7 °C) and photoperiod (12:12) laboratory conditions in a 42‐day study involving 24 aquaria (eight fish per aquarium). In all studies, the same 430 g kg?1 crude protein (CP), 15 kJ g?1 digestible energy (DE) control (Ctl) diet (containing 35% Chilean anchovy fish meal) was compared with two high‐inclusion meat meal diets and a proprietary diet. The meat meal diets evaluated in E1 were a high‐ash (260 g kg?1) meat meal that contained 520 g kg?1 CP and a low‐ash (140 g kg?1) meat meal that contained 600 g kg?1 CP when included at either 450 or 400 g kg?1, respectively, in combination with 100 g kg?1 Chilean fish meal in diets that were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic with the Ctl diet. Growth rates and feed conversions were similar (P > 0.05) for all diets. In E2 and E3, the 520 g kg?1 CP meat meal was included at 500 g kg?1 without any marine protein source in diets formulated to provide either 15 or 16.2 kJ g?1 DE and the same CP/DE ratio (29 mg kJ?1) as the Ctl diet. Fish performance ranking of diets was similar in both experiments, with the 16.2 kJ g?1 DE diet supporting better (P < 0.05) growth rates than the Ctl diet and feed conversion ratios equivalent to the Ctl diet but better (P < 0.05) than all other diets.  相似文献   

5.
A net pen experiment was carried out to examine the effect of dietary protein level on the potential of land animal protein ingredients as fish meal substitutes in practical diets for cuneate drum Nibea miichthioides. Two isocaloric basal (control) diets were formulated to contain 400 g kg?1 herring meal but two different digestible protein (DP) levels (400 versus 350 g kg?1). At each DP level, dietary fish meal level was reduced from 400 to 280, 200, 80 and 0 g kg?1 by incorporating a blend that comprised of 600 g kg?1 poultry by‐products meal (PBM), 200 g kg?1 meat and bone meal (MBM), 100 g kg?1 feather meal (FEM) and 100 g kg?1 blood meal (BLM). Cuneate drum fingerling (initial weight 42 g fish?1) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks. Fish fed the test diets exhibited similar feed intake. Final body weight, feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention efficiency was not significantly different between fish fed the basal diets containing 350 and 400 g kg?1 DP. Weight gain decreased linearly with the reduction of dietary fish meal level at the 350 g kg?1 DP level, but did not decrease with the reduction of dietary fish meal level at the 400 g kg?1 DP level. Results of the present study suggest that fish meal in cuneate drum diets can be completely replaced with the blend of PBM, MBM, FEM and BLM at the 400 g kg?1 DP level, based on a mechanism that excessive dietary protein compensate lower contents of bio‐available essential amino acid in the land animal protein ingredients relative to fish meal.  相似文献   

6.
The use of non‐marine arachidonic acid (ArA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) enrichments was evaluated as complete replacements for marine fish oil in practical diets formulated with solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SESM). Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (0.59 g) were reared over 84 days in an outdoor tank system with no water discharge. Fishmeal was replaced with SESM, while fish oil was replaced with HUFA‐rich algal cells, alternative oil and/or fermentation products. Spray‐dried Schizochytrium algal cells (Schizomeal‐Hi DHA) served as the DHA enrichment source. Oil extracted from Mortierella sp. was used as the ArA enrichment (AquaGrow® ArA). DHA and ArA sources (Advanced BioNutrition Corp., Columbia, MD, USA) were non‐marine products obtained from a commercial supplier. Five diets were formulated with ArA inclusion levels of 0, 0.65, 1.3, 2.6 and 5.2 g kg?1. In addition, one diet was formulated to be DHA deficient and another was formulated with menhaden fish oil (control). Different inclusion levels of non‐marine ArA had no effect on survival or growth. Shrimp fed the non‐marine HUFA‐supplemented diets had lower average weight compared to shrimp offered the diet containing fish oil. No differences were detected in average weights of shrimp offered the ArA‐deficient and ArA‐supplemented diets.  相似文献   

7.
A 6‐week feeding trial was carried out in glass tanks to determine the effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with a combination of meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), blood meal (BM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) in practical diets on the growth, nutrient digestibility and body composition of Pacific white shrimp. Six practical diets were formulated, containing two levels of crude protein (CP) (330 and 380 g kg?1) and similar crude lipid (CL) levels. For the 330 g kg?1 dietary protein level, 0, 357 and 714 g kg?1 FM were replaced by the mixture in Diets 1–3, respectively; while 0, 514 and 784 g kg?1 FM were replaced in Diets 4–6, respectively, for 380 g kg?1 dietary protein level. White shrimp‐fed diets containing 330 g kg?1 CP had significantly lower weight gain compared with white shrimp fed diets containing 380 g kg?1 CP. Increasing the mixture and dietary protein level significantly raised the body ash content of white shrimp. White shrimp fed a low‐protein diet obtained better nutrient digestibility compared with those fed a high‐protein diet.  相似文献   

8.
The effect of varying dietary levels of defatted soybean meal on the growth and survival of mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) was investigated. In a feeding trial of 90 days, three experimental diets containing soybean meal at 200, 300 and 400 g kg?1 level of incorporation were fed to quadruplicate groups of 10 fish each. The conventional feed used in India, consisting of a mixture of groundnut oil cake and rice bran in 1 : 1 ratio served as the control. Best growth in terms of percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio and survival rate was obtained for the test diet with 354 g kg?1 crude protein and with 400 g kg?1 soybean meal inclusion level. However, no statistical significant difference was observed between the three soybean‐based diets, except for PER and survival rate. Soybean meal is an easily available, acceptable and cost‐effective protein source in formulated feeds for Indian major carps. The results of the present study indicate that a diet of 350 g kg?1 overall protein with soybean meal included at 400 g kg?1 can elicit good growth response and survival in mrigal.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of dietary substitution of animal and/or plant protein sources for fishmeal on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone was determined. Nine experimental diets in triplicate were prepared: Con, SM, PM, CM, SPM, MB, SM+CM, SM+SPM and CM+SPM diets. A 350 g kg?1 fishmeal was included in the Con diet, and the whole fishmeal was substituted with a 580 g kg?1 soybean meal (SM), 335 g kg?1 poultry meal (PM), 370 g kg?1 corn gluten meal (CM), 325 g kg?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (SPM), 590 g kg?1 meat and bone meal (MB), the combined 290 g kg?1 soybean meal and 180 g kg?1 corn gluten meal (SM+CM), 290 g kg?1 soybean meal and 160 g kg?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (SM+SPM) and 180 g kg?1 corn gluten meal and 170 g kg?1 silkworm pupae meal dehydrated (CM+SPM) diets respectively. All experimental diets were iso‐nitronic and iso‐lipidic. The survival of abalone fed with the SM and SM+SPM diets was higher than that of abalone fed with the CM, SPM, MB and CM+SPM diets. Weight gain of abalone fed with the SM+SPM diet was higher than that of abalone fed with all the other experimental diets, except for that of abalone fed with the SM+CM diet. The combined soybean meal and corn gluten meal (SM+CM) or silkworm pupae meal (SM+SPM) could be replaced with the whole fishmeal in the diet for abalone and improved its performance.  相似文献   

10.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and peanut meal (PM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and haemolymph indexes of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone. Five diets were formulated: a control diet (FM30) containing 30% fish meal and four other diets (FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5) in which protein from fish meal was substituted by protein from SBM and PM. The dietary amino acids of diets FM20, FM15, FM10 and FM5 were equal to those of the diet FM30 by adding crystalline amino acids (lysine and methionine). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight = 0.48 g), each three times daily. The results indicated that shrimp fed the diets FM15, FM10 and FM5 had poor growth performance and feed utilization compared with shrimp fed the control diet. No difference was observed in feed intake, survival and body composition among dietary treatments. The plasma total cholesterol level of shrimp and the digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy contained in the diets decreased significantly with increasing PM and SBM inclusion levels. Results of this study suggested that fish meal can be reduced from 300 to 200 g kg?1 when replaced by a mixture of SBM and PM.  相似文献   

11.
Future use of animal protein sources in shrimp feeds is expected to be considerably reduced as a consequence of increasing economical, environmental and safety issues. Of main concern has been the use of expensive marine protein sources, such as fish meal. Hence, shrimp research has recently focused on the development of practical feeds with minimal levels of fish meal and alternative, lower cost protein sources. To determine shrimp capacity to use practical feeds with plant proteins as replacement ingredients to animal protein sources, an 81-day growth trial was conducted in an outdoor tanks system, using juvenile (0.74 g) Litopenaeus vannamei. Experimental treatments included four diets with varying levels of fish meal in the diet (9, 6, 3 and 0%) in combination with 16% poultry by-product meal, a plant based feed containing 1% squid meal, and a commercial reference feed. Feeds were commercially extruded and offered as sinking pellets designed to contain 35% crude protein and 8% lipids. Mean final weight, percent weight gain, final net yield, feed conversion ratio and survival were evaluated. Final values for these parameters ranged from 17.4 to 19.5 g, 2249–2465%, 564.4–639.0 g m− 3, 1.07–1.20 and 83.3–89.2%, respectively. Evaluation of production parameters at the end of the study demonstrated no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) among any of the experimental treatments. These results indicate that fish meal can be replaced with plant protein sources in diets including 16% poultry by-product meal without affecting shrimp growth and production. In addition, results demonstrate that good performance can obtained by shrimp fed a plant protein based feed (solvent extracted soybean meal, corn gluten meal and corn fermented solubles) in combination with 1% squid meal. Although results with the primarily plant based diet are encouraging, further evaluations are recommended to allow the removal of the remaining marine ingredients.  相似文献   

12.
This study aimed to assess the effect of soybean meal (SBM) and cottonseed meal (CSM), as partial replacement of dietary fish meal on growth, feed efficiency (FE) and body mineral composition of juvenile vundu (Heterobranchus longifilis). Five iso‐nitrogenous (390 g kg?1 crude protein) and iso‐caloric (18 kJ g?1, gross energy) diets (Control, SBM30, SBM60, CSM30 and CSM60) were fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish (initial mean weight: 12 g) in each tank (0.9 m3). Over a 7‐week feeding period, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed on growth, FE and body mineral composition between treatments. Fish‐fed CSM‐based diets and 600 g kg?1 SBM‐based diet had reduced growth and reduced feed and protein efficiencies when compared with those fed diet containing 300 g kg?1 SBM or the control diet. Data from body mineral composition in response to dietary treatment could be divided into two groups. The first group refers to elements such as Mg and Fe for which carcass and fillet composition did not show significant differences with dietary level of SBM or CSM. Ca, P, K, Zn and Mn composed the second group of minerals whose concentrations in fish body were significantly reduced in fish‐fed SBM60. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that although solvent‐extracted SBM and CSM are often reported safe for fish, they can only partially replace fish meal as a source of protein in compound feed for vundu at a limited amount between 300 and 600 g kg?1 for SBM and <300 g kg?1 for CSM.  相似文献   

13.
Jatropha curcas (L.) is a multipurpose and drought‐resistant tree, widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics. Its seeds are rich in oil and protein (contains 600–660 g kg?1 crude protein similar to fish meal). It is being promoted as a biofuel plant. Jatropha kernel meal obtained after oil extraction is an excellent source of protein. However, presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents restricts its use in fish and shrimp feed. An 8‐week experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of the detoxified Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM) in white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Shrimp (60) with an initial average body weight of 4.46 ± 0.64 g were randomly distributed into three treatments with four replicates and fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (crude protein 350 g kg?1, crude lipid 90 g kg?1): Control (fish meal‐based protein), JC25 and JC50 (25% and 50% of fish meal protein replaced by DJKM). Higher (P < 0.05) body mass gain, specific growth rate and metabolic growth rate were observed in DJKM‐fed groups than in Control group. However, lower (P > 0.05) feed conversion ratio was observed in DJKM‐fed groups, while protein efficiency ratio exhibited an opposite trend. Protein, ash and gross energy content of the whole shrimp body were higher (P < 0.05) in DJKM‐fed groups compared to Control group. Moisture and lipid content of the whole shrimp body did not differ significantly among the three groups. Cholesterol level in plasma was highest (P < 0.05) in the Control group, followed by JC25 and JC50 groups; all being significantly different. In conclusion, DJKM is a promising fish meal replacer in shrimp diets.  相似文献   

14.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of replacing fish meal (FM) with blood meal (BM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and shrimp head meal (SHM), rapeseed meal (RM) and peanut meal (PM) on a digestible basis of crude protein and lysine and methionine in five practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp at the FM levels of 300, 250, 200, 150 and 100 g kg?1 under laboratory conditions. Each of the five experimental diets was hand‐fed to four replicate tanks of shrimp with an average weight of 0.33 ± 0.03 g to satiation at each meal. The shrimp were fed three times a day over a six‐week period. The per cent weight gain of initial body weight (WG%) was significantly lower in shrimp fed 100 g kg?1 FM diet, but the value for hepatosomatic index (HSI) and the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) tended to be higher in shrimp fed 100 g kg?1 FM diet than those in shrimp fed other diets. The lowest value for feeding rate (FR) occurred for shrimp fed the basal diet and was significantly lower than that in shrimp fed the FM diets at 100–150 g kg?1. Shrimp fed diets containing 200 g kg?1 or lower FM had significantly lower feed utilization than those fed the 250 g kg?1 FM diet and the basal diet. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) in the shrimp fed the basal diet was significantly higher than in the other FM diets. Decreasing the FM replacement level significantly reduced nutrient digestibility except in the cases of ash and gross energy, but it did not affect the survival, condition factor (CF), body composition, digestive enzyme activity or plasma transaminase activity. The results of the study indicate that feeding a diet formulated on a digestible basis and involving FM replacement with other protein sources at a greater replacement proportion will not produce a level of shrimp growth equal to that achieved by feeding the basal diet.  相似文献   

15.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of replacing fish meal with co‐extruded wet tuna viscera and corn meal in diets for juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five practical diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 16.6 kJ g?1. The feeding experiment was carried out in a recirculating seawater system with fifteen 25‐L tanks with 15 shrimp per tank. Each dietary treatment was fed in triplicate in a completely randomized design for 41 days. Percent weight gain (WG%), survival (S%) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated, comparisons of these parameters showed no statistical differences (P>0.05) among treatments. The shrimp almost tripled their weight during the feeding trial. Under the experimental conditions S%, WG% and FCR were either improved or were not significantly influenced by the replacement of fish meal with double co‐extruded viscera+corn, except for a slight increase in feed consumption without affecting FCR. Hence, this product can be included by up to 40% in practical shrimp diets without any detrimental effects.  相似文献   

16.
The performance of silver perch fed a commercially available diet based on meat meal (38%), grain legumes (18%), oilseeds (10%), wheat millrun (20%), fishmeal (5%) and fish oil (3%) was compared with experimental diets based on alternative protein sources in two experiments. In Experiment 1, two experimental diets contained similar contents of fishmeal and fish oil as the commercially available reference diet, but soybean (25%) and wheat millrun (>31%) were used to reduce animal protein meals by approximately 50%. The digestible protein and digestible energy of the two experimental diets was either slightly lower (31.5% and 12.8 MJ kg?1) or slightly higher (34.9% and 14.3 MJ kg?1) than the reference diet (32.1% and 13.2 MJ kg?1). In Experiment 2, the two experimental diets contained no fishmeal but included higher amounts of rendered animal meals (41–48%). One of the diets had similar digestible protein to the reference diet (32%) while the other had only 25% digestible protein. Silver perch (38 g for Experiment 1 and 59 g for Experiment 2) were stocked into each of nine 0.1 ha earthen ponds with fish in three ponds fed each diet for 191 days (Experiment 1) or 187 days (Experiment 2). Survival was >94% in all ponds in both experiments. In Experiment 1, growth rates and feed conversion ratios (FCRs) ranged from 2.1 to 2.4 g fish?1 day?1 and 1.7 to 1.9 respectively. Growth rates were significantly (P<0.05) lower for fish fed the experimental diet with the lowest digestible energy content. Growth rates for fish fed the other experimental diet and the reference diet were similar (P>0.05). In Experiment 2, growth rates and FCRs ranged from 2.3 to 2.4 g fish?1 day?1 and 1.6 to 1.7. There were no significant differences in fish performance indices for any of the three diets although experimental power was low (power=0.31). A blind consumer sensory evaluation (taste panel) of fish fed the three diets in Experiment 2 rated fish as ‘highly acceptable’. The diet with the lowest digestible protein content produced the best fish in terms of ‘smell liking’, ‘flavour liking’, ‘muddy flavour strength’ and ‘fresh flavour strength’. These results confirm that soybean meal and/or rendered animal protein ingredients including meat meal and poultry offal meal, and wheat can form the basis for high‐performance, low‐cost diets for intensive pond culture of silver perch.  相似文献   

17.
Juvenile cobias, Rachycentron canadum, were fed extruded diets containing toasted defatted soybean meal (SBM) or untoasted defatted SBM [white flakes (WF)] to study growth and feed conversion, and to study if SBM induces morphological changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Three diets were produced: a fish meal‐based control diet (FM diet) with 558 g FM kg?1, and two diets with 335 g FM and either 285 g SBM kg?1 (SBM diet) or 285 g WF kg?1 (WF diet). The diets were extruded at approximately 120°C with 280 g kg?1 moisture. Triplicate groups of cobias (mean weight: 25.9 g) were fed the diets during 6 weeks. Feed intake of the FM and SBM diets were not significantly different, whereas the cumulative feed intake of cobias fed the WF diet was lower (P < 0.05) than that of cobias fed the FM and SBM diets after the first 21‐day period. Specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different between cobias fed the FM and SBM diets, but significantly poorer results were obtained in cobias fed the WF diet. No morphological differences in the GI tract could be attributed to the diets, and cobias fed soy did not develop enteritis in the distal intestine.  相似文献   

18.
A 60‐day study was conducted to determine the response of juvenile bluegill Lepomis macrochirus to seven experimental diets, formulated using a blend of alternative protein sources as a replacement for fish meal. Adequate levels (digestible basis) of energy, protein and amino acids were maintained in diets 1–6, whereas slightly lower protein and energy levels were provided in diet 7. Feed cost per tonne ranged from $ 798.9 (diet 1, 550 g Kg?1 fish meal) to $ 515.8 (diet 6, 0 g kg?1 fish meal), or to $ 507.2 (diet 7, 0 g Kg?1 fish meal). Three commercial diets were included in the study as reference diets: a high‐energy and a low‐energy trout diet, as well as a catfish diet. Quintuplicate bluegill groups (~22 g, n = 10 fish group?1) were fed the experimental diets twice daily to apparent satiation. No major differences in feed consumption, feed efficiency and growth rates were detected among the bluegill groups fed the experimental diets. Trout diets generally produced higher fish fat deposition, whereas the catfish diet produced a poorer fish growth rate relative to the experimental diets. Under the reported conditions, results indicate diet 6, comprising predominantly soybean meal and porcine meat and bone meal, to be the most economical diet for juvenile bluegill.  相似文献   

19.
Two experiments were carried out to determine the apparent crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), fat and gross energy (GE) digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of several protein and energy sources (ingredients) for Australian snapper using the indirect method of determination and collection of faeces by passive settlement. The first experiment determined ADCs for one level of fishmeal (500 g kg?1 diet), three levels of extruded wheat (200, 300 or 400 g kg?1 diet) and two levels of fish oil (150 or 250 g kg?1 diet). The second experiment determined ADCs for two levels each of meat meal or poultry meal (300 or 500 g kg?1 diet), one level each of haemoglobin powder or blood meal (150 g kg?1 diet) and one level each of solvent extracted soybean meal or a low‐allergenic, cold‐pressed soybean meal (300 g kg?1 diet). Similar ingredients and where appropriate, different inclusion levels were compared using one‐ or two‐way analysis of variance (anova ). Fishmeal was almost completely digested and ADC values ranged between 94.3% and 99.2%. Fish oil was also well digested, with ADC values ranging between 97.6% and 106.0% and was not significantly affected by inclusion level. Linear regression analysis indicated that there was no relationship between the inclusion level of extruded wheat and either CP (ADCs ranged from 100.1% to 105.4%) or fat digestibility (ADCs ranged from 89.1% to 104.4%). However, there was a significant negative linear relationship between the inclusion level of extruded wheat and GE digestibility (GEADC=86.51?0.031 × inclusion level; R2=0.49). Two‐way anova indicated that CP, OM and GE ADCs of poultry meal (i.e. 85.9%, 89.7% and 91.3% respectively) were significantly higher than those determined for meat meal (i.e. 63.8%, 63.4% and 71.3% respectively), but ADCs were not affected by inclusion level or the interaction between inclusion level and ingredient type. The fat digestibility coefficients of meat and poultry meal were not significantly different (ADCs ranged from 92.3% to 95.0%). The CP digestibility of haemoglobin powder (95.1%) was significantly higher than that of ring‐dried blood meal (81.6%), but there was no difference between the digestibility of OM (77.0%) or GE (80.4%) from these products. There was no difference between the CP (88.9%), OM (56.9%) and GE (65.6%) digestibility of the solvent extracted soybean meal and the low‐allergenic, cold‐pressed soybean meal. These coefficients will be useful in formulating both practical and research‐based diets for this species.  相似文献   

20.
This study was undertaken to determine acceptable dietary concentrations of high-fibre canola meal (CMHF) and low-fibre canola meal (CMLF) for juvenile shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Four groups of 0.78 g shrimp held in running, 24.0–27.8°C sea water on a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle were each fed one of seven isonitrogenous (340 g kg?1 protein) and isoenergetic (18.5 MJ of gross energy kg?1) diets to satiation four times daily for 56 days. Each of the test canola protein products comprised either 150, 300 or 450 g kg?1 of the protein in a basal (practical) diet by replacement of one-third, two-thirds or all of the menhaden meal protein. Shrimp that ingested diets in which CMHF and CMLF comprised 450 and 300 g kg?1 of the protein, respectively, exhibited significant reductions in growth and feed intake relative to those fed the basal diet. Feed and protein utilization were not significantly depressed unless menhaden meal in the basal diet was completely replaced by CMHF or CMLF. In general, percentage survival and final whole-body levels of protein, minerals, and thyroid hormones were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Terminal whole-body levels of moisture were raised significantly in shrimp fed diets containing the highest levels of CMHF and CMLF. Potassium levels were significantly higher in shrimp fed the diet containing the lowest level of CMLF relative to those fed the basal diet and the diet with the highest level of CMLF. Water stability of the diet pellets was negatively correlated with their levels of CMHF and CMLF. It is concluded that commercial high-fibre canola meal can constitute 300 g kg?1 of the dietary protein of juvenile shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) without compromising growth, feed intake and feed and protein utilization. However, because of a trend towards reduced shrimp survival at this dietary concentration of canola meal, it is recommended that this protein source not exceed 150 g kg?1 of the protein in practical juvenile shrimp diets. Fibre-reduced canola meal did not have improved nutritive value for shrimp. However, we postulate that one or more fibre-reduced, and solvent-extracted canola protein products may be cost-effective substitutes for fish meal protein.  相似文献   

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