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1.
为探究不同浓度硫酸新霉素对于生物絮团处理氨氮及抗生素抗性基因的影响,本实验对生物絮团水质及絮团指标、水体中抗生素含量和生物絮团中6种抗生素抗性基因的含量进行了检测。结果显示：在氨氮转化的速率上,初次加药连续监测显示未添加组(A组)、0.5 mg/L硫酸新霉素组(B组)、1 mg/L硫酸新霉素组(C组)和3 mg/L硫酸新霉素组(D组)的氨氮去除速率分别为(3.88±0.02) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)、(2.22±0.03) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)、(2.17±0.04) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)和(1.72±0.02) mg TAN/(g TSS·h),氨氮去除速率A组>B组>C组>D组。而间隔一个休药期(500℃·d)的第二次加药连续监测显示4个组的氨氮去除速率分别为(2.99±0.08) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)、(2.98±0.03) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)、(2.97±0.08) mg TAN/(g TSS·h)和(5.10±0.03) mg TAN/(g TSS·h),氨氮去除速率D组>A组>B组&g...  相似文献   

2.
碳氮比(C/N)调控是生物絮团养殖的核心技术特征,相关研究和实践中C/N中的碳和氮有不同的表征形式,本研究用溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)表征碳,分别用总氮(total nitrogen, TN)、溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen, DIN)、总氨氮(total ammonia nitrogen, TAN)表征氮,比较了相同C/N、不同氮素形式条件下生物絮团的氨氮去除能力、基本营养组分、氮代谢相关功能基因及总异养菌数量。实验设置A组DOC/TN为20, B组DOC/DIN为20, C组DOC/TAN为20。各实验组8 h内可将10 mg/L氨氮降低到1 mg/L以下, TAN去除速率分别为(2.11±0.05)mgTAN/gTSS·h、(2.00±0.02)mgTAN/gTSS·h和(2.09±0.02)mgTAN/gTSS·h,A组显著高于B组(P<0.05),C组与A、B组无显著差异。各组絮团粗蛋白含量无显著差异,C组絮团粗脂肪含量显著高于B组和A组(P<0.05),主要氨基酸和脂肪酸组分含量...  相似文献   

3.
采用封闭流水式装置,研究斑点叉尾[鱼回]幼鱼(Ictalurus Punctatus)(约9~11 g)在不同温度条件下(18,22和26℃)的耗氧率和氨氮排泄率变化情况。结果表明,在18,22和26℃时斑点叉尾[鱼回]幼鱼的耗氧率分别为(171.66±33)mg/(kg·h),(97.22±26)mg/(kg·h)和(171.83±44)mg/(kg·h),26℃处理组的耗氧率最高,与22℃处理组具显著差异(P<0.05);氨氮排泄率也表现出随水温的升高而升高的趋势,18,22和26℃时其氨氮排泄率分别为(0.40±0.01)mg/(g·h),(0.44±0.01)mg/(g·h)和(0.58±0.01)mg/(g·h)。在22~26℃,斑点叉尾[鱼回]幼鱼的耗氧率和氨氮排泄率均随温度升高而升高。  相似文献   

4.
循环水养殖系统中旋流颗粒过滤器设计研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在对颗粒物流体力学分析和计算基础上,设计了直径500 mm、过滤填料层厚度300 mm、水处理量2~8m3/h的旋流颗粒过滤器。该过滤器利用进水所产生旋流和塑料珠填料截留共同作用,可以去除100μm以上可沉淀颗粒物质,截留部分100μm以下悬浮颗粒物质;该过滤器利用鱼池与过滤器液位差产生动力,无需额外机械动力。模拟试验结果表明,当进水TSS为50~70 mg/L、处理负荷在490~671 g/(m3.h)时,颗粒去除率达到(87.2±3.7)%,出水TSS控制在4.5~11.5 mg/L。  相似文献   

5.
为减少生物絮团培养过程中的碳源添加和溶氧消耗,节约成本,逐步将C/N比值从15降至7.9,进行低C/N驯化培养。在此基础上,对低碳条件下培育的生物絮团在无外加碳源和碳源充足时的氮去除、NO_2~--N积累、碱度消耗等情况进行了研究,综合评价其自养硝化(autotrophic nitrification,AN)和异养硝化-好氧反硝化(heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification,HN-AD)效能。结果表明,低C/N驯化的生物絮团具有较高的AN活性和HN-AD活性,对NH_4~+-N去除率分别达97.10%和100.00%。氨氧化过程为AN的限速步骤,比氨氧化速率为13.17 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1),小于比亚硝酸盐氧化速率[29.20 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1)],HN-AD的比氨氧化速率达40.28 mg·(g VSS·d)~(-1),约为AN过程的3倍。由于同步硝化反硝化的存在,HN-AD的碱度消耗(3.34 g碱度·g~(-1)NH_4~+-N,以Ca CO_3计)小于AN(4.30 g碱度·g~(-1)NH_4~+-N),且HN-AD的TIN去除率达53.69%。HN-AD的NO_2~--N积累较多,最多达2.62 mg·L~(-1),积累率为46.37%,AN的NO_2~--N最高仅0.47 mg·L~(-1),积累率为3.31%。研究结果可为生物絮团定向驯化及其在水产养殖水处理中的应用提供理论参考。  相似文献   

6.
利用实验生态学方法研究了不同温度(17、21、25℃)对黄带拟鲹Pseudocaranx dentex(389.34 g±49.70 g)耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点的影响。结果显示:17℃组耗氧率为(0.26±0.01)mg/(g·h),排氨率为(3.12±0.25)μg/(g·h),窒息点为(0.85±0.13)mg/L;21℃组耗氧率为(0.37±0.02)mg/(g·h),排氨率为(3.99±0.18)μg/(g·h),窒息点为(0.93±0.08)mg/L;25℃组耗氧率为(0.52±0.03)mg/(g·h),排氨率为(5.23±0.21)μg/(g·h),窒息点为(1.24±0.10)mg/L。黄带拟鲹的耗氧率、排氨率及窒息点均随温度的升高而升高,且温度对耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(P0.05)。同时,O/N比值在81.62～105.38,表明试验水温条件下黄带拟鲹的主要供能物质为脂肪和碳水化合物。  相似文献   

7.
为了研究生物絮团系统(BFT)中以3-羟基丁酸-co-3-羟基戊酸共聚物(PHBV)为碳源对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)生长、养殖水质及对硝化过程反应速率及硝化酶的影响,设置不添加PHBV组(CL组)和挂袋300 g PHBV颗粒组(PHBV组)进行29 d的养殖实验,每4 d检测水质、絮团指标。实验结束检测鱼体生长指标,取实验末养殖水进行10 mg/L NH~+_4降解连续监测,取特征点总氨氮(TAN)最高(A),亚硝酸盐(NO~-_2-N)最高(B_1/B_2)及硝酸盐(NO~-_3-N)最高(C)时的絮团样检测氨单加氧酶(AMO)、羟氨氧化还原酶(HAO)及亚硝酸氧化还原酶(NOR)含量。结果显示:两组的成活率、增重率、特定增长率以及饲料系数均无显著差异,PHBV对斑点叉尾鮰鱼苗生长促进不显著。整个养殖过程中两组TAN、NO~-_2-N均处于安全范围,硝酸盐、磷酸盐、总氮、总磷及总固体悬浮物与絮团体积均呈现不断积累的趋势,且两组将10 mg/L NH~+_4转化为NO~-_3-N均需约28 h,表明两组生物絮团性能良好。硝化酶结果显示,PHBV组的AMO、HAO及NOR含量均显著大于CL组,但其硝化速率并未显著提高。两组游离菌的AMO、HAO、NOR含量均显著低于固着菌,且CL组游离菌中AMO、HAO及NOR含量与PHBV组差异不显著。  相似文献   

8.
利用异位生物絮团反应器,分别在有机碳源存在(第Ⅰ阶段,持续21 d)和有机碳源缺失(第Ⅱ阶段,持续21 d)阶段,比较研究了无机碳源(NaHCO_3)浓度为0.0 (对照组),0.5,1.0和1.5 g/L的模拟养殖废水对反应器生物絮团降氮及沉降性能的影响。结果显示,第Ⅰ阶段对照组出水氨氮浓度显著高于其他处理组,但总体上呈先下降后稳定的趋势,各组亚硝态氮和硝态氮均有少量积累;生物絮团生物量及沉降速度对照组显著低于处理组,处理组之间差异不显著。第Ⅱ阶段各组出水的氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度无显著差异,对照组硝态氮浓度高于各处理组,氨氮浓度迅速下降;此阶段生物絮团的生物量、沉降速度有所下降,NaHCO_3浓度为1.0 g/L处理组表现出较好的沉降效果;粒径分布也趋向均匀。整个实验阶段,不同浓度无机碳源处理条件下,氨氮的去除效率均达到97.8%以上,亚硝态氮无显著积累,处理组生物絮团沉降速度和生物量显著高于对照组。研究表明,添加无机碳源可提高生物絮团降氮性能,增强其沉降速度;移除有机碳源后,生物絮团反应器可维持氨氮去除能力,但引起硝态氮积累,生物絮团生物量减少;有机碳源缺失时,无机碳源(≥0.5 g/L)有助于生物絮团反应器保持其氨氮去除能力。  相似文献   

9.
采用改良后的黑白瓶法测定了蛋白核小球藻和裸甲藻在低温下的光合放氧和呼吸耗氧速率。研究结果表明,低温条件下蛋白核小球藻和裸甲藻仍具有一定的光合放氧能力。在光照度为2100lx,温度为-1℃时,蛋白核小球藻和裸甲藻叶绿素a光合放氧速率分别为(30.78±2.18)μmol/(mg·h)和(11.92±0.97)μmol/(mg·h);呼吸耗氧速率分别为(2.30±1.49)μmol/(mg·h)和(2.34±0.85)μmol/(mg·h)。在-1～4℃,2种单胞藻的净光合放氧速率和呼吸耗氧速率随温度变化的曲线基本相似,均随温度升高呈指数增长,但其增长幅度随种类不同而有较大差异。  相似文献   

10.
为探讨溶解碳源与固体碳源在凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生物絮团养殖过程中的影响，设置5个不同碳源搭配组、花生壳粉组、红糖组、花生壳粉∶红糖(1∶1)组、花生壳粉∶红糖(2∶1)组以及花生壳粉∶红糖(1∶2)组，分别进行为期40 d的南美白对虾养殖试验，每4 d进行一次水质监测，试验结束时对对虾肝胰腺取样进行谷胱甘肽-S转移酶活性测定并且将抽滤滤膜进行高通量测序分析，探究不同类型碳源且不同搭配比例对生物絮团养殖系统内水质、对虾生长性能、微生物多样性及其群落结构的作用。结果显示：在水质调控方面，花生壳粉∶红糖(2∶1)组的氨氮在整个试验周期始终维持在较低水平，氨氮峰值仅为(2.43±0.45)mg/L,而氨氮峰值最大的花生壳粉组高达(9.80±0.35)mg/L;亚硝酸盐氮在对照组中呈上升趋势，在生物絮团组浓度呈先上升后下降趋势，花生壳粉∶红糖(2∶1)组的浓度变化拐点要比其他处理组提前；在硝酸盐氮水平，除对照组外其余生物絮团组都呈上升趋势，花生壳粉∶红糖(2∶1)组在试验结束时硝酸盐氮质量浓度高达(17.84±1.20)mg/L;在微生物群落分析中，副球菌属是属...  相似文献   

11.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

12.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

15.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

17.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

18.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

19.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

20.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.  相似文献   

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