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生物钟生理功能及影响因素的研究进展 《畜牧与饲料科学》2021,42(4):67-73
生物钟普遍存在于生物界,能够使生物体本身的节律与环境的节律同步化,调控着机体生命活动和生理功能。对昼夜节律生物钟的作用机制、生理功能及影响因素进行综述,以期为生物节律的深入研究提供参考。 相似文献
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生物钟是一个复杂的调控网络,在环境的不断变化中促进植物的生长,REVEILLE8 (RVE8)是生物钟的重要基因。为探讨其分子机理,采用RT-PCR和RACE方法,克隆高羊茅叶片FaRVE8基因,结果显示,FaRVE8全长为1881 bp,有1236 bp的开放阅读框,编码411个氨基酸,同属于MYB样因子。遗传进化树表明其与禾本科植物二穗短柄草、节节麦、大麦的同源蛋白亲缘关系较近。利用荧光定量分析高羊茅叶片中FaRVE8在不同光照处理下的表达特征,结果表明,FaRVE8在不同光照处理下均有表达,且呈现出明显的昼夜节律。亚细胞定位显示FaRVE8定位在细胞核中,可能在细胞核中发挥重要作用。以上研究表明,FaRVE8在调节生物节律中有重要作用,为进一步探讨FaRVE8基因的功能和分子调控机制奠定基础。 相似文献
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Giuseppe Piccione Claudia Giannetto Simona Marafioti Michele Panzera Anna Assenza Francesco Fazio 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2013,8(1):40-45
The activity rhythm can be entrained by nonphotic cues, especially food availability. Daily feeding schedules can act as “Zeitgeber” to synchronize the circadian system. In this study, the authors evaluated the influence of different feeding schedules on the daily rhythm of total locomotor activity in ponies. Six clinically healthy Shetland ponies were kept under natural 12/12-h light/dark cycle and monitored during 4 different feeding schedules: fed twice (at 8 am and 8 pm), fasted, fed at 8 pm, fed at 8 am, and fed twice a day again. Water was available ad libitum. To record total activity, we equipped the animals with actigraphy-based data loggers (Actiwatch-Mini). Two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of the time of day and no effect of feeding schedules on the amount of total locomotor activity. Locomotor activity showed daily rhythmicity in all experimental conditions, with diurnal acrophase. The amplitude of the rhythms and their robustness statistically changed across all experimental conditions. Our findings support the theory that when given essentially free choice hay, the time of feeding did not entrain activity, and suggest that feeding behavior can influence the distribution of locomotor activity during a 24-hour period in ponies, with changes in the amplitude and robustness of the rhythm. 相似文献
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光照和温度影响昆虫昼夜节律生物钟的分子机制 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
昼夜节律是生物界最普遍的生物钟节律。模式昆虫果蝇(Drosophila)的昼夜生物钟即是一种"转录-翻译-抑转录"调节机制。其中,光照是一种调控生物钟的重要授时因子,能引起时间相位的延迟和提前;环境温度也是一个重要的授时因子,只需1~2℃的改变就可影响生物钟的时间相位。温度诱导生物钟的机制与光照相似,都需要隐花色素(CRY)蛋白的参与,周期蛋白(PER)-永恒蛋白(TIM)-CRY蛋白复合体在光线和温度的诱导路径中都发挥着重要作用。温度与光照可以协同发挥作用,共同调节生物钟,但光照与温度在诱导生物钟基因per和tim表达方面也存在着差异:光照条件下per与tim基因的表达节律变化为平行关系;而温度条件下per的表达峰比tim的表达峰早出现。家蚕(Bombyxmori)滞育是一种非常典型的对环境温度和光照进行主动适应的机制,因而家蚕有可能成为研究这2种授时因子协同作用的模式生物。 相似文献
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中国家鸡和红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性及系统进化分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
通过线粒体DNA控制区的结构和多态性来研究中国家鸡和红色原鸡的遗传多态性与系统进化。测定14个中国地方鸡种和红色原鸡2个亚种的256个个体线粒体DNA控制区部分序列约560bp,结果表明,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为25．∞％、37．40％、4．40％和33．20％。共发现44个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的7．86％,没有观测到插入／缺失,颠换和转换之比为0．13;共具有32种单倍型,9种为共享单倍型;16个群体内单倍型多样度从0到0．964,单倍型变异度总体为0．909±0．014,整体的平均核苷酸差异数为7．276,核苷酸多样度为1．851％。群体间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）在0．747％～3．125％之间变化,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．015％～2．633％。16个群体表现出较高水平的遗传多态性,群体间表现出显著的遗传分化。群体遗传多态性和亲缘关系分析表明,一些中国家鸡的群体（如固始鸡和仙居鸡）起源于泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallu sgallus亚种,一些中国家鸡的群体（如茶花鸡和藏鸡等）起源于中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种,在一些中国地方鸡种还同时具有这2种红色原鸡的遗传贡献;认为中国家鸡起源于泰国或单纯起源于中国的观点都是不全面的。 相似文献
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1. Diurnal food intake rhythms of laying hens were studied under 21, 24 and 30‐h cycles, using either a constant 12‐h photoperiod or a 10‐h scotoperiod in each cycle. The feeding patterns essentially followed a circadian periodicity under all experimental situations. The peak in food intake which normally occurs before “sunset” in a 24‐h cycle was consistently observed to be timed from the onset of the previous dark period in each light and dark cycle, regardless of cycle length.
2. This study demonstrates that the laying fowl makes use of an endogenous biological rhythm to regulate its feeding behaviour. A light to dark transition in a light and dark cycle is the primary signal for phase‐setting the pattern of food intake. 相似文献
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A molecular analysis of the patterns of genetic diversity in local chickens from western Algeria in comparison with commercial lines and wild jungle fowls 
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下载免费PDF全文 F. Z. Mahammi S. B. S. Gaouar D. Laloë R. Faugeras N. Tabet‐Aoul X. Rognon M. Tixier‐Boichard N. Saidi‐Mehtar 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2016,133(1):59-70
The objectives of this study were to characterize the genetic variability of village chickens from three agro‐ecological regions of western Algeria: coastal (CT), inland plains (IP) and highlands (HL), to reveal any underlying population structure, and to evaluate potential genetic introgression from commercial lines into local populations. A set of 233 chickens was genotyped with a panel of 23 microsatellite markers. Geographical coordinates were individually recorded. Eight reference populations were included in the study to investigate potential gene flow: four highly selected commercial pure lines and four lines of French slow‐growing chickens. Two populations of wild red jungle fowls were also genotyped to compare the range of diversity between domestic and wild fowls. A genetic diversity analysis was conducted both within and between populations. Multivariate redundancy analyses were performed to assess the relative influence of geographical location among Algerian ecotypes. The results showed a high genetic variability within the Algerian population, with 184 alleles and a mean number of 8.09 alleles per locus. The values of heterozygosity (He and Ho) ranged from 0.55 to 0.62 in Algerian ecotypes and were smaller than values found in Jungle fowl populations and higher than values found in commercial populations. Although the structuring analysis of genotypes did not reveal clear subpopulations within Algerian ecotypes, the supervised approach using geographical data showed a significant (p < 0.01) differentiation between the three ecotypes which was mainly due to altitude. Thus, the genetic diversity of Algerian ecotypes may be under the influence of two factors with contradictory effects: the geographical location and climatic conditions may induce some differentiation, whereas the high level of exchanges and gene flow may suppress it. Evidence of gene flow between commercial and Algerian local populations was observed, which may be due to unrecorded crossing with commercial chickens. Chicken ecotypes from western Algeria are characterized by a high genetic diversity and must be safeguarded as an important reservoir of genetic diversity. 相似文献
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The transition from pregnancy to lactation is the most stressful period in the life of a cow. During this transition, homeorhetic adaptations are coordinated across almost every organ and are marked by changes in hormones and metabolism to accommodate the increased energetic demands of lactation. Recent data from our laboratory showed that changes in circadian clocks occur in multiple tissues during the transition period in rats and indicate that the circadian system coordinates changes in the physiology of the dam needed to support lactation. Circadian rhythms coordinate the timing of physiological processes and synchronize these processes with the environment of the animal. Circadian rhythms are generated by molecular circadian clocks located in the hypothalamus (the master clock) and peripherally in every organ of the body. The master clock receives environmental and physiological cues and, in turn, synchronizes internal physiology by coordinating endocrine rhythms and metabolism through peripheral clocks. The effect of the circadian clock on lactation may be inferred by the photoperiod effect on milk production, which is accompanied by coordinated changes in the endocrine system and metabolic capacity of the dam to respond to changes in day length. We have shown that bovine mammary epithelial cells possess a functional clock that can be synchronized by external stimuli, and the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like gene, a positive limb of the core clock, is responsive to prolactin in bovine mammary explants. Others showed that 7% of genes expressed in breasts of lactating women had circadian patterns of expression, and we report that the diurnal variation of composition of bovine milk is associated with changes in expression of mammary core clock genes. Together these studies indicate that the circadian system coordinates the metabolic and hormonal changes needed to initiate and sustain lactation, and we believe that the capacity of the dam to produce milk and cope with metabolic stresses in early lactation is related to her ability to set circadian rhythms during the transition period. 相似文献
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昆虫生物钟基因及其分子作用机制研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
昆虫经过长期的演化,在其生命活动和行为中,有着明显的昼夜和季节的节律性周期变化,通常将这种节律性活动现象称为生物钟。蟑螂是变温动物,体温会随外界环境的变化而变化,生物钟周期是"温度补偿"的。果蝇昼夜生物钟节律是一种"转录-翻译-抑转录"机制构成的反馈环,主钟由位于脑部的两簇神经元组成,其中已确认的主要钟基因有per、tim、clk、cyc、dbt、vri和cry等。家蚕的滞育是一种世代节律现象,但与近日节律密切相关,且无法单纯用近日节律调控方式来解释。家蚕滞育卵内的酯酶A4(EA4)是一种时间间隔测定酶,能够感知低温和盐酸等刺激信息,EA4的测时功能与其自身的结构有关,受蚕卵内的多肽抑制因子(PIN)的调控。聚类分析结果表明,家蚕EA4虽然在SOD蛋白家族,但EA4与其他物种Cu/Zn-SOD进化距离较远。生物钟的进化关系研究表明,生物钟的关键分子构成在果蝇等昆虫和哺乳动物之间是高度保守的。 相似文献
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Mizuna Ogino Akihiro Matsuura Atusi Yamazaki Mami Irimajiri Yoshihiro Suzuki Shiro Kushibiki Hroyuki Singu Etsuko Kasuya Yoshihisa Hasegawa Koichi Hodate 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(1):58-68
The secretion rhythms of plasma cortisol (CORT) and prolactin (PRL), hormones related to stress responsiveness and biological rhythm and controlled by light and temperature, were investigated under varying external environments and different management techniques. Serial blood samples were collected from female cattle reared in free‐stall and freely fed (FF) conditions (n = 4) or in tie‐stall and restricted feeding (RF) conditions (hay and concentrate twice daily, n = 4). Plasma CORT and PRL concentrations, eating behavior, and environmental parameters were analyzed. Cyclic patterns for each parameter were examined using spectral analysis, and correlations between CORT, PRL and other parameters were investigated using cross‐spectral analysis. Under FF conditions, CORT secretion was not related to the lighting intensity and eating behavior. However, under RF conditions, the CORT secretion rhythm showed a distinct correlation with lighting intensity and eating behavior. Under FF conditions, the PRL secretion rhythm was similar in all seasons. However, under RF conditions, the PRL rhythm oscillated with high frequency in summer and low frequency in winter, indicating a seasonal change in rhythm. The present study demonstrates that hormone secretion rhythms change under different environments and management techniques. 相似文献
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光照信息是自然界中最重要的环境因素之一,它通过对动物的视觉系统和昼夜节律生物钟系统的调控,进而影响着生物体的多种生理功能。肉鸡属于光敏感动物,其视网膜和松果体上存在着不同的光感受器以及昼夜节律生物钟,通过位于其上的光受体接受外界环境的光信息（光照波长、光照周期和光照强度）,再把不同光信息处理后转化为特定的生物信号,从而影响机体的生长发育、生产性能和免疫功能。作者综述了不同的光照信息：光照周期、光照强度及光照波长对肉鸡免疫功能的增强或抑制作用并重点讲述了褪黑激素通过其受体途径和非受体途径（抗氧化作用）介导着不同光照波长（光色）对肉鸡免疫功能的调控,以期为现代化肉鸡养殖过程中合理运用光照信息提供理论依据。 相似文献
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笼养原鸡3种饲料的择优试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
笼养条件下 ,分别用 16 1#、72 2 #全价配合颗粒饲料和某鹌鹑饲养场的自配粉状料对 4只成年笼养原鸡 (Gallusgallus)进行消化试验。结果表明 ,成年原鸡对 3种饲料干物质、粗蛋白及碳水化合物的表观消化率 ,自配料均低于 16 1#、72 2 #饲料 ,且与 16 1#、72 2 #饲料差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而 16 1#与 72 2 #之间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;3种饲料间粗脂肪的表观消化率均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。并结合饲料的适口性、料增重比等方面评价的结果得知 ,以颗粒状的 72 2 #家鸡饲料作为原鸡的基础日粮就于其它种类饲料 ,蛋白质含量高的饲料 ,原鸡对其的消化率也高 ,日粮中蛋白质的含量以 19%为最佳。 相似文献
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为了深入研究温度和光照等昼夜节律授时因子对家蚕滞育的调控机制,以常规诱导滞育发生的温度与光照条件处理胚胎发育后期蚕卵,调查家蚕胚胎生物钟信号环路主要基因Cry1、Cry2、Per和Tim的表达对授时因子振荡变化的响应。结果显示:光照能够上调Cry1基因在家蚕胚胎发育后期的表达,温度则可改变该基因表达的振荡周期相位;温度在改变Cry2基因振荡表达相位的同时,低温(15℃)还能上调该基因在家蚕胚胎发育后期的表达;温度升高可缩短Per基因表达的振荡周期;黑暗诱导Tim基因振荡表达,温度则能够改变Tim基因表达的振荡周期相位。结果提示:家蚕胚胎中可能存在与其他昆虫类似的以CRY1为光感受器因子的生物钟信号环路,Cry1、Cry2、Per和Tim是家蚕胚胎期能够响应昼夜节律授时因子光照和温度而诱导滞育发生的生物钟基因。 相似文献
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In the domestic pig, a circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol occurs, with greatest concentrations in the morning and lowest concentrations in the afternoon. However, photic entrainment of the rhythms of ACTH and melatonin in pigs have not been defined clearly. This experiment was designed to evaluate free-running rhythms of ACTH, cortisol and melatonin in pigs housed in constant light (LL) and constant darkness (DD). Twelve crossbred barrows, maintained under ambient photoperiod, were catheterized and tethered individually in two environmentally controlled rooms, one with LL and the other with DD. For animals in LL, fluorescent lights provided 202 +/- 15 (mean +/- standard deviation) lux of light at 65 cm above the floors. Incandescent nightlights equipped with 7 watt red bulbs provided 7 +/- 2 lux and were illuminated continuously in both rooms. Pigs were given at least 14 d exposure to LL and DD, then samples of plasma and serum were obtained at hourly intervals for 48 hr. Plasma was assayed for ACTH, and serum for cortisol and melatonin. Periodograms were constructed to analyze the data. For this type of analysis, a statistic, Qp, is calculated, and circadian periodicity is suggested if maximum Qp (Qp max) occurs at or near 24 hr. The period of the free-running rhythms (tau) at Qp max for ACTH, cortisol and melatonin for pigs in LL (23.80 +/- .01, 23.78 +/- .01, and 23.21 +/- .02 hr, respectively) did not differ significantly from those for pigs in DD (23.39 +/- .01, 23.20 +/- .01, and 22.55 +/- .02 hr, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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《中国畜牧杂志》2020,(1)
进化过程中生物钟通过将合成代谢和分解代谢两种代谢过程进行时间上的分离,优化代谢效率;同时使动物机体的代谢循环与睡眠/活动循环同步,维持基本的代谢节律。哺乳动物的繁殖性能主要受到下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的调控。下丘脑视交叉神经上核的主生物钟能够产生自发性振荡并且感受光周期的变化,引发褪黑素分泌的变化。褪黑素(MT)作为一种重要的节律调节因子和生殖激素,介导下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴各部分激素的节律性变化,进而调控哺乳动物繁殖性能。同时肠道菌群的变化作为一种繁殖障碍的反映逐渐引起人们的关注。本文将重点阐述昼夜节律对宿主能量代谢、繁殖性能以及肠道菌群之间的相互作用,主要包括中枢生物钟视交叉神经上核(SCN)通过褪黑素介导的下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴各部分激素的节律性变化,进而调控哺乳动物的繁殖节律。 相似文献
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YANG Yue GUO Zeming HAN Haoshu LI Weitian GAO Ting WANG Xintong CHEN Yaoxing 《畜牧兽医学报》1956,51(10):2609-2612
This study was conducted to investigate the changes in plasma Melatonin (MT) level and hypothalamic clock gene expression in mice after sleep deprivation (SD). Seventy-two mice were randomly divided into SD group and non-sleep-deprived control group (n=36). The SD mice were subjected to a modified multiple platform water path for 72 h sleep deprivation. After that, blood samples were taken every four hours (CT4,8,12,16,20 and 24) for the detection of plasma MT content, and hypothalamus samples were collected for the detection of the expressions of clock genes including mClock, mBmal1, mCry1/2, mPer1-3, mRorβ and mReverbα. The results showed that compared with control group, circadian rhythm of plasma MT was disordered in SD group. The median values of mClock, mRorβ and mReverbα in the hypothalamus decreased significantly (P<0.05), but mPer1 and mPer2 increased significantly (P<0.01); the circadian rhythms of mCry1 and mCry2 disappeared; the expression rhythms of mBmal1, and mClock were advanced in phase, while mRorβ and mPer1-3’s were delayed. These results suggested that acute sleep deprivation of 3 d could cause disorders of MT secretion and hypothalamic clock gene expression in mice. 相似文献
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旨在探究睡眠剥夺后小鼠血浆褪黑激素（MT）水平和下丘脑钟基因表达的变化。将72只小鼠随机分为对照组与睡眠剥夺试验组（n=36）,试验组小鼠接受水平台法连续72 h睡眠剥夺。在试验结束后当日每隔4 h（CT4、8、12、16、20和24时）采血测定血浆MT含量,并取下丘脑以RT-PCR方法测定钟基因mClock、mBmal1、mCry1/2、mPer1～3、mRorβ和mReverbα表达量。结果显示,相较于对照组,试验组小鼠血浆MT水平昼夜节律紊乱。在下丘脑钟基因的表达量上,mClock、mRorβ和mReverbα的中值显著下降（P<0.05）,而mPer1和mPer2中值显著增加（P<0.01）;对于昼夜节律,mCry1和mCry2的昼夜节律消失;对于钟基因的相位,mBmal1和mClock相位提前,而mRorβ和mPer1~3相位延后。结果提示,小鼠睡眠剥夺3 d可致MT分泌和下丘脑钟基因表达节律紊乱。 相似文献