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1.
Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Cardillo M Mace GM Jones KE Bielby J Bininda-Emonds OR Sechrest W Orme CD Purvis A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5738):1239-1241
Many large animal species have a high risk of extinction. This is usually thought to result simply from the way that species traits associated with vulnerability, such as low reproductive rates, scale with body size. In a broad-scale analysis of extinction risk in mammals, we find two additional patterns in the size selectivity of extinction risk. First, impacts of both intrinsic and environmental factors increase sharply above a threshold body mass around 3 kilograms. Second, whereas extinction risk in smaller species is driven by environmental factors, in larger species it is driven by a combination of environmental factors and intrinsic traits. Thus, the disadvantages of large size are greater than generally recognized, and future loss of large mammal biodiversity could be far more rapid than expected. 相似文献
2.
Goldberg EE Kohn JR Lande R Robertson KA Smith SA Igić B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6003):493-495
Identifying traits that affect rates of speciation and extinction and, hence, explain differences in species diversity among clades is a major goal of evolutionary biology. Detecting such traits is especially difficult when they undergo frequent transitions between states. Self-incompatibility, the ability of hermaphrodites to enforce outcrossing, is frequently lost in flowering plants, enabling self-fertilization. We show, however, that in the nightshade plant family (Solanaceae), species with functional self-incompatibility diversify at a significantly higher rate than those without it. The apparent short-term advantages of potentially self-fertilizing individuals are therefore offset by strong species selection, which favors obligate outcrossing. 相似文献
3.
Viviparity is known in several clades of Mesozoic aquatic reptiles, but evidence for it is lacking in the Plesiosauria. Here, we report a Late Cretaceous plesiosaur fossil consisting of a fetus preserved within an adult of the same taxon. We interpret this occurrence as a gravid female and unborn young and hence as definitive evidence for plesiosaur viviparity. Quantitative analysis indicates that plesiosaurs gave birth to large, probably single progeny. The combination of viviparity, large offspring size, and small brood number differs markedly from the pattern seen in other marine reptiles but does resemble the K-selected strategy of all extant marine mammals and a few extant lizards. Plesiosaurs may have shared other life history traits with these clades, such as sociality and maternal care. 相似文献
4.
Foote M Crampton JS Beu AG Marshall BA Cooper RA Maxwell PA Matcham I 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5853):1131-1134
In the time between speciation and extinction, a species' ecological and biogeographic footprint-its occupancy-will vary in response to macroecological drivers and historical contingencies. Despite their importance for understanding macroecological processes, general patterns of long-term species occupancy remain largely unknown. We documented the occupancy histories of Cenozoic marine mollusks from New Zealand. For both genera and species, these show a distinct pattern of increase to relatively short-lived peak occupancy at mid-duration, followed by a decline toward extinction. Thus, species at greatest risk for extinction are those that have already been in decline for a substantial period of time. This pattern of protracted rise and fall stands in contrast to that of incumbency, insofar as species show no general tendency to stay near maximal occupancy once established. 相似文献
5.
Theory predicts that small populations may be driven to extinction by random fluctuations in demography and loss of genetic diversity through drift. However, population size is a poor predictor of extinction in large carnivores inhabiting protected areas. Conflict with people on reserve borders is the major cause of mortality in such populations, so that border areas represent population sinks. The species most likely to disappear from small reserves are those that range widely-and are therefore most exposed to threats on reserve borders-irrespective of population size. Conservation efforts that combat only stochastic processes are therefore unlikely to avert extinction. 相似文献
6.
Cluster analysis of Cambrian-Ordovician marine benthic communities and community-trophic analysis of Late Cretaceous shelf faunas indicate that major ecological innovations appeared in nearshore environments and then expanded outward across the shelf at the expense of older community types. This onshoreinnovation, offshore-archaic evolutionary pattern is surprising in light of the generally, higher species turnover rates of offshore clades. This pattern probably results from differential extinction rates of onshore as compared to offshore clades, or from differential origination rates of new ecological associations or evolutionary novelties in nearshore environments. 相似文献
7.
Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Shen SZ Crowley JL Wang Y Bowring SA Erwin DH Sadler PM Cao CQ Rothman DH Henderson CM Ramezani J Zhang H Shen Y Wang XD Wang W Mu L Li WZ Tang YG Liu XL Liu LJ Zeng Y Jiang YF Jin YG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6061):1367-1372
The end-Permian mass extinction was the most severe biodiversity crisis in Earth history. To better constrain the timing, and ultimately the causes of this event, we collected a suite of geochronologic, isotopic, and biostratigraphic data on several well-preserved sedimentary sections in South China. High-precision U-Pb dating reveals that the extinction peak occurred just before 252.28 ± 0.08 million years ago, after a decline of 2 per mil (‰) in δ(13)C over 90,000 years, and coincided with a δ(13)C excursion of -5‰ that is estimated to have lasted ≤20,000 years. The extinction interval was less than 200,000 years and synchronous in marine and terrestrial realms; associated charcoal-rich and soot-bearing layers indicate widespread wildfires on land. A massive release of thermogenic carbon dioxide and/or methane may have caused the catastrophic extinction. 相似文献
8.
不同密度和氮素水平对设施袋培番茄产量、品质及冠层结构的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
探讨密度和氮肥与设施袋培番茄产量、品质及冠层结构的关系。以番茄品种‘惠裕’为试材,设置3个密度水平(常规密度D1:4株/m~2、D2:6株/m~2、D3:8株/m~2),4个施氮量水平(常规氮肥N1:12 174mg/株、N2:11 581mg/株、N3:10 989mg/株、N4:10 396mg/株),共12个处理。结果表明,D1和D2条件下,番茄产量随氮肥的减少而减少,D3条件下,产量则随氮肥的减少呈现先增加后降低的趋势;N1条件下,番茄产量随密度的增加逐渐降低,N2、N3、N4条件下,番茄产量则随密度的增加而增加;番茄果实中可溶性硝酸盐、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖以及维生素C质量分数在相同密度条件下,均随氮肥的降低而降低;相同氮肥条件下,均随密度的增加而增加;密度相同时,番茄冠层内透光率随施氮量的降低而升高,消光系数则随施氮量的降低而降低;氮肥相同时,随着密度的增加,番茄冠层内透光率呈递减趋势,而消光系数则呈递增趋势。设施袋培番茄选择密度8株/m2、施氮量11 581mg/株为最优组合。 相似文献
9.
Sheehan PM Fastovsky DE Hoffmann RG Berghaus CB Gabriel DL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,254(5033):835-839
Results of a three-year field study of family-level patterns of ecological diversity of dinosaurs in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and North Dakota show no evidence (probability P < 0.05) of a gradual decline of dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous. Stratigraphic reliability was maintained through a tripartite division of the Hell Creek, and preservational biases were corrected for by comparison of results only from similar fades as well as through the use of large-scale, statistically rigorous survey and collection procedures. The findings are in agreement with an abrupt extinction event such as one caused by an asteroid impact. 相似文献
10.
Are extinctions of marine vertebrates as rare and unlikely as current data indicate? Long-term research surveys on the continental shelf between the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and southern New England reveal that one of the largest skates in the northwest Atlantic, the barndoor skate (Raja laevis), is close to extinction. Forty-five years ago, research surveys on St. Pierre Bank (off southern Newfoundland) recorded barndoor skates in 10% of their tows; in the last 20 years, none has been caught, and this pattern of decline is similar throughout the range of the species. 相似文献
11.
A system of primary wildland reserves may be required to ensure a diversity of plant and animal species in the future. A strategy for locating such reserves involves considerations of their location, number, size, and linkage. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography is a useful analytical tool for predicting future biogeographies according to the dynamics of present plant and animal distributions. Existing reserves in the United States are inadequate in size and number and are clumped in one geographic region. In a planned network there might be several levels of reserves, starting with first- and second-order watersheds of large enough size to support a stable population of large carnivores. Reserves should be distributed so that they include a maximum of the world's biological diversity. Lower-order reserves might serve as stepping-stones among which a supply of species might move as a kind of distributed storage and reintroduce themsleves when local instabilities occur. This would maintain a high immigration rate to balance an extinction rate which can only increase as human settlements expand. 相似文献
12.
M Foote 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,274(5292):1492-1495
Analysis of morphological characters of a global sample of post-Paleozoic crinoid echinoderms shows that this group underwent a rapid diversification after the extinction at the end of the Permian to reach maximal morphological disparity by the Late Triassic, which is essentially the same evolutionary pattern seen during the group's early Paleozoic radiation. The accelerated morphological diversification of a single class implies that, even if clades surviving from the Paleozoic represented ecological incumbents that hindered the origin of new higher taxa, species within individual higher taxa rapidly exploited available ecological opportunities in the Mesozoic. 相似文献
13.
Continental flood basalt (CFB) volcanism is hypothesized to have played a causative role in global climate change and mass extinctions. Uncertainties associated with radiometric dating preclude a clear chronological assessment of the environmental consequences of CFB volcanism. Our results document a 25% decline in the marine 187Os/188Os record that predates the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) and coincides with late Maastrichtian warming. We argue that this decline provides a chemostratigraphic marker of Deccan volcanism and thus constitutes compelling evidence that the main environmental consequence of Deccan volcanism was a transient global warming event of 3 degrees to 5 degrees C that is fully resolved from the KTB mass extinction. 相似文献
14.
15.
Prolonged suppression of cambial growth has apparently caused a decline in radial growth in many mature red spruce, Picea rubens. Surveys indicate that this decline occurs in trees throughout the natural range of red spruce and is independent of elevation, tree size, and age class. In addition, crowns of mature red spruce at high elevations across the northeastern United States have been dying back. Understanding the physiological basis for the growth decline is essential for the judicious management of the red spruce resource. A sequence of events is inferred through which an imbalance of aluminum and calcium in the fine root environment reduces the rate of wood formation, decreases the amount of functional sapwood and live crown, and leaves large trees more vulnerable to extant secondary diseases and insect pests. 相似文献
16.
梯田生物埂几种灌木根系的垂直分布特征 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
林木活性根的分布特征在农林复合系统树种选择、最佳株行距的确定、调控措施的确定等方面具有重要意义. 该文运用整株挖掘法对梯田生物埂几种灌木根系的垂直分布特征进行了研究. 结果表明,多枝柽柳、杞柳、柠条的根系生物量和根长随深度均呈指数减少;根系消弱系数反映出的根系分布特点,与根系的实际分布情况相符,可以作为描述3种灌木根系垂直变化的参数. 根据3种灌木的根系分布特点,研究建议,多枝柽柳和柠条可以作为梯田埂坎立地上栽植的农林复合树种,杞柳可栽植在水分条件较好的阴坡;3种灌木均应栽植在梯田埂坎虚土和原状土结合处;杞柳还应采取平茬和与秋粮作物配置的竞争调控措施. 相似文献
17.
Techniques of offspring size manipulation, "allometric engineering," were used in combination with studies of natural selection to elucidate the causal relation between egg size and offspring survival of lizards. The results experimentally validate premises underlying theories of optimal egg size: fecundity selection favoring the production of large clutches of small eggs was balanced by survival selection favoring large offspring. However, large hatchlings did not always have the highest survival, contrary to most theoretical expectations. Optimizing selection on offspring size per se was the most common pattern. Moreover, matches between average and optimal egg size were qualitative, not quantitative, perhaps reflecting known functional constraints on the production of large eggs. 相似文献
18.
Y Isozaki 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,276(5310):235-238
Pelagic cherts of Japan and British Columbia, Canada, recorded a long-term and worldwide deep-sea anoxic (oxygen-depleted) event across the Permo-Triassic (or Paleozoic and Mesozoic) boundary (251 ± 2 million years ago). The symmetry in lithostratigraphy and redox condition of the boundary sections suggest that the superocean Panthalassa became totally stratified for nearly 20 million years across the boundary. The timing of onset, climax, and termination of the oceanic stratification correspond to global biotic events including the end-Guadalupian decline, the end-Permian extinction, and mid-Triassic recovery. 相似文献
19.
试验研究了六个快慢羽纯系及九个自别雌雄杂交母鸡连产性状及与产蛋量的关系,探讨了连产性状的快慢羽基因效应。结果表明;六个纯系37～52周龄平均连产大小为2.78～3.82,存在品种(系)效应。平均连产大小与产蛋量率)的相关系数为0.4054～0.9030。开产日龄和连产性状是影响产蛋量(率)的主要性状,选择平均连产大小可以提高产蛋量。平均连产大小的快慢羽基因效应因鸡生产类型及品种的不同而异。杂交母鸡连产性状和产蛋率除CD组外均较亲本均值有所提高。连产性状可能存在母体效应。BK和BD两组合最优,JH、JK和JD组合次之。本文还提出了用连产相关系数来研究母鸡产蛋量的尝试。 相似文献
20.
Analyses of the end-Cretaceous or Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction show no selectivity of marine bivalve genera by life position (burrowing versus exposed), body size, bathymetric position on the continental shelf, or relative breadth of bathymetric range. Deposit-feeders as a group have significantly lower extinction intensities than suspension-feeders, but this pattern is due entirely to low extinction in two groups (Nuculoida and Lucinoidea), which suggests that survivorship was not simply linked to feeding mode. Geographically widespread genera have significantly lower extinction intensities than narrowly distributed genera. These results corroborate earlier work suggesting that some biotic factors that enhance survivorship during times of lesser extinction intensities are ineffectual during mass extinctions. 相似文献