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为节约城市清洁水源，扩大再生水利用力度，确保高质量的草坪，以草地早熟禾为研究对象，探讨了不同灌溉水源及再生水灌溉不同水分梯度下草坪草生长速率及叶绿素的变化特征。试验采用7种水分处理：清水适宜灌、混合水适宜灌、再生水充分灌、再生水适宜灌、再生水轻微干旱胁迫、再生水中度干旱胁迫、再生水重度干旱胁迫，灌水下限分别70%fc(田间持水量)、70%fc、80%fc、70%fc、60%fc、50%fc、40%fc，灌水定额相同。研究表明：不同灌溉处理下草坪草生长速率差异明显，再生水灌溉促进了草坪草的生长，草坪草生长速率与供水量成正相关；再生水灌溉下草坪草叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量显著高于清水适宜灌处理下草坪草叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量，而再生水灌溉草坪草叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量在处理间差异不显著。 相似文献
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再生水灌溉水分处理对草坪生理生化特性及质量的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为了缓解城市水资源紧张的趋势，扩大污水资源化力度，确保高质量的都市草坪，在永乐店试验站进行了不同水分处理再生水灌溉草坪的试验研究。该试验采用6种水分处理：清水适宜灌(K)、再生水充分灌(RFI)、再生水适宜灌(RPI)、再生水轻微干旱胁迫(LWS)、再生水中度干旱胁迫(MWS)、再生水重度干旱胁迫(SWS)，灌溉下限分别为70%fc、80%fc、70%fc、60%fc、50%fc、40%fc，灌水定额相同。试验结果表明：水分处理对草坪草分蘖消长及质地有重要影响，为获得密致的草坪，保持土壤水分含量在60%fc以上，然而土壤含水率不能低于50%fc，否则草坪草难以正常生长。草坪草叶片脯氨酸累积量是对干旱胁迫较最为敏感的生理生化指标，随水分胁迫的加重脯氨酸累积量迅速增加，脯氨酸累积量与土壤水分含量有明显的相关性。此外，随着生长季的延长，外界气温降低也会影响草坪草生长。 相似文献
3.
为研究水氮耦合对苗期葡萄叶片氮代谢影响及最佳施氮量的制定,以一年生葡萄品种红提为研究试材,利用人工控制环境的方法,在温室内采用水、氮两因素各4水平的全面设计进行实验,水分处理分别为正常灌溉W1（田间最大持水量的70%～80%）、轻度胁迫W2（60%～70%）、中度胁迫W3（50%～60%）和重度胁迫W4（30%～40%）。4个氮素施用水平分别为1.5倍推荐施肥N1（施纯氮25.5g·m−2）、正常推荐施肥N2（17g·m−2）、0.5倍推荐施肥N3（8.5g·m−2）、不施用氮肥N4（不施氮）。处理时间为10、20、30、40d。结果表明,在水分条件适宜时,葡萄叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量随施氮量增加而提高;在轻度干旱胁迫时,增施氮肥可缓解干旱胁迫;在重度干旱胁迫时,高氮处理使设施葡萄叶片中氮代谢酶活性、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量降低。葡萄叶片内氮含量始终随处理时间增加而降低,在轻度水分胁迫下氮的转运率较高,而水分胁迫严重时,高氮处理与无氮处理时氮转运率均偏低。最终得出：在水分条件适宜（W1）和轻度水分胁迫（W2）下,N1处理葡萄叶片的氮代谢能力最高;在中度水分胁迫（W3）和重度水分胁迫（W4）下,N3、N4处理氮代谢能力最高。研究结果可为实际生产中设施葡萄的干旱灾害防控提供理论依据,既能有效缓解水分胁迫带来的危害,又避免生产中肥料的浪费。 相似文献
4.
再生水灌溉对番茄品质、重金属含量以及土壤的影响研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
通过田间试验，分析了再生水灌溉对番茄果实品质、重金属以及土壤重金属的影响。结果表明，番茄果实中蛋白质、维生素C、有机酸含量为清水灌溉（QG）〉清水再生水交替灌溉（HG）〉再生水灌溉（zG），差异显著；番茄果实中Cr，Cd，Pb的含量随再生水灌溉量的增大而增大，差异不显著，没有造成重金属的累积，而且远低于国家无公害蔬菜安全标准。土壤中的重金属含量差异不显著，远低于国家土壤质量标准。因此，经过二级处理后的再生水，短期灌溉除了降低番茄部分品质外，不会造成重金属在番茄果实和土壤中的累积。 相似文献
5.
土壤性能和土壤微生物是再生水灌溉对环境安全效应评价的重要指标。通过模拟试验,以北京高碑店污水处理厂生产的再生水浇灌大豆为例,分析了收获期土壤理化特性及微生物类群变化。结果表明,再生水灌溉能够在一定程度上提高土壤肥力,表现为有机质和有效磷显著增加;土壤重金属铅、镉含量相对清水和土壤本底无明显增加,但土壤溶液电导值（EC）增加显著,在一定程度上造成盐度累积。在土壤微生物方面,再生水灌溉使土壤细菌数量相对清水灌溉处理增加;二级再生水和三级再生水灌溉处理间的放线菌数量差异显著,且明显高于清水对照;再生水灌溉对真菌数量影响不大。再生水灌溉使大豆根际土壤脲酶活性增加,碱性磷酸酶活性最高。土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤养分含量之间呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力和土壤环境质量的指标。 相似文献
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7.
为了探讨不同水稻灌溉模式和氮肥减量对还田小麦秸秆腐解特性及土壤养分的影响，通过田间试验，设置了水稻灌溉模式（常规灌溉，W1；干湿交替灌溉，W2）和施氮水平（不施氮，N0；常量施氮，N1；减量20%施氮，N2）处理，采用尼龙网袋法研究了不同处理下小麦秸秆腐解动态、养分释放规律及土壤养分含量。结果表明，干湿交替灌溉和氮肥施用均可促进还田小麦秸秆的腐解，减量20%施氮处理小麦秸秆累积腐解率低于常量施氮处理。相同施氮水平下，干湿交替灌溉模式小麦秸秆碳与氮磷钾累积释放率高于常规灌溉模式；与常量施氮相比，减量20%施氮处理小麦秸秆碳与氮磷钾累积释放率降低。干湿交替灌溉和施氮使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量提高，而减量20%施氮对土壤养分含量的影响较小。综上可见，干湿交替灌溉和氮肥施用促进了还田小麦秸秆腐解和养分释放，有利于土壤养分提升；而减量20%施氮对小麦秸秆腐解与养分释放以及土壤养分无明显影响。 相似文献
8.
肥液浓度和生物质掺混比例对微润灌溉湿润体内水肥分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
微润灌溉作为一种新型地下连续灌溉节水技术,可为农业水肥一体化提供有效载体。为探明不同生物质掺混比例下竖插式微润灌溉施肥湿润体内水分和养分的分布规律,开展室内入渗试验,设置3个肥液浓度（清水F0：0 g·L-1;低浓度FL：0.2 g·L-1;高浓度FH：0.4 g·L-1）和4个土壤生物质（花生壳粉末）掺混比例（无掺混B0：0;低掺混BL：1.5%;中掺混BM：3.0%;高掺混BH：4.5%）,研究微润灌溉施肥湿润体内土壤含水率、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾的分布特性。结果表明：掺混生物质后湿润体内水肥分布范围显著增大,而肥液浓度对水肥分布范围的影响不显著。土壤水肥含量随着与微润管水平距离的增加而逐渐减小,水肥含量最大值出现在微润管周围。在与微润管水平距离为0~10 cm范围内,土壤含水率和硝态氮分布较均匀,速效磷和速效钾则形成累积区。肥液浓度和生物质掺混比例对湿润体内水肥含量均值影响显著。与F0相比,增加肥液浓度提高土壤含水率和养分（硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾）含量均值3.94%~14.09%和124.92%~458.05%;与B0相比,增大生物质掺混比例提高土壤含水率和养分含量均值12.89%~33.32%和28.37%~115.44%。微润灌溉施肥湿润体内土壤含水率和硝态氮的分布均匀性较高,而速效磷和速效钾分布均匀性较低。增大肥液浓度和生物质掺混比例可提高湿润体内土壤含水率和硝态氮的分布均匀系数,而降低速效磷和速效钾的分布均匀系数。微润灌溉施肥湿润体内水肥含量均值与至微润管水平距离的关系符合四参数Log-logistic模型。总之,在土壤中掺混生物质有利于微润灌溉施肥下水分和养分的运移,增加肥液浓度和土壤生物质掺混比例可显著提高湿润体内的水肥含量,增大水分和硝态氮的分布均匀性,促使速效磷和速效钾在微润管周围的累积量增多。研究结果可为微润灌溉水肥一体化技术提供理论依据和实践参考。 相似文献
9.
施氮和再生水灌溉对设施土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为探讨再生水灌溉和氮肥施用对土壤酶活性的影响,采用田间小区试验,以清水不施氮肥和再生水不施氮肥为对照,研究了4种氮素水平下再生水灌溉对土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、淀粉酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性的变化及生育期土壤矿质氮、全氮的盈亏状况。结果表明,再生水灌溉提高了土壤脲酶和淀粉酶活性,降低了土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性;不同施氮水平下,再生水灌溉土壤脲酶活性、高氮处理土壤蔗糖酶活性和淀粉酶活性、低氮处理过氧化氢酶活性和番茄收获后土壤全氮含量均低于清水灌溉处理;相同灌水水质下,再生水灌溉施肥处理对土壤蔗糖酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性起到促进作用,对脲酶和淀粉酶活性有抑制作用,清水灌溉施肥处理对土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性起到促进作用,对淀粉酶和过氧化氢活性有抑制作用;再生水灌溉土壤矿质氮变化量较清水灌溉显著提高,而再生水灌溉下施肥处理降低了土壤矿质氮变化量。因此,适量减氮并辅以再生水灌溉处理能够提高土壤供氮能力和自净能力,增强土壤解毒能力并提升土壤肥力,减少再生水的排放和氮肥用量;不同施氮水平再生水灌溉对土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶和过氧化氢酶活性及土壤矿质氮含量、全氮含量影响存在极显著差异。 相似文献
10.
生物炭基肥和水分胁迫对花生产量、耗水和养分吸收的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为了探究不同生物炭基肥施用量下水分胁迫对花生栽培的应用潜力,运用自动遮雨棚花生盆栽试验,对不同生物炭基肥施用量(0,750,1 500kg/hm2)和不同水分胁迫程度(常规控水,70%~75%田间持水量;中度水分胁迫,60%~65%田间持水量;重度水分胁迫,50%~55%田间持水量)对花生产量、耗水和其养分吸收特征的影响进行研究。结果表明:施入750,1 500kg/hm2生物炭基肥可提高0—15cm土层土壤铵态氮和速效钾含量、植株地上部分氮钾养分吸收和水分生产率;除重度水分胁迫外,其他两种控水水平均能提高土壤速效钾含量,促进植株营养吸收,进而提高产量;中度水分胁迫下,施入750,1 500kg/hm2生物炭基肥,较无生物炭基肥可显著提高植株地上部分氮钾吸收,增产40.48%和37.71%,提高水分生产率53.8%和9.9%。研究结果可为生物炭基肥在干旱地区花生生产的应用方面提供理论依据。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
14.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献