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1.
法夫酵母虾青素提取工艺的优化研究 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
从破壁方法、浸提溶剂及提取条件等方面对法夫酵母虾青素提取工艺进行了优化研究。用单因子试验对破壁方法及浸提溶剂进行选择，结果表明二甲亚砜(DMSO)法是法夫酵母破壁提取虾青素的最佳方法，丙酮是理想的提取溶剂。用析因试验对破壁提取的条件进行了分析研究，结果表明破壁的温度、破壁的时间、浸提溶剂的添加量及浸提温度等都会对法夫酵母破壁提取虾青素产生显著影响，但以破壁的温度及丙酮的添加量影响最大。通过最速上升和中心组合设计试验，优化得到适宜的提取条件为：二甲亚砜加量25 mL/g(以干菌体计，下同)、破壁温度75.6℃、破壁时间20 min、丙酮添加量77.4 mL/g、浸提温度为40℃，优化后提取液中虾青素的浓度为3.145 μg/mL，比未优化时增加了27.02%。 相似文献
2.
超临界CO2萃取南美白对虾虾青素的工艺优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为提高虾青素萃取物得率和虾青素纯度,采用超临界CO2萃取南美白对虾虾头废弃物中的虾青素,皂化后用高效液相色谱对虾青素含量进行测定。单因素试验确定萃取参数对虾青素萃取物得率和虾青素纯度的影响,然后进一步运用响应面法对萃取工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：超临界CO2萃取工艺参数对虾青素萃取物得率影响不显著（P＞0.05）,但对虾青素纯度影响显著（P＜0.05）;物料粒径40目,质量含水率9%时,响应面理论优化最佳萃取参数为萃取压力403.95 Pa,萃取温度39.95℃,CO2流量1.16 L/min,虾青素纯度为796.3 mg/g。结合实际应用,验证试验在萃取压力400 Pa,萃取温度40℃,流量1.2 L/min时,虾青素纯度为789.61 mg/g。研究结果可为虾青素的提取和纯化提供参考。 相似文献
3.
利用红法夫酵母产虾青素工艺具有绿色、安全、低成本等优点,但培养红法夫酵母的培养基(尤其是碳源)成本是制约该工艺实现大规模生产的主要因素之一。传统的利用纯糖如葡萄糖、蔗糖、木糖等作为红法夫酵母生产虾青素的碳源,效果虽好,但因其价格较高,仅适用于实验室研究和小型发酵生产,不适于大规模工业化生产。如何寻找来源广、价廉且发酵效果好的碳源,降低虾青素的生产成本是发展虾青素产业亟待解决的课题。利用廉价且来源广泛的原料如水果类原料、糖质原料、甘油及废弃木质纤维素类原料等作为碳源能有效降低成本。但这些原料都存在一些问题,比如水果类原料存在季节性及地域性限制,糖蜜类原料供应稳定性方面存在问题,甘油类原料杂质多且存在食品安全隐患,木质纤维素类原料来源广泛、价格低廉,不存在占用耕地等问题,是最有希望用于规模化低成本发酵生产虾青素的原料,但其利用存在一些技术瓶颈。该文介绍了目前利用红法夫酵母生产虾青素的基本情况,并系统地对国内外不同碳源条件下利用红法夫酵母生产虾青素的研究状况进行了综述、比较及分析。最后,对利用红法夫酵母生产虾青素在碳源方面的未来发展趋势及重点研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
4.
豆腐渣虽含有多种营养成分,但大约50%的干物质是难以消化的纤维素及半纤维素,直接用作饲料,饲喂效果并不理想。为了提高豆腐渣的饲用价值,进行了红酵母发酵豆腐渣产类胡萝卜素工艺优化研究。首先,在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验的结果显示,优化的豆腐渣酸解产还原糖工艺参数为:盐酸浓度1.0mol/L,料液比(g/mL)1∶10,酸解温度100℃,酸解时间3.0h,该条件下还原糖得率达29.06%±0.07%。然后,选用嗜还原糖红酵母发酵富含还原糖的豆腐渣酸解产物,以产生具有抗氧化、增强机体免疫等多种生物学功能的类胡萝卜素。通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman试验回归分析、Box-Behnken试验及响应面分析,获得优化的发酵工艺参数:发酵底物pH值6.0,装液量80 mL/(500 mL),接种龄48 h,接种量11%(种子液浓度为8.5×10~9 CFU/mL),转速60 r/min,发酵温度31℃,发酵时间128 h;该条件下类胡萝卜素产量达(2.65±0.02)mg/L,比工艺优化前产量提高了67.7%,研究结果可为利用廉价豆腐渣开发高附加值类胡萝卜素功能饲料提供参考。 相似文献
5.
6.
雪莲果水溶性粗多糖提取分离工艺优化 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了考察雪莲果中粗多糖的较优提取分离工艺,采用水提取法提取雪莲果中多糖,以提取温度、料液比、提取时间、乙醇终浓度为影响因素,在单因素试验的基础上进行四因素三水平的正交试验。正交试验以粗多糖得率为考察指标,优化粗多糖的提取分离工艺。四因素中提取温度对试验结果影响最大,其次是乙醇终浓度和料液比,最后是提取时间。雪莲果粗多糖较优提取分离工艺为提取温度90℃,乙醇终体积分数为80%,料液比1∶20g/L,提取时间2 h。在此条件下粗多糖得率为5.11%,粗多糖的总糖质量分数为46.2%。 相似文献
7.
菜籽饼粕中多糖的酸提取工艺优化 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
采用五因子二次正交旋转设计，研究酸浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取温度、提取次数等5个因素对酸提取菜籽饼粕中多糖的得率的影响，用SAS8.0中响应面分析程序RSREG建立并分析了5个因素对得率的函数模型。结果表明，所得回归方程达显著水平，拟合情况良好；5个因素对得率的影响大小依次为提取温度>提取次数>提取时间>酸浓度>料液比，最佳提取温度为100℃，提取次数4～5次，提取时间(每次)1.4～1.8 h，酸浓度0.10～0.14 mol/L，料液比1∶18～1∶22，菜籽饼粕多糖得率在3.1%以上。 相似文献
8.
为了提高杏鲍菇多糖得率,推动杏鲍菇产业发展,利用响应面法对杏鲍菇多糖的超声波-内部沸腾法提取工艺进行优化,建立了乙醇浓度、液料比、提取时间、提取温度和超声波功率的五因素回归模型,并对模型的有效性与因子间的交互作用进行分析。结果表明,杏鲍菇多糖提取最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度47%、液料比23 m L·g-1、提取时间8min、提取温度90℃、超声波功率475W,在此条件下杏鲍菇多糖得率可达11.05%。该方法能有效提高杏鲍菇多糖得率、缩短提取时间、提高提取效率,为进一步开发杏鲍菇多糖功能营养食品提供了一定的技术依据。 相似文献
9.
费菜总黄酮碱法提取工艺及抗氧化活性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了研究费菜中总黄酮的碱法提取工艺及其抗氧化活性,该文以总黄酮得率为试验指标,考察了料液比、溶液pH值、提取温度及提取时间等因素对提取效果的影响,并通过正交试验优化了提取工艺参数。结果表明,碱法提取最适宜的工艺条件为：料液比1:10,溶液pH值9,提取温度100℃,提取时间6?h,在该条件下,总黄酮的得率为5.37%。所得的费菜总黄酮对DPPH、羟基自由基及超氧阴离子自由基具有较强的清除作用,半抑制浓度（IC50）分别为0.013、0.109和0.996?mg/mL,表明费菜总黄酮具有一定的抗氧化活性。该试验结果为费菜的进一步开发利用提供了科学依据。 相似文献
10.
超声波辅助高氯酸法提取牛肝中左旋肉碱工艺优化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探索超声波处理对左旋肉碱提取效果的影响,找出最佳的处理技术参数,以牛肝脏为原料,用超声波辅助酸提法提取左旋肉碱,在超声功率、超声时间和料液比3个单因素试验的基础上,采用二次回归通用旋转组合试验设计对左旋肉碱超声波辅助提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,试验中所选参试因子对左旋肉碱提取得率的影响大小顺序为超声波功率、料液比、超声时间。最优工艺条件为:原料用量为100g,在超声功率437W,超声时间15min,料液比1∶5g/mL时,左旋肉碱提取得率达38.37mg/kg。该研究表明超声波技术在左旋肉碱提取工艺中具有较高的应用价值和指导作用。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
14.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献