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1.
Comparison of the guaranteed analysis with the measured nutrient composition of commercial pet foods
C. J. Choate R. C. Hill K. C. Scott G. Molenberghs 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2009,93(2):141-141
The purpose of this study was to compare the guaranteed analysis of commercial pet foods to their measured nutrient concentrations. Data were collected regarding the guaranteed and measured concentrations of crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, moisture and ash of pet foods from annual feed inspection reports from South Dakota (2003–2005), Indiana (2004–2005), Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey (2005–2006). The difference for each nutrient was compared among types of food (dry, canned or treat), intended species, target life‐stages, manufacturers and reporting laboratories. Significant differences between the guaranteed and measured nutrient concentrations were found. For all foods, the mean ± one standard deviation of the difference was 1.5 ± 2.0% for crude protein, 1.0 ± 1.7% for crude fat, ‐0.7 ± 1.3% for crude fibre, ‐4.0 ± 3.3% for moisture, and ‐0.5 ± 1.0% for ash. The difference in crude protein was significantly greater for treats than for other food types. The difference in crude fat was significantly less for dry foods than for other food types. The differences in crude fibre and moisture were significantly less for canned foods than for other food types. Only the differences in crude fibre differed significantly among target species, life‐stages, manufacturers or laboratories. More accurate estimations of the nutrient composition and calculated metabolizable energy content of commercial pet foods can be obtained by making adjustments to the guaranteed analysis. This includes adding 1.5% and 1% to the guaranteed minimums for crude protein and crude fat, respectively, and subtracting 0.7%, 4% and 0.5% from the guaranteed maximums for crude fibre, moisture and ash, respectively. 相似文献
2.
Prediction of chemical composition and peroxide value in unground pet foods by near‐infrared spectroscopy 
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下载免费PDF全文 M. De Marchi F. Righi M. Meneghesso D. Manfrin R. Ricci 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(1):337-342
The massive development of the pet food industry in recent years has lead to the formulation of hundreds of canine and feline complete extruded foods with the objective of meeting both the needs of the animals and numerous demands from pet owners. In the meantime, highly variable raw material compositions and the industry's new production techniques oblige manufacturers to monitor all phases of the extrusion process closely in order to ensure the targeted composition and quality of the products. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of infrared technology (visible and near‐infrared spectrophotometer; 570–1842 nm) in predicting the chemical composition and peroxide value (PV) of unground commercial extruded dog foods. Six hundred and forty‐nine commercial extruded dog foods were collected. For each product, an unground aliquot was analysed by infrared instrument while a second aliquot was sent to a laboratory for proximate analysis and PV quantification. The wide range of extruded dog food typologies included in the study was responsible for the wide variability observed within each nutritional trait, especially crude fibre and ash. The mean value of the 208 pet foods sampled for PV quantification was 17.49 mEq O2/kg fat (min 2.2 and max 94.10 mEq O2/kg fat). The coefficients of determination in cross‐validation of NIRS prediction models were 0.77, 0.97, 0.83, 0.86, 0.78 and 0.94 for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) respectively. PV prediction was less precise, as demonstrated by the coefficient of determination in cross‐validation (0.66). The results demonstrated the potential of NIRS in predicting chemical composition in unground samples, with lower accuracy for moisture and ash, while PV prediction models suggest use for screening purposes only. 相似文献
3.
R G Brown 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1997,38(11):707-712
The market presents the buyer with a wide array of pet food choices. Marketing pet foods has changed in the last decade and today foods may be bought at a variety of outlets. The present study compares nutrient composition, digestibility, and effect on urine pH (cat foods only) of selected certified and noncertified pet foods from different outlets. The selected foods were considered analogous in terms of declared ingredients and macronutrient profiles. The analytical methods used were those of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists as described in the Pet Food Certification Protocol of the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. The test foods were sampled 4 times from August 1994 to July 1995. Both certified and noncertified products met the nutritional requirements on a consistent basis, although 1 of the noncertified dog foods consistently failed to meet the zinc requirements. This same product also failed to meet the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association's standards for concentrations of protein, calcium, and phosphorus. One of the noncertified cat foods failed to meet the recommended calcium level. With the exception of fat digestion in 1 noncertified food, there were no statistically significant differences in major nutrient digestibility between certified and noncertified pet foods. There were some statistically significant differences in digestibility within both the certified and noncertified groups of foods. The practical significance of any of the statistical differences in digestibility is uncertain. Urine pH observed in cats fed noncertified test diets was variable, with some values greater than 7.0 as a maximum or 6.5 as an average. The general conclusion of this study was that the commonly available certified products were the nutritional equal of those foods that position themselves as "premium." 相似文献
4.
[目的]分析夏南牛主产区主要饲料原料营养成分,为草食动物饲养提供参考数据。[方法]采集了全株玉米青贮、花生秧、麦秸、玉米秸秆黄贮、稻草、酒糟、干玉米秸秆7个粗饲料样品及玉米、麸皮2个精饲料共28个样品,委托郑州奥瑞森生物科技有限公司,采取概略养分分析法,进行了主要营养成分的分析检测。[结果]结果表明,全株玉米青贮、花生秧、麦秸、玉米秸秆黄贮4种主要粗饲料的干物质、粗蛋白、粗灰分、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、钙、磷平均含量分别为:27.49%,8.22%,6.55%,54.05%,36.23%,0.35%,0.38%;89.24%,8.36%,12.11%,61.87%,56.35%,1.38%,0.33%;92.13%,3.49%,8.41%,78.98%,55.89%,0.30%,0.13%;31.87%,7.44%,6.85%,55.70%,35.95%,0.38%,0.30%。[结论]全株玉米青贮的综合营养价值最高,其次是玉米黄贮,第三是花生秧,麦秸粗蛋白含量最低。花生秧和麦秸钙磷比例不平衡,比例分别达到4.18∶1和2.31∶1。在肉牛饲养中,不提倡单一粗饲料饲喂,为实现营养均衡,建议2种或2种以上粗饲料合理塔配饲喂。 相似文献
5.
6.
为了了解粗放式管理条件下饲料营养水平与麝香品质的关系，2008--2010年间对山西省宝鸡市凤县一养麝场泌香期雄麝饲料调整前后麝香的品质进行了比较研究。结果表明，调整后泌香期雄麝饲料主要营养成分为粗蛋白22．5％、粗脂肪4．8％、粗纤维9．1％、灰分5．7％、无氮浸出物56．7％，Ca：P为1：1，饲喂调整饲料后，麝香的麝香酮含量为3．2％（标准〉12．0％）、总灰分为4．2％（标准≤6．5％）、含水量为51．4％（标准≤35。0％），麝香性状符合中国药典中的麝香标准指标，表明调整后饲料营养水平符合泌香期雄麝的营养需要。 相似文献
7.
Thompson A 《Topics in companion animal medicine》2008,23(3):127-132
Every clinician is asked "What should I feed my pet?" Understanding the ingredients in pet food is an important part of making the best recommendation. Pet food can be as simple as one ingredient or as complicated as containing more than 60 ingredients. Pet food and its ingredients are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration and state feed officials. Part of that regulation is the review and definition of ingredients. Existing ingredients change and new ingredients become available so the need for ingredient definitions grows. Ingredients for product formulations are chosen based on their nutrient content, digestibility, palatability, functionality, availability, and cost. As an example, a typical, nutritionally complete dry dog food with 42 ingredients is examined and the ingredients are discussed here. Safe, healthy pet food starts with safe ingredients sourced from well-monitored suppliers. The ultimate goal of both veterinarians and pet food manufacturers is the same--long healthy lives for dogs and cats. 相似文献
8.
A beef herd submodel was created for integration with other farm components to form a whole-farm model capable of simulating a wide range of beef production systems. This herd submodel determined the best available feed or feed mix to meet the fiber, energy, and protein requirements for each of up to six animal groups on the farm. The groups comprised any combination of cows, nursing calves, young heifers, yearling heifers, stockers, and finishing cattle. Protein, energy, and mineral requirements were determined for each group using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System, Level 1. Diets were formulated to meet these requirements with available feeds, and the resulting feed intake, growth, and manure DM and nutrient (N, P, and K) excretions were predicted. Required feed characteristics included CP, ruminally degradable protein, acid detergent insoluble protein, NDF, P, and K concentrations. Feed intake was predicted by considering energy intake, potentially limited by fill, and exceeding a minimum roughage requirement. Fill and roughage limits were functions of feed NDF concentrations adjusted to consider particle size distribution and the relative rate of ruminal digestibility or the physical effectiveness of the fiber. The herd submodel was verified to predict feed intakes, nutrient requirements, diets, and manure excretions similar to those recommended or measured for beef animals. Incorporation of the beef herd submodel with other farm components, including crop growth (alfalfa, grass, corn, small grain, and soybean), harvest, storage, feeding, grazing, and manure handling, provided the Integrated Farm System Model. This comprehensive farm-simulation model is a useful research and teaching tool for evaluating and comparing the long-term performance, economics, and environmental impact of beef, dairy, and crop production systems. 相似文献
9.
为研究日粮中添加不同水平的发酵饲料对育肥猪养分消化率及肠道菌群的影响,试验选用560头杜×长×大三元育肥猪[(75.37±2.65)kg],根据体重、性别随机分为7组,每组5个重复,每个重复16头,对照组饲喂育肥猪日粮,试验组分别在育肥猪日粮中添加5%或10%的发酵饲料A、B、C,饲喂21 d后每组选5头育肥猪肛门采集新鲜粪便测定肠道菌群多样性;并在饲喂第29天和第30天,各组每个重复连续收集粪便混合后测定养分消化率。结果表明:日粮中添加发酵饲料对育肥猪粗蛋白质、能量和干物质的消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05),相比对照组,饲喂发酵饲料组的粗蛋白质消化率有所提高(最高组提高2.9%);同时肠道菌群中乳杆菌属丰度有所增加,表明在日粮中添加一定比例的发酵饲料可以改善育肥猪养分消化率和肠道健康。 相似文献
10.
Magnoli C Hallak C Astoreca A Ponsone L Chiacchiera SM Palacio G Dalcero A 《Veterinary research communications》2005,29(5):431-445
The aim of this work was to evaluate the incidence of potential ochratoxigenic mycoflora and ochratoxin A (OA) in poultry,
pig and rabbit feeds. Eighty poultry, pig and rabbit feed samples were taken at random from factories located from Córdoba
province, Argentina, over a period of 8 months. Isolation and quantitative enumeration of fungal propagules were done on DRBC
and DG18 media. The predominant species wereA. candidus, A. flavus,A. terreus,A. parasiticus,P. implicatum
P. minioluteum,P. crustosum andP. citrionigrum. The distribution of sectionNigri species varied according to the feedstuffs analysed. The frequency ofA. niger var.niger was noticeably high in poultry feed samples on DRBC medium. TheNigri section species was present at moderate mean colony counts (CFU/g) from three feeds. Mycotoxin analysis of these samples
showed that OA was detected in 15%, 10% and 12% of pig, poultry and rabbit feed samples, respectively. The mean levels detected
ranged between 15 and 25 ng/g from three feeds. The presence of ochratoxigenic species ofNigri section and OA in feeds indicates the risk of potential exposure of poultry, pigs and rabbits through the ingestion of feeds. 相似文献
11.
We investigated reports of stunted growth and high mortality occurring among young poultry in 38 small privately owned flocks in Vermont and New Hampshire. Tests for infectious agents including avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses were negative, as were toxicologic tests for mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, and monensin in feed samples. Analysis of 6 samples of implicated feed revealed 330-870 ppm of sodium (median level 350 ppm), whereas the recommended minimum level for chick feed is 1200-2000 ppm. A case-control study included 38 affected and 23 unaffected flocks. Statistical analysis showed that affected flocks were 29 times more likely to have consumed a particular brand of poultry feed (odds ratio = 29.2, 95% confidence interval = 3.2-675.8) but did not show any association between clinical signs and hatchery, location of chick purchase, chick purchase date, or years of producer experience. 相似文献
12.
H D Bock B Hoffmann J Wünsche S Kuhla M Meinl U Kesting U Hennig P Zwierz T V?lker 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》1978,28(5):291-304
With the view to complementing the feedstuff data store and, consequently, to further improving the GDR Feed Evaluation System, some newly bred high-protein and/or high-lysine cereal varieties and strains (spring barley, winter wheat, maize) were studied for their nutrient composition and digestibility. Apart from from WEENDER's feed analysis technique, more recent methods were applied to determine total fat (after HCl treatment), carbohydrates (enzymatic method), lignin and amino acids. The digestibility of the nutrients was determined using growing pigs of different live weight, the test rations being made up of the cereals under and supplementations of limiting amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals. In comparison with the values from currently applied tables, the newly bred strains and varieties proved to have markedly higher contents of crude protein, digestible crude protein, lysine and energetic feed equivalents. Compared to crude fat, the total fat values proved markedly higher in the barley and wheat samples. The readily soluble and easily hydrolizable carbohydrates found with the new analysis procedure suggested, were 100% digestible in all cereal samples used. Lignin proved the constituent most difficult to digest and must be regarded as virtually undigestible in the case of pigs. 相似文献
13.
多配方平行设计是另一类畜禽饲粮配合方法,本研究旨在将这种方法应用于动物饲料配方。采用不同组合的多配方平行设计同时配合了生长猪7个不同阶段猪群的饲粮,比较与分析饲粮单位价格、原料用量和养分含量。通过这种设计方法产生的49个生长猪饲粮配方的能量、钙、磷、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、总氮和矿物质的养分含量,都达到或超过美国国家研究委员会(2012)提出的猪营养需要的推荐量,也满足最低成本的要求。实例表明,多配方平行设计能同时配合多个畜禽饲粮,并能在一个大的范围内选到更好的配方,应用于动物饲料配方设计具有实际可行性。 相似文献
14.
Lee KM McReynolds JL Fuller CC Jones B Herrman TJ Byrd JA Runyon M 《Zoonoses and public health》2008,55(8-10):488-496
A multi-state outbreak investigation of Salmonella Typhimurim cases associated with pet snakes and the frozen vacuum-packed rodents used to feed them identified a Texas frozen feeder rodent facility (Supplier A) as the source of the Salmonella-infected frozen rodents. Texas authorities collected samples directly from Supplier A. Seven Salmonella-positive samples out of 49 environmental swabs were found and one adult mouse out of 88 frozen feeder rodents was Salmonella-positive by culture. No Salmonella strains were isolated from rodent feeds. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtype patterns of S. Typhimurium isolates from feeder rodent and environment samples were indistinguishable from the outbreak strain isolated from humans. A follow-up investigation was performed on all additional feeder rodent facilities identified in Texas. Salmonella was isolated at one of four facilities; seven of 100 rodent samples were positive for Salmonella at this facility. The serotype S. I 4,[5],12:i:- was isolated from seven feeder rodent samples, and PFGE patterns of the seven isolates were indistinguishable. As observed in the initial outbreak investigation, no Salmonella were cultured from rodent feeds at any of the facilities. The feeder rodent industry is an insufficiently recognized industry in the United States. Outbreak investigation and testing of additional feeder rodent facilities in Texas indicate that further evaluation of feeder rodent facilities as a source of Salmonella for pet snakes and humans is warranted. 相似文献
15.
AIMS: To report the nutrient composition of pastures fed to spring-calving dairy cows in the Manawatu region of New Zealand, and describe changes in the nutrient composition of these pastures over a 12-month period. Having done this we sought to: (1) compare the nutrient composition of the pasture offered with the nutrient requirements of spring-calving dairy cows; (2) identify periods when individual nutrient surpluses and deficits are likely; and, (3) identify nutrients that demonstrate a high level of variability between sampling occasions. METHODS: Seven farms took part in the study. Each farm was visited monthly from August 1996 to July 1997. Samples of pasture were taken at each visit and submitted for estimation of dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), crude protein (CP), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sulphur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), and dietary cation-anion differences (DCAD). RESULTS: Sampled pastures were characterised by low to marginal ME, NSC, Ca, Mg, and Zn concentrations when compared with recommended dietary nutrient concentrations for lactating and non-lactating dairy cattle in New Zealand. Analyses revealed relatively high CP, NDF and K concentrations, and DCAD. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses identify broad trends in the nutrient balance of a pasture-only feeding regime and provide a useful reference for planning feed strategies for spring-calving, pasture-fed dairy herds in this region. Recommended changes to on-farm practice should be made after considering the whole farm system, rather than being made solely on the basis of perceived deficiencies or excesses of individual nutrients. 相似文献
16.
2 rearing trials were carried out on a total of 8550 hybrid chicks (White Leghorn) to investigate in which way food mixtures containing reduced levels of crude protein (supplemented or unsupplemented with amino acids) might influence the growth of chicks and young hens. Decreases from 21.5% to 16.5% in the crude protein content of chicken feed and from 15% to 13% in feeds feed to young hens (greater than 8 weeks of life) did not reduce the live weight of birds at the end of the rearing period to any appreciable extent. No clearly defined differences were found to exist between the different types of feed tested concerning the amount of food and energy consumed per unit of weight gain and the mortality rate among the birds; it was shown, however, that the demand for crude protein per unit of weight gain was clearly reduced in birds reared at the lower crude protein level. For young hens receiving the diet poorer in protein the date when the birds began laying was slightly delayed. Otherwise, no statistically significant differences were found to exist between the young birds fed varying levels of crude protein, concerning the age at 50% laying performance and other parameters that are characteristic of the entire laying period (laying performance, weight of individual eggs, food consumption, mortality, fertilization of hatching eggs, hatchability of eggs). It appears that the feeding of a reduced protein diet to chicks and young hens (laying stock) did not have any detrimental effect on the growth and later laying performance of the birds. Apart from the fact that the demand for protein feeds is considerably reduced during the rearing period the costs of feeding per bird can also be cut down. 相似文献
17.
试验旨在研究热应激条件下日粮消化能水平对肉兔生产性能和饲粮养分消化率的影响。选择30日龄断奶新西兰兔150只,随机分成5个处理组,每个处理5个重复,每个重复6只兔,分别饲喂8.79、9.62、10.46、11.30MJ/kg和12.13 MJ/kg消化能的饲粮。结果显示,热应激条件下,随着日粮消化能的增加,肉兔采食量和料重比均一定程度下降(P>0.05或P<0.05),日增重呈先升高后降低的趋势;干物质、粗蛋白质和粗灰分消化率随着消化能水平的提高,呈现先上升后下降的趋势,粗脂肪和粗纤维的消化率随着消化能水平的提高,呈现逐渐升高的趋势。综合来看,在热应激条件下肉兔饲粮的消化能水平以10.46～11.30 MJ/kg为宜。 相似文献
18.
Das A Katole S Kumar A Gupta SP Saini M Swarup D 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2012,96(3):442-449
A feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum level of crude protein (CP) in the diet of captive blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) in which feed consumption and nutrient utilization are maximal. Fifteen blackbucks (BW 25-34 kg) were distributed into three groups of five each in an experiment of 75-days duration including a digestion trial of 5-day collection period. All the animals were offered 200 g of concentrates and fresh maize fodder ad libitum. The overall CP content of the three respective diets was 6.9%, 10.4% and 12.7%. Blood samples were collected on the last day of the experiment. Intake and digestibility of CP increased (p < 0.01) with the increased level of CP in the diet. Feed consumption and nutrient intake were not significantly different among the groups. However, digestibilities of most of the nutrients were higher in the 10.4% CP diet than in the 6.9% CP diet. The endogenous loss of nitrogen was similar among the groups. Based on the endogenous losses, minimum N requirement was calculated to be 776 mg/kg BW(0.75) /day, and to meet this requirement, diet must contain at least 8.27% CP. Serum urea nitrogen concentration increased (p < 0.01) with increased level of dietary CP. Serum level of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase was higher (p < 0.05) in the group fed 6.9% CP diet. Animals in the group fed low protein diet also lost body mass during the experimental period. It was concluded that a diet containing 10.4% CP was optimum for maximizing nutrient utilization without any adverse effect on voluntary feed consumption and serum metabolite profile of blackbucks. 相似文献
19.
在陕西省饲料企业和水产养殖场随机抽取19种鲤草鱼饲料样品,对其物理性状和营养成分进行检测,并依据水产饲料行业标准进行分析和评价。检测结果发现:(1)饲料物理性状均符合行业标准;(2)水分检测值均符合标签值和标准值,但偏低;(3)蛋白检测值与标签值的符合率为78.9%,与标准值的符合率为94.7%;(4)粗脂肪检测值均符合标签值,与标准值的符合率为73.7%;(5)粗纤维检测值与标签值的符合率为94.7%,与标准值的符合率73.7%;(6)粗灰分检测值与标签值的符合率为94.7%,与标准值的符合率为94.7%。说明陕西地区水产饲料质量情况基本良好,但仍存在重视蛋白水平、忽视水分和脂肪水平等问题,建议陕西省水产饲料企业重视养分均衡供应,进一步提高饲料质量。 相似文献
20.
Alfonso-Ávila ÁR Wattiaux MA Espinoza-Ortega A Sánchez-Vera E Arriaga-Jordán CM 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(3):637-644
The objective of the work was to identify local feeding strategies in small-scale dairy production systems during the rainy
season in the highlands of Mexico, and to determine their effects on milk yields (MY), milk composition and economic viability.
Twenty-two dairy farms were monitored by monthly visits, recording and sampling milk from between two and six cows in each
farm, live-weight was also recorded. Samples from feeds used in that month were taken and feeds given to the dairy herd were
weighed. Economic data was also recorded. Milk composition and milk urea nitrogen were determined, as well as chemical composition
of feeds. Eighteen feedstuffs were identified, grouped in: HNH feeds—high in neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and in DM matter;
HNL feeds—high in NDF but low in DM; HCh feeds—high in non-fibrous carbohydrates; and HCP feeds—high in crude protein. Four
feeding strategies were identified: strategy 1 uses HND, HNL and HCP; strategy 2—HND, HNL, HCh and HCP; strategy 3 HNH and
HCP; and strategy 4 HNL and HCP. Of participating farms, 73.4% followed strategy 1, 11.3% strategy 2, 11.3% strategy 4 and
3.8% strategy 3. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.05) between strategies for MY and milk composition, but there were differences (P < 0.05) for ration costs. Multiple regression analysis showed no significative (P > 0.05) model relating intake of feed groups and milk fat content, but milk protein and SNF contents were significantly explained
by intake of HCP. When expressed as MY and milk components yield, milk fat yield was significantly explained by intake of
all four feed groups, but milk protein and SNF yields were explained only by intake of HCP and LW. MUN excretion was explained
also by HCP intake. All feeding strategies produced positive economic returns, on average generating the equivalent of 3.45
minimum wages of the area. 相似文献