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1.
A perennial ryegrass sward was grazed by sheep in April 1993 to a target sward surface height (SSH) of 3 cm to create a high density of grass tillers. From 3 May, the sheep were removed and small plots were established on the sward, when the average tiller density (± s.e.) was 35 900 ± 420 live tillers m−2. Different regrowth treatments were then imposed by allowing plots to regrow to target SSHs of 6 cm (18 g dry matter (DM) M−2), 9 cm (78 g DM m−2), 12 cm (132 g DM m−2) or 15 cm (197 g DM m−2). The plots were then maintained by cutting at either 6 or 9 cm SSH until the end of the experiment on 30 September. Live tiller density was reduced by regrowth beyond 8.9 cm (78 g DM m−2, P <0.001) and leaf-stem ratio and in vitro organic matter digestibility were reduced by regrowth beyond 6.1 cm (18 g DM m−2, P < 0.05). The effect on live tiller density was sustained through the remainder of the season. From the beginning of June to the end of September, maintenance of SSH at an average of 9.1 cm compared with 6.4 cm also resulted in lower live tiller density, live-dead tiller ratio and leaf-stem ratio and higher herbage mass (at least P < 0. 05). There were significant interactions between regrowth SSH and maintenance SSH, so that leaf-stem ratio, live-dead tiller ratio and live tiller density were reduced by regrowth to a SSH of 16–4 cm followed by maintenance at 9.1 cm, compared with regrowth to 6.1 cm and maintenance at 6.4 cm.  相似文献   

2.
A field study was conducted from 1983 through 1986 to ascertain the effect of endophyte ( Acremonium coenophialum ), nitrogen fertility and tall fescue ( Festuca arundiancea ) genotype upon the soluble carbohydrate content of tall fescue from grazed paddocks. Non-grazed paddock exclosures were evaluated for 1984 and 1985. Plant tissues were extracted with 0·1 mol 1−1 H2SO4 to obtain acid-extractable carbohydrate (AEC). The AEC concentration and yield (concentration × dry matter) varied among and within years, generally was not influenced by endophyte, and was influenced by N fertility and cultivar. The AEC concentration from non-grazed exclosures was inversely related to AEC yield. Grazed paddock AEC concentration and yield were not significantly correlated. Grazed paddock AEC concentration remained fairly constant over the growing season, whereas AEC yield was greatest during periods of ample rainfall. The cultivar Johnstone generally had the greatest AEC concentration when compared with AU Triumph and KY-31. Even though endophyte is a carbohydrate sink, sward scale effects on AEC, as influenced by endophyte, were virtually undetected, suggesting that presence of endophyte is not detrimental to the fescue host. Grazed and non-grazed tall fescue AEC concentration and yield patterns differ and indicate the need to interpret non-grazed quality and management data carefully.  相似文献   

3.
The change in structure of continuously grazed versus infrequently cut swards of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L), cv. S23, was investigated during their first full harvest year. Measurements were made from early May until late September. The intensity of stocking by sheep in the grazed sward was adjusted in an attempt to maintain a high level of radiation interception and the cut sward was harvested at approximately monthly intervals.
The herbage mass, lamina area index and radiation interception of the cut sward varied in a cyclic pattern between harvests but in the grazed sward these parameters showed considerably less variation, although they all increased early in the season and then declined later. The proportion of dead material above ground increased throughout the season in both sward types but was more marked in the grazed sward.
There were major differences between the grazed and cut swards in the number of tillers per unit ground area; the difference became more marked throughout the season and by September the tiller densities in the grazed and cut swards were 3·204 m-2 and 6·203 m-2 respectively. Divergence in tiller density was associated with differences in specific stem weight and leaf area per tiller.
Rates of appearance and death of leaves on tillers in the grazed sward were determined. During May, leaf appearance exceeded leaf death but this was reversed in June. During the rest of the season as a new leaf appeared on a tiller so the oldest leaf died.  相似文献   

4.
In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, plants of one genotype of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea ) were grown in soil in pots in a glasshouse on two occasions. The treatments were either with (E+) or without (E–) infection by the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum ; with (N+) or without (N–) inoculation by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne marylandi ; and with or without water deficit stress. In the first experiment, nematode numbers after 5 weeks had increased 10 times in the E–/N– watered pots and 22 times in the E–/N+ stressed plants. Root dry weight was decreased in all E–/N+ pots, compared with E–/N–. In contrast, nematode numbers in all E+/N+ pots decreased to nearly zero and root dry weight was unaffected. Osmotic adjustment in the growing zone of stressed plants was –0·35 MPa in E–/N– pots, but only –0·10 MPa in E–/N+ pots. Osmotic adjustment was greatest (–0·64 MPa) in E+ pots of both nematode treatments and almost no nematodes survived in the N+ pots. In the second experiment, there was complete nematode mortality in the E+ pots. Plant water relations were unaffected by treatments, however. It is concluded that endophyte-enhanced persistence of tall fescue in M. marylandi -infested soils that are prone to drought may be explained at least partly by endophyte protection of roots from nematode damage. Nematode inhibition by the endophyte may operate in addition to direct influences of the endophyte on enhancing drought tolerance of the host.  相似文献   

5.
This study sought to define the optimum defoliation interval for Lolium perenne , with the maximum interval being determined by the onset of senescence, as reflected by the number of fully expanded leaves, and the minimum interval set by the replenishment of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs).
In a glasshouse set at 13°C/23°C night/day temperature and at a plant spacing of 94 m−2 (3290 tillers m−2), the accumulation of dry matter against leaf number and days was exponential to the four-leaf stage of the regrowth cycle. Senescence commenced at the 3·5-leaf stage.
WSCs in roots, stubble and leaf showed a very significant linear relationship with leaf number. Levels of WSCs in leaves were restored to predefoliation values by the one-leaf stage, after which WSCs accumulated preferentially in the stubble, rising to 22% at the four-leaf stage.
Regrowth after 6 d was significantly greater for plants defoliated at the three-leaf stage than at the one-leaf stage, but this difference disappeared at the end of the regrowth cycle. This questions the importance of WSCs in determining the yield of ryegrass under normal rotational grazing management.
Regrowth at 6 d was related positively to stubble WSCs (r2= 0·66) and to stubble DM per tiller(r2=0·71)  相似文献   

6.
To investigate the potential for increasing Falkland Island Whitegrass [ Cortaderia pilosa (D'Urv.) Hack.] pasture production through application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, two hydroponic experiments were conducted. First, 5 mg l–1 N was supplied to plants as nitrate (NO3–), urea [CO (NH2)2], ammonium (NH4+), or a nine parts NH4+: one part NO3– mixture. At harvest, plants grown in a NO3– medium had about half the biomass of plants grown in a NH4+ medium. In the second experiment plants were supplied with 1, 3, 10, 30 or 100 mg l–1 NH4+-N. Plants at 1 and 3 mg l–1 N had the largest biomass of young root and the lowest shoot–root ratios. Leaf extension rate was low in the 1 mg l–1 N treatment. Plants given 10 mg l–1 N had the greatest proportion of green shoot material but little root growth; while those at 100 mg l–1 N produced very little shoot and root biomass. Preferential assimilation of NH4+-N and a low N requirement make Whitegrass well adapted to dominating vegetation on much of the Falkland Islands.  相似文献   

7.
We examined the effects of salinity on four wild (Phaseolus angustissimus, Phaseolus filiformis, P. microcarpus, and P. vulgaris) and two cultivated (P. acutifolius and P. vulgaris L.) Phaseolus species. Relative growth rate (RGR, g g−1 per day), unit leaf rate (ULR, g m−2 per day), leaf area ratio (LAR, m2 g−1), specific leaf area (SLA, m2 g−1), leaf weight ratio (LWR, g leaf g−1), and rate of ion uptake were calculated for the period between 10 and 20 days after planting. Salinity significantly reduced RGR, ULR, LAR, and SLA whereas LWR showed no definite trend. In all species, except in P. filiformis, ULR, but not LAR, was significantly correlated with RGR, indicating that ULR was an important factor underlying the salinity-induced differences in RGR among species. In P. filiformis, high salinity reduced SLA, and consequently LAR. The significant correlation of SLA and LAR with RGR suggested that growth components affecting leaf area expansion were the primary factors explaining the inhibition of growth in this species. Increasing salinity progressively decreased leaf water vapor conductance. The rate of CO2 assimilation decreased gradually with salinity, showing significant reductions only at the highest salt level (80 mM NaCl). Approximately two-thirds of the reduction in CO2 assimilation rate at high salinity was attributable to reduced stomatal conductance. In P. filiformis, however, neither stomatal conductance nor CO2 assimilation were affected by salt stress. Leaf water and osmotic potentials declined significantly as stress intensified. However, osmotic adjustment permitted the maintenance of positive turgor throughout the growth period. Salinity had a significant effect on tissue concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl− and on the uptake rate of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl−. Thus, in addition to the toxic effects of high concentrations of Na+ and Cl− in plant tissue, saline-induced changes in mineral nutrient uptake likely contributed to the reduction of plant growth. It appears that salt tolerance in P. filiformis is associated with Na+ exclusion and organ Na+ compartmentation in roots and stems as well as sustained K+ concentration in leaves and better stomatal control through osmotic adjustment. All other Phaseolus species are Na+ excluders, and maintained turgor-driven extension growth by accumulating Cl− (osmotic adjustment), but subsequent weight gain reductions suggest that this led to ion toxicity.  相似文献   

8.
Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m2 surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.  相似文献   


9.
A field experiment with mixed swards of perennial ryegrass and while clover carded out in 1982–83 using small cut plots is described. With perennial ryegrass, lime slightly decreased annual dry matter (DM) production in 1982 (the sowing year) but increased it in 1983 (the first harvest year) by about 1 t ha-1. Applications of N and P produced small increases in DM in 1982 and greater increases in 1983. In the latter season annual DM production varied from an average of 3·5 to about 10 t ha-1 with 0 or 480 kg N ha-1 applied in three equal-sized dressings throughout the growing season. Application of 40 kg P ha-1 in 1982 increased DM production by about 2·5 t ha-1 in 1983 but higher rates had little effect. Fifteen mg extractable P kg-1 soil seemed sufficient to support levels of production normally expected from ryegrass pastures in upland Scotland, Applications of K did not affect DM production. N increased tiller weight and sward height of ryegrass; lime and P tended to increase tiller weight but this effect was not statistically significant. Leaf appearance and tiller number were not affected by treatments.
The white clover content of the pasture was decreased 10-fold by application of N and increased by lime and P (1·45 and 1·46-fold. respectively). The DM response to P was most apparent in limed soil and was also affected by the siting of the plots in the experimental area. Effects of lime and P on growth of white clover were to increase the number of stolon growing points and root nodule numbers per unit area.
The results emphasize the importance of lime and P fertilizer for establishment and growth of pasture in this soil and the differences between white clover and ryegrass in their responses to these.  相似文献   

10.
The frequency and severity of defoliation of individual grass tillers and clover plant units was studied in Lolium perenne-Trifolium repens swards grazed by sheep at stocking rates ranging from 25 to 55 sheep ha-1 and either receiving no N fertilizer or 200 kg N ha-1. On average, sheep at the highest stocking rate defoliated individual tillers once every 4·2 d compared with once every 9·2 d at the lowest stocking rate with the removal of 58% and 47% of the leaf length of each tiller leaf at these stocking rates. Clover plant units were defoliated once every 4·2 d at the highest stocking rate and once every 7·2 d at the lowest stocking rate with the removal of 51% of its leaves and 12% of its stolon at the high stocking rate and 42% and 4% respectively at the low stocking rate. Differences in frequency and severity of defoliation between N fertilizer treatments were smaller than between stocking rates. Grass tillers and clover plant units were both defoliated less frequently and less severely in swards fertilized with N, though the difference in defoliation frequency between fertilizer treatments decreased as stocking rate increased. Defoliation frequency was related to the length of grass leaf per tiller or number of clover leaves per plant unit, and to the number of these tillers and the herbage on offer.  相似文献   

11.
A perennial ryegrass/white clover sward, which had been grazed for over 2 years, was cut at 1-, 2-, 3- or 6-week intervals from 18 April to 28 November 1986. Two rates of fertilizer N application in spring, 0 and 66 kg N ha−1, were compared. Perennial ryegrass growth was studied in three 6-week periods, beginning on 18 April, 18 July and 17 October. Clover growth was studied in the same three periods and described by Fisher and Wilman (1995) Grass and Forage Science , 50 , 162–171.
Applied N increased the number of ryegrass tillers m−2, the rate of leaf extension and the weight of new leaf produced tiller−1 and m−2per week. Increasing the interval between cuts reduced the number of ryegrass tillers m−2 and increased the rate of leaf extension, weight tiller−1and the weight of new leaf produced tiller−1week−1. Increasing the interval between cuts increased the weight of new ryegrass leaf produced m−2 where N had recently been applied, but otherwise had little effect on the weight of new leaf produced m−2. Applying N favoured the grass in competition with the clover in every respect, whereas increasing the interval between cuts only favoured the grass, compared with clover, where N had recently been applied; where N had not been applied, the ratio of ryegrass tillers to clover growing points in the sward was very little affected by the interval between cuts.  相似文献   

12.
A comparison was made of stocking rates of 4·7, 5·6 and 6·4 cows ha-1 during the first 7 weeks (period 1) of the grazing season. Each group of British Friesian cows was continuously stocked on a day and a night field. In the subsequent periods 2 and 3 (each lasting 7 weeks) the three groups were maintained at the same stocking rate within periods (4·2 and 31 cows ha-1, respectively). The differential stocking rates were achieved by the addition and removal of cows.
The stocking rates applied in period I had no significant effects on milk yield, milk composition, liveweight change or condition score, in any period. Milk production ha-1 over the three periods totalled 12390,13 978 and 14986 kg, and the estimated utilized metabolizable energy totalled 773, 81·5 and 86·6 GJ ha-1 for low, medium and high stocking rates, respectively.
Increased stocking rate in period I was associated with a decrease in sward height in periods 1 and 2. This led to an increase in herbage metabolizable energy, and crude protein contents, and to an increase in tiller population density. The lowest stocking rate gave greater live individual tiller weights throughout the experiment and a longer interval between defoliation of individual tillers in period 1.
The results indicate that high stocking rates in the spring are not necessarily detrimental to overall summer performance of spring calving dairy cows. However, high stocking rates in the early season ensure a high level of herbage utilization and milk output ha-1 in that period. Although this practice leads to a reduced sward height in mid season, the sward has less rejected area, a higher tiller population density and a higher digestibility than swards stocked at a lower level.  相似文献   

13.
Infection with Neotyphodium endophyte was detected in 33 of 38 ecotype populations of Lolium perenne originating from old grassland at four widespread sites in Germany. The frequency of individual infected plants of the different populations ranged mostly from 1% to 30%; a few populations showed higher infection levels, up to 80%. The contribution of endophyte-positive plants to the biomass of the original swards was estimated to range from 1% to 34%.
Concentrations of the indole alkaloid lolitrem B detected in the endophyte-positive German ecotypes were similar to those in the endophyte-positive cultivars'Ellett'and'Grasslands Nui', originating in New Zealand, when all were cultivated under the climatic conditions of northern Germany. A seasonal variation in lolitrem B concentrations was observed from 1993 to 1996. The highest concentrations, 0·8–1·4 mg kg−1 dry matter of herbage, were recorded during the months of July and August. These concentrations were not considered to be sufficient to induce'ryegrass staggers', a neurological disorder in grazing animals. It is concluded that further research is necessary to elucidate the implications of grass endophytes under the climatic conditions of Central Europe.  相似文献   

14.
In field trials in 1979–81, perennial ryegrass cultivars Royal and Majestic (amenity) and Morenne (agricultural) produced maximum seed yields at levels of applied N ranging from 40 kg ha−1 to 160 kg ha−1. Available soil N levels were estimated at 55 kg ha−1; hence maximum seed yields were obtained at total nitrogen levels of 95–135 kg ha−1 in Royal, 95–215 kg ha−1 in Morenne, and 175–215 kg ha−1 in Majestic.
Applied N at rates above 120 kg ha−1 either reduced or did not significantly increase seed yield, decreased seed numbers per unit area and decreased spikelets per tiller and seeds per spikelet.
The use of a growth regulator increased seed yields by preventing lodging, but did so irrespective of nitrogen application rate. It is suggested that failure to increase seed yield at high N rates is a result not of poor pollination because of lodging, but seed abortion as a consequence of competition for assimilate supply by secondary vegetative tillers.  相似文献   

15.
通过不同基蘖肥及穗肥施用量试验,研究在高产、品质及高产品质均衡条件下浙禾香2号的叶片含氮量、籽粒外观品质、营养品质及产量表现。结果表明,浙禾香2号倒4叶叶片含氮量随着基蘖肥用量提高而提高,倒1叶叶片含氮量随穗肥用量变化而变化;同样施氮量,穗肥用量对叶片含氮量影响更大;基蘖肥低氮条件下,不同处理营养品质及外观品质没有显著性差异,基蘖肥纯氮0.12 t/hm2以上,减施穗肥可以降低垩白粒率和蛋白质含量,提高直链淀粉含量;氮肥（纯N）0~0.24 t/hm2范围内,产量随施肥量的增加而提高,穗肥的施用对产量的影响较大,但减施穗肥能明显提高食味值。综合考虑品质与产量,浙禾香2号穗肥施用量以0.045 t/hm2为宜。  相似文献   

16.
Perennial ryegrass pastures were maintained at sward surface heights (SSH) of 30, 60, 90 and 120 mm by continuous variable stocking using lactating ewes and their twin lambs in spring and non-lactating (dry) ewes in autumn.
The effects of SSH on ingestive behaviour, herbage intake, animal performance and sward structure and production were measured in spring, and again in autumn, when an additional SSH of 20 mm was also established.
In spring, differences in sward structure were quickly established with mean tiller numbers of 41 000, 30 000, 21 000 and 19 000 m−2 and leaf area indices (LAI) of 1·5, 2·2, 3·3 and 4·1 at SSH of 30 to 120, respectively. By autumn the mean tiller numbers had fallen to 26 000, 26 000, 23 000, 18 000 and 13 000 m−2 and LAI to 1·0, 1·1, 1·5. 2·0 and 1·5 for treatments 20 to 120.
The mean stocking rates for the ewes in spring were 27, 20, 22, and 19 ewes ha−1 and growth rates of their lambs were 208, 275, 250 and 263 g d−1 for treatments 30 to 120. In autumn the stocking rates maintained for dry ewes were 22, 15, 9, 4 and 0 for treatments 20 to 120.
In spring, both grazing times (GT) and prehension biting rate (BR) were negatively correlated with SSH, while bite mass (BM) was positively correlated with SSH. However, mean daily intakes of organic matter (OM), were reduced only for animals grazing the 30 mm sward.
In autumn, intake rate was lower only for the animals grazing the 20mm sward and GT and BR were not significantly affected by SSH.
Relationships between SSH and, components of ingestive behaviour and intake, are presented and the control mechanisms involved are discussed. The results showed that the optimum sward surface height for continuously stocked swards, grazed by sheep, Was between 30 mm and 60 mm.  相似文献   

17.
Over three grazing seasons (1984-1986) a sward of perennial ryegrass, cv. Talbot, which received a total of 336 kg N ha-1 each season, was cut or grazed with ewes at 3- or 4-week intervals on a rotational basis.
Sward productivity was higher under cutting than under grazing irrespective of the interval between defoliations. Under cutting, mean herbage organic matter (OM) yields over both intervals were 8·66, 9·62 and 8·17 t ha-1 in 1984, 1985 and 1986 respectively while under grazing the corresponding yields were 7·65, 8·63 and 7·50 t ha-1. The mean annual yield of herbage defoliated at 3-week intervals was 7·50, 8·64 and 7 ·20 t OM ha-1 compared with 8·80, 9·60 and 8·46 t OM ha-1 for swards defoliated at 4-week intervals in the three years respectively.
The nitrogen (N) content of both the available and the residual herbage was consistently higher under grazing than under cutting. Available herbage contained 31·3 and 27·7 g N kg OM-1 and residual herbage 26·1 and 22·7 g N kg OM-1 under grazing and cutting respectively.
The mean yield of N under cutting was 284 kg ha-1 compared with 304 kg ha-1 under grazing. Defoliation interval had no effect on N yield, the overall mean yield being 294 kg ha-1 under both 3- and 4-week defoliation intervals. The effect of the treatments on tiller population was slight and inconclusive.
The process of grazing reduced yield probably as a result of damage to the sward through trampling; the positive effect of excretal N on yield was minimal on account of the short grazing periods.  相似文献   

18.
Effects of different grazing frequencies and intensities on herbage production (on both a unit pasture and individual plant basis) and on persistence of chicory ( Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) were studied at Palmerston North, New Zealand (latitude 40°23'S) from November 1994 to November 1995. Three experiments were conducted on the same chicory stand, sown on 12 May 1994. The main grazing experiment had two grazing intensities, hard-lax grazing (50- to 100-mm stem stubble to mid-January, and thereafter 100- to 150-mm stem stubble) and lax grazing (100- to 150-mm stem stubble), and three grazing frequencies (1-, 2- or 4-week intervals). A subsidiary plant survival experiment compared the survival of 120 marked plants in ungrazed and grazed treatments. A late autumn grazing experiment examined the effects on plant persistence in the following spring. The greatest herbage mass (leaf + stem) resulted from the 4-week grazing frequency [9640 ± 874 kg dry matter (DM) ha−1], in which stem mass was reasonably low (1270 ± 410 kg DM ha−1), but was significantly higher in the 4-week grazing frequency than 1- and 2-week grazing frequencies ( P < 0·01). Grazing intensity had no significant effect except on the average stem mass of individual plants when the hard-lax intensity gave a lower stem mass ( P < 0·01). There were no interactions between grazing frequency and intensity in herbage mass. Plant density declined by 35% over the growing season with the decline unaffected by grazing intensity or frequency during the season. Grazing in late autumn resulted in approximately 27% less plants the following spring. It was concluded that grazing management through the growing season cannot be used to improve persistence without compromising leaf growth rate, but that avoidance of grazing late autumn will improve the persistence of chicory.  相似文献   

19.
Perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were grazed at different times in the winter to study the effect of time of grazing on subsequent plant growth. In 1983–84, 1984–85, and 1985–86, pastures were grazed to a residual of 400 kg dry matter ha-1 by sheep once in early December (D), January (J), February (F), March (M), or April (A) and compared with an ungrazed control (C). Rates of herbage accumulation on C in the winter were low, averaging 6, -9, and 2 kg dry matter ha-1 in December, January, and February, respectively. Little forage production occurred during the month immediately following winter grazing. Herbage accumulation rate then increased sufficiently to replace the forage removed from winter-grazed paddocks by early spring. By May, herbage mass on grazed treatments was similar to C except for D and A which averaged 20 and 47% less forage than C, respectively (P<0·01). Herbage accumulation rates of D were unique among winter grazing treatments in never exceeding those of C. By May 1986, D yielded less perennial ryegrass compared with C (P<0·05). Grazing reduced the number of leaves per ryegrass tiller for 1 to 2 months following grazing. By May, J, F and M had numerically more tillers m-2 and more leaves per tiller than C. Similar May yields of J, F, M, and C resulted from fewer but larger and slightly less leafy tillers of ungrazed compared with winter grazed plants.  相似文献   

20.
白掌又名白鹤芋,原产于美洲和亚洲的热带地区,为天南星科白鹤芋属多年生草本植物,是重要的观花观叶盆栽植物,当前市场主栽品种基本源于国外,多为人工杂交产生的后代。利用人工诱变技术对植物体细胞染色体组进行加倍的多倍体育种方法已应用于观赏花卉新品种的选育,多倍体植株具有叶片增大、叶色加深、花朵变大、花色艳丽等优良性状,与二倍体比较,目标性状的观赏价值更高。利用化学诱变产生多倍体是目前人工多倍体育种中常用的诱导方法,其具有操作简易、突变率高、专一性强和适用性广等特点。秋水仙素是目前主要采用的多倍体化学诱变剂,其诱导的效果与诱导时间、使用的浓度、处理的植物种类和器官等因素有关。本研究以白掌‘美酒'的组培苗愈伤组织为材料,优化四倍体白掌诱导方法,经秋水仙素浸泡处理后,开展试管苗形态学初筛、田间种植优选及株系比较试验,同时进行染色体计数、气孔大小和基因组大小比较、四倍体白掌新品种选育。结果表明：最佳诱导四倍体白掌的方式为0.10%秋水仙素浸泡处理7 d,其四倍体诱导率最高;选育出的四倍体白掌新品种‘绿萌'在设施大棚种植时自然花期为4—6月,与对照‘美酒'相比,叶片长和宽、叶柄长和直径、叶鞘长、佛焰苞苞片长和宽、花梗长和直径、肉穗花序长和直径、气孔长度和宽度、气孔密度均差异极显著,根尖染色体数为2n=4X=60,是对照（2n=2X=30）的2倍。流式细胞仪测定DNA显示,‘绿萌'基因组大小为10.87 Gb,对照‘美酒'基因组大小为5.73 Gb,鉴定为四倍体白掌新品种。本研究利用人工化学诱变方法选育的四倍体白掌新品种‘绿萌',具有叶片增厚、叶色加深、茎杆变粗、叶柄变粗、花梗变粗、肉穗花序变粗等特点,大大提高了白掌的观赏价值。  相似文献   

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