共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 49 毫秒
1.
为增大柴油车尾气微粒捕集器滤芯的过滤面积,降低滤芯的过滤阻力,提高滤芯的过滤效率,设计了一种内部具有中空通道的齿形木纤维柴油车尾气微粒捕集器滤芯。首先根据纤维材料的过滤理论,建立齿形木纤维滤芯的过滤效率模型;然后通过理论分析和数值计算得到滤芯过滤效率与各影响因素之间的关系曲线;最后利用自行研制的滤芯性能检测试验台对理论分析结果加以验证。研究表明,试验和理论结果吻合较好,当尾气微粒捕集器过滤室壳体尺寸为直径140 mm,高150 mm时,木纤维直径为15μm、滤芯填充率为0.3、滤芯厚度为12 mm时滤芯过滤效率和过滤阻力都处于较理想的范围,使用寿命可达60 h,过滤效率为96%,排气背压为3 k Pa,完全能满足柴油车尾气排放国家标准。该研究对柴油车尾气净化机及环境保护具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
2.
铈基燃油催化剂改善柴油机颗粒物捕集器再生效果 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
颗粒捕集器(diesel Particulate filter,DPF)是目前公认的最有效的柴油机排气颗粒物后处理装置,为了去除DPF内部沉积颗粒,实现DPF再生,采用提高排气温度或催化燃烧的方法来促进颗粒物燃烧。该文采用环烷酸铈溶剂作为燃油催化再生添加剂(fuel borne catalyst,FBC),对柴油机DPF的再生平衡温度、压降特性和燃烧灰烬等进行试验研究。试验结果表明:DPF再生平衡温度因FBC的催化作用从500℃以上下降到约450℃,从而增加了颗粒捕集器的颗粒储备能力,并能够有效再生;柴油机燃油消耗率随着排气背压的增加而上升;燃用FBC测试燃油时DPF前后压差较纯柴油上升缓慢,其达到排气背压再生阀值的周期变长;同时,随再生次数的增多,再生后DPF的前后压差呈线性增加,捕集效率却逐渐提高。该文采用燃油添加剂可以明显降低颗粒的着火点。结合电加热装置,可有效提高DPF的再生效果,有效过滤柴油车尾气中的颗粒物,对柴油车尾气净化及环境保护具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
3.
曲轴式棉田地表残膜回收机捡膜特性分析及工作参数优化 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
针对"11SM-1.7型曲轴式残膜回收机"核心捡膜部件作业参数不合理、残膜回收率较低、卸膜阻力较大等问题,该文分析了曲轴式残膜回收机结构与工作原理,建立弧形齿捡拾装置的运动模型,运用MATLAB编程分析了往复式偏心弧形齿尖运动特性和漏捡率。在棉杆收获后进行田间正交试验,分析捡拾齿角速度、捡拾齿半径、捡拾齿入土深度、残膜回收机前进速度不同参数组合对残膜回收率和卸膜率的影响并优化参数组合。结果表明捡拾齿入土深度35 mm、机具前进速度1.3 m/s、捡拾齿转动角速度60 r/min、捡拾齿半径245 mm时,残膜捡拾率最高为93.2%、卸膜率最高为94.6%、残膜漏捡率为1.61%,研究结果可为新型残膜回收机的研制提供理论基础和参考。 相似文献
4.
5.
与传统杆齿式圆柱形纵轴流脱粒滚筒相比,课题组前期研制的杆齿式鼓形纵轴流脱粒滚筒可有效改善轴向负荷,降低脱粒功耗。为进一步提升该滚筒性能,该研究对杆齿进行优化,设计了圆柱杆齿、弯头杆齿和闭式弓齿3种形状杆齿,建立水稻籽粒与杆齿碰撞冲击力学模型,分析了影响功耗的杆齿结构参数。以黄华占水稻为对象,基于EDEM软件构建水稻植株离散元柔性模型,利用仿真试验建立滚筒轴向负荷监测器,探究圆柱杆齿、弯头杆齿和闭式弓齿在不同杆齿直径和脱粒间隙下对滚筒轴向负荷均匀性的影响,得出最佳杆齿结构参数为杆齿直径10 mm,脱粒间隙25 mm。以喂入量、滚筒转速和杆齿形状为试验因素,以脱粒功耗为指标开展三因素三水平Box-Behnken响应面试验,结果表明,最优结构参数下,圆柱杆齿式鼓形滚筒最优工作参数为喂入量1.1 kg/s,滚筒转速900 r/min,功耗最低为4.61 kW;弯头杆齿式鼓形滚筒最优工作参数为喂入量0.95 kg/s,滚筒转速935 r/min,功耗最低为3.58 kW,确定将鼓形滚筒杆齿优化为弯头杆齿形状。分别开展仿真与台架对比试验,结果表明,优化后的弯头杆齿式鼓形滚筒较圆柱杆齿式鼓形滚筒的轴... 相似文献
6.
为了研究乔木单根抗拉性能与其微观结构和纤维的关系,为筛选合适的水土保持、边坡防护树种提供理论基础,对白桦、榆树、蒙古栎3种北方常见阔叶树种的根系进行了抗拉力、抗拉强度、根系解剖结构以及根系分子离析等一系列的试验,并运用多元回归的方法对两者之间的关系进行定量的分析。试验结果表明：3种阔叶树种的根系显微结构基本和其树材相同;根系显微结构中木纤维所占根系横截面积的百分比、韧皮部所占根系横截面积的百分比、木纤维的尺寸因素影响单根的抗拉特性;其中木纤维所占根系横截面积的百分比对单根抗拉力的影响因子最大且呈正相关,韧皮部所占根系横截面积的百分比对单根抗拉强度的影响因子最大且呈正相关;同时单根抗拉特性与木纤维的长度、木纤维的长宽比以及壁腔比均成正相关,但影响因子小于木纤维所占根系横截面积的百分比、韧皮部所占根系横截面积的百分比;3个树种中榆树在相同直径下的各项测定指标都高于白桦和蒙古栎,表现出单根具有更好的抗拉特性。研究结果可为固土护坡阔叶树种的选择提供参考。 相似文献
7.
华北护坡阔叶树种根系抗拉性能与其微观结构的关系 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
为了研究乔木单根抗拉性能与其微观结构和纤维的关系,为筛选合适的水土保持、边坡防护树种提供理论基础,对白桦、榆树、蒙古栎3种北方常见阔叶树种的根系进行了抗拉力、抗拉强度、根系解剖结构以及根系分子离析等一系列的试验,并运用多元回归的方法对两者之间的关系进行定量的分析。试验结果表明:3种阔叶树种的根系显微结构基本和其树材相同;根系显微结构中木纤维所占根系横截面积的百分比、韧皮部所占根系横截面积的百分比、木纤维的尺寸因素影响单根的抗拉特性;其中木纤维所占根系横截面积的百分比对单根抗拉力的影响因子最大且呈正相关,韧皮部所占根系横截面积的百分比对单根抗拉强度的影响因子最大且呈正相关;同时单根抗拉特性与木纤维的长度、木纤维的长宽比以及壁腔比均成正相关,但影响因子小于木纤维所占根系横截面积的百分比、韧皮部所占根系横截面积的百分比;3个树种中榆树在相同直径下的各项测定指标都高于白桦和蒙古栎,表现出单根具有更好的抗拉特性。研究结果可为固土护坡阔叶树种的选择提供参考。 相似文献
8.
滚筒刮拉式香蕉茎秆纤维刮取装置参数优化与试验 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为解决机械法香蕉茎秆纤维提取中存在的纤维提取率较低、含杂率较高等问题,对滚筒刮拉式香蕉茎秆纤维刮取装置进行参数优化试验研究。该文制定了香蕉茎秆纤维提取率、香蕉茎秆纤维含杂率为试验指标,刮杂刀辊转速、刮刀数量、刮刀砧弧长为影响因素,通过单因素试验分析确定了各个因素对试验指标的影响规律及较优水平范围;通过三因素三水平正交试验及多元回归分析,得出刮杂刀辊转速为1 800 r/min、刮刀数量为16把、刮刀砧弧长为60 mm为试验最优参数组合,以及各因素对指标影响的主次顺序。对试验装置进行指标模型的测试试验表明:该装置生产率为207.6 kg/h,香蕉茎秆纤维提取率为93.2%,香蕉茎秆纤维含杂率为15.7%,能耗为22.1 k W·h/100 kg,符合农艺生产要求和相关行业原料标准。该试验结果有利于促进中国南方热区香蕉茎秆纤维提取装备的研制与发展。 相似文献
9.
有机肥深施机肥块破碎刀设计与试验 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
结块的有机肥肥效难以释放,而且不利于机械化作业。为了更好地破碎肥块,该文针对有机肥深施机锯齿形碎肥刀片进行了仿真分析与优化。在EDEM中选择Hertz-Mindlin with bonding粘结模型建立肥块模型,基于单轴压缩试验对肥块的粘结参数进行标定,并建立了单个刀片单次碎肥的仿真模型。通过单因素仿真试验分析了碎肥刀的转速、滑切角、刃口角、齿宽和齿高等参数对刀片所受最大阻力及肥块破碎率的影响;以刀片所受最大阻力与肥块破碎率的比值作为评价指标,进行均匀设计仿真试验,得到评价指标与碎肥刀参数的回归方程,并利用Matlab优化工具箱得到最优的碎肥刀和作业结构参数,即碎肥刀转速300 r/min,滑切角8°,刃口角50°,齿宽3.9 mm,齿高2 mm。以碎肥刀最优参数进行不同粒径肥块的破碎试验,试验结果表明,优化后碎肥刀具有较低的能耗和较高的碎肥质量,在2.4kg/min的作业效率下,平均能耗最大476.90 W,破碎后肥块粒径均小于20 mm,所设计的碎肥刀可用于有机肥的碎肥作业。 相似文献
10.
行星啮合式防滑地轮结构参数的优化及性能试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对免耕播种机地轮滑移率大造成漏播,影响播种质量的问题,该文提出了一种新型的行星啮合式防滑地轮机构,并通过试验对其进行了结构参数优化。以地轮直径、地轮宽度、垂直载荷、防滑齿伸出长度作为试验影响因素,地轮滑移率为响应指标,运用二次回归旋转正交安排试验,建立了滑移率与各影响因素之间回归数学模型。通过Dedign-Expert7.1软件对试验参数进行优化,确定地轮直径626mm、地轮宽度为112mm、轮垂直载荷214kg、防滑齿伸出长度28mm为最佳参数组合,此时滑移率为0.45%,对优化结果进行验证试验。试验结果表明,机具前进速度为6～8km/h,滑移率平均值为0.497%。该研究为免耕播种机的设计提供技术支持。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献