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超声辅助脱脂对牦牛骨粉制备及其理化特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为提高牦牛骨粉的脱脂率,以青海牦牛股骨为原料进行超声辅助有机溶剂脱脂参数优化,并比较分析了超声脱脂法和蒸煮脱脂法对骨粉制备的影响。该文以脱脂率为指标筛选高效脱脂溶剂;通过响应面法对超声脱脂参数（超声功率、脱脂时间及液料比）进行优化;对比分析了2种脱脂牦牛骨的脱脂率、蛋白质流失率、主要矿物质流失率、微观形态及其骨粉的粒径分布、微观形态、化学结构和钙离子释放度。结果显示：乙酸乙酯为最佳脱脂溶剂;超声功率500 W,超声时间30 min,液料比（体积质量比）6为最佳脱脂参数,此条件下脱脂率达92.00%,显著高于蒸煮脱脂法（71.25%）（P<0.01）;与蒸煮脱脂法相比,超声脱脂法蛋白质流失率（8.11%）,主要矿物质元素Na、K、Fe、Mn流失率显著降低（P<0.05）,微观结构更加致密;超声脱脂法和蒸煮脱脂法制得牦牛骨粉中值粒径（D50）分别为35.84 μm和11.73 μm;红外光谱显示两者化学结构无明显变化;钙离子释放度结果显示两者同样无显著差异（P>0.05）。超声波辅助有机溶剂脱脂处理制备骨粉可更多保留骨中营养物质,对改善骨粉加工工艺及提高骨粉品质具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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基于软X射线成像的储粮害虫米象生长阶段检测 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了准确检测单粒小麦内部是否感染米象（Sitophilus oryzae），利用软X射线成像检测技术对感染不同生长阶段米象的小麦颗粒进行成像，试图通过图像分析来确定小麦内部米象的幼虫、蛹和成虫等不同生长阶段，并利用随机重复来评价结果可靠性。通过对被感染米象虫卵不同天数小麦的图像分析发现，图像灰度分布直方图随感染天数变化明显，低灰度值区域（灰度值为10～102）的灰度区域像素点随感染天数增加而减少，中灰度（灰度值为103～162）和高灰度区域（灰度值为163～232)则随感染天数增加而增多。使用包括图像灰度分布和纹理特征等47个特征值，利用线性判别分析（Linear Discriminant Analysis，LDA）与二次判别分析（Quadratic Discriminant Analysis，QDA）建立判别模型，并通过多次随机重复抽样（1 000次）对模型预测效果进行评估分析。结果表明：在95% 置信区间下，在感染与未感染小麦的分类判别中，LDA的判别准确率都在76%以上，除幼虫外生长阶段判别正确率达到95%以上；而QDA的平均判别准确率较低且判别误差也相对较高。因此，该研究使用基于随机重复的LDA判别小麦是否受到米象感染和区分不同生长阶段是准确可靠的。 相似文献
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[目的] 探索林下秸秆覆盖种植大球盖菇与坡面改造结合的方式对林坡地清水产流及持水保肥影响,为水源涵养及生态环境建设提供理论参考。[方法] 在经济林下,利用秸秆覆盖种植大球盖菇技术,将其与按照坡度差异结合不同设定的坡面改造措施相结合,并在大球盖菇生长周期内对试验区的水质及土壤性质影响进行采样分析。[结果] 小顺坡大横坡+秸秆覆盖种植大球盖菇（CM）和顺坡秸秆覆盖种植大球盖菇（PM）及反坡梯田+秸秆覆盖种植大球盖菇（RM）均能有效减少固体悬浮物（SS）,TN及TP含量。SS平均减少率分别为40.3%,31%和51.1%;TN平均减少率分别为36.6%,25.1%和56.1%;TP平均减少率分别为37.8%,24.7%和46.9%。同时,可显著提高土壤含水率（分别提高22.2%,14.1%和39.1%）和土壤有机质含量（分别提高32.1%,29.3%和31.5%）。[结论] 林下秸秆覆盖种植大球盖菇技术结合坡面改造,可有效减少林坡地SS,TN及TP含量,并显著提高试验区土壤含水率和有机质含量。 相似文献
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复合抗氧化剂浸渍处理提升冻藏罗非鱼片品质 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了提高罗非鱼片的冻藏稳定性,以硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)、Ca2+-ATPase活性、盐溶性蛋白含量、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量及质构等为试验指标,进行了维生素E、异抗坏血酸钠及茶多酚等抗氧化剂溶液浸渍处理对冻藏罗非鱼片品质影响的单因素试验,并在单因素试验的基础上进行抗氧化剂复配的正交优化试验。获得了不同的抗氧化剂浸渍浓度对冻藏罗非鱼片品质的影响规律,以主观赋权法对TBA值、Ca2+-ATPase活性、盐溶性蛋白含量、TVB-N和质构(硬度和弹性)5个指标分别赋权后计算各指标的综合评分,确定了各抗氧化剂的较佳浸渍浓度及最佳复合抗氧化剂的组合配方。结果表明,维生素E溶液和异抗坏血酸钠溶液的较佳质量浓度均为6 g/L,茶多酚溶液的较佳质量浓度为4 g/L,在较佳质量浓度条件下各品质指标综合评分与蒸馏水浸泡60 min的对照组相比分别提高了29.11%,18.46%和46.28%。参照成本分析与较优品质结合优化组合的复合抗氧化剂的配方为:异抗坏血酸钠质量浓度为4 g/L、维生素E为质量浓度2 g/L和茶多酚质量浓度为3 g/L,经此配方处理后的冻藏罗非鱼片对应的品质指标分别为TBA值0.1248 mg/kg,Ca2+-ATPase活性3.12μmol/(mg·h),盐溶性蛋白质量分数为77.72 mg/g,均优于单一抗氧化剂的作用,与蒸馏水浸泡60 min的对照组相比,各指标提升幅度为:Ca2+-ATPase活性提高52.20%,盐溶性蛋白质量分数提高16.78%,TBA值下降46.07%。研究结果为复合抗氧化剂的开发及其在冻藏水产品中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
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根据发酵过程中菌粒中主要微生物数量与发酵乳中主要营养物和产物含量间的关系,分析探讨了西藏"灵菇"乳的发酵机制;考察了不同发酵时期所得发酵乳对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌的抑菌活性,结合化学物质模拟试验揭示了发酵乳的抑菌机制。结果显示,发酵前期,菌粒中的各微生物由于向乳中扩散及生长延滞,数量稍有减少;随着发酵的进行,菌粒中乳酸菌和酵母菌的数量一直处于相对稳定的水平,但醋酸菌含量呈明显的先升后降趋势;在整个发酵过程中,菌粒中的乳酸菌数量一直处于最高水平,其次为酵母菌,醋醋菌数量最少;乳酸是西藏“灵菇”发酵乳中的主要抑菌活性物质;乙酸和乙醇的存在对低浓度乳酸的抑菌活性有增效作用,但当乳酸浓度较高时,这种增效作用减弱。西藏“灵菇”发酵乳的总抑菌效果是微生物与其代谢产物的共同作用结果。 相似文献
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根据发酵过程中菌粒中主要微生物数量与发酵乳中主要营养物和产物含量间的关系,分析探讨了西藏"灵菇"乳的发酵机制:考察了不同发酵时期所得发酵乳对人肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌的抑菌活性,结合化学物质模拟试验揭示了发酵乳的抑菌机制.结果显示,发酵前期,菌粒中的各微生物由于向乳中扩散及生长延滞,数量稍有减少;随着发酵的进行,菌粒中乳酸菌和酵母菌的数量一直处于相对稳定的水平,但醋酸菌含量呈明显的先升后降趋势;在整个发酵过程中,菌粒中的乳酸菌数量一直处于最高水平,其次为酵母菌,醋醋菌数量最少:乳酸是西藏"灵菇"发酵乳中的主要抑菌活性物质;乙酸和乙醇的存在对低浓度乳酸的抑菌活性有增效作用,但当乳酸浓度较高时,这种增效作用减弱.西藏"灵菇"发酵乳的总抑菌效果是微生物与其代谢产物的共同作用结果. 相似文献
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大型自然通风奶牛舍空气颗粒物浓度监测方法中测点数和位置优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对奶牛舍颗粒物浓度和分布进行实时连续监测,是评估其环境风险和制定科学减排措施的前提。随着大型奶牛舍的快速发展,对尽可能少且科学地布置测点数量和位置并能够对舍内颗粒物浓度进行精准监测,提出了新的挑战。为探究测点优化布置方案,该研究基于物联网技术在大型自然通风奶牛舍内3个相邻饲养区域布置17个采样点,对总悬浮颗粒物（total suspended particle, TSP）和细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度进行了连续6个月监测,得到舍内浓度平均值（视为“真值”）;利用系统聚类和误差分析方法得到优化的测点方案,并将其颗粒物浓度结果与6种传统测点方案进行对比,以确定最优的测点数量和位置方案。结果表明,舍内3个饲养区域内颗粒物浓度分布均匀,PM2.5浓度在不同采样高度上无统计差异（P>0.05）,而TSP浓度在屋顶通风口下方（9.0 m）明显低于1.5和2.5 m高度（P<0.05）。与真值相比,优化测点方案的TSP和PM2.5浓度监测误差绝对值之和分别为6.4%～22.6%和4.7%～14.2%,均低于传统测点方案。综合考虑优化方案的科学性和传统方案的易操作性,确定最优测点方案为：在奶牛舍中央屋顶通风口下方1.0～2.0 m处布置1个测点,在奶牛卧床上方2.5 m高度布置2个测点,上述3个测点按奶牛舍斜对角线进行布置;另外,分别在挤奶通道、饲喂通道、清粪通道上方2.5 m高度处各布置1个测点;共计6个测点。该优化测点方案可满足监测准确性和易操作性要求。 相似文献
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涂膜及气调保鲜对南美白对虾品质的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为了改善南美白对虾黑变快、货架期短的情况,制备含黑变抑制组分（M）和1%壳聚糖（Chitosan）的复合保鲜剂,用其涂膜保鲜南美白对虾,采用高阻隔复合包装袋（K-PET/PE）,采用40%CO2/30%O2/30%N2（Ⅰ）和85%CO2/ 5%O2/10%N2（Ⅱ）2种气调包装,(4±1)℃冷藏,通过菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、pH值、多酚氧化酶的活性和感官评定等指标评价不同保鲜工艺对南美白对虾的黑变抑制和防腐保鲜效果。通过正交试验获得的黑变抑制组分（M）最优组合为：0.01%4-己基间苯二酚+1.5%柠檬酸+1.0%抗坏血酸;组合（Chitosan+Ⅰ）、（Chitosan+M+Ⅰ）、（Chitosan+Ⅱ）、（Chitosan+M+Ⅱ）分别在第6天、第8天、第12天和第14天开始出现显著黑变;相比对照组,所有处理组在整个贮藏期内的菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮、pH值、多酚氧化酶的活性的增长速度均有所下降,组合（Chitosan+M+Ⅱ）保鲜效果最佳,使(4±1)℃条件下的货架期延长2倍多。涂膜保鲜剂结合气调包装(MAP)的处理方式是南美白对虾保鲜的有效手段,具有应用推广价值。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献