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草原划区轮牧技术应用研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
“草原划区轮牧技术应用研究”是科技厅“十五”重点攻关项目。主要研究根据不同类型草地生物量、牧草再生率，计算出合理的载畜量进行自由放牧与划区轮牧的对比研究，制定出不同草地类型轮牧小区数目、放牧天数、放牧频率、放牧周期等主要技术参数。该项目边研究、边推广，结合承包到户的家庭牧场在全区20个旗县200余万亩草地上推广应用划区轮牧技术，效果显著。本文论述了划区轮牧研究现状、研究内容、研究成果、推广应用效果及应用前景。 相似文献
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放牧强度和放牧制度对草地土壤及植被的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文就近30年来国内外放牧制度、放牧强度、放牧频率和放牧季节对草地土壤和植物生产等方面的研究成果进行了综合论述。结果表明:1.轮牧制并非在任何地方都优于连续放牧制。2.增减放牧制或可变连续放牧制较为理想,尤其适用于热带和亚热带人工草地。3.选择放牧制度时须考虑草地环境的多样性,并注意控制载畜量。4.在草地状况较好时,划区轮牧的效果与传统的连续放牧相差不大,而当草地状况较差时,则以划区轮牧的效果最佳。 相似文献
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通过调查确定了新源县则克台镇春秋草地的4种利用方式：打草、自由放牧、分段放牧、划区轮牧,对比分析了不同利用方式下的土壤理化性质。结果表明,自由放牧方式土壤砂粒含量最高,平均达到21.23%,粉粒含量最低,且在10～20 cm土层显著高于划区轮牧方式（P<0.05）。4种利用方式下,土壤容重为1.08～1.26 g·cm-3,土壤没有表现出压实效应。放牧利用方式下土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量高于打草地,其中,划区轮牧和自由放牧草地土壤有机质含量高于分段放牧方式,自由放牧方式仅使土壤表层碱解氮显著升高,其土壤速效钾和有效磷的含量均低于分段放牧和划区轮牧。因此,划区轮牧和分段放牧是研究区较为合理的利用方式,可防止土壤养分降低。但是,与划区轮牧相比,分段放牧使土壤表层砂粒含量增高,容重增大,有机质含量降低,所以,采用分段放牧时,应适当降低利用强度。 相似文献
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不同利用方式下新疆春秋牧场植物群落特征变化趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在4月、6月和8月3个时期,对打草、自由放牧、分段放牧和划区轮牧4种利用方式下春秋牧场群落组成和数量特征变化进行了动态研究。结果表明,各利用方式从春季到秋季,物种数逐渐降低,划区轮牧型在各季节物种数均最多;数量特征在季节间具有相对一致的变化趋势,群落高度、盖度、密度和地上生物量4月份均以打草型最高,而6月和8月以划区轮牧型最高。暖季累计地上生物量为划区轮牧＞打草＞自由放牧＞分段放牧。划区轮牧无论在维护草地群落结构稳定性,还是在提高群落数量特征和生产性能上均具有明显的优势,而分段放牧具有潜在的优势;打草不放牧将不利于草地的更新和繁衍;长期自由放牧则不利于草地可持续发展。 相似文献
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放牧管理的现代化转型——我国亟待补上的一课 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
放牧是国内外普遍运用的土地管理的基本手段,至今全球陆地大约半数以上处于放牧管理之下。放牧是由人居、草地和家畜三要素构成的草地生态子系统,其内核为人居-草地-畜群放牧系统单元的健全与稳定。放牧历经原始游牧期、放牧转型期与以划区轮牧为核心的放牧现代化时期三阶段。随着科技与文化的发展,社会工业革命的完成,工业文明的科学技术和文化内涵不断融入放牧管理系统,最终完成了放牧畜牧业的现代化转型,从而确立了以人居-草地-畜群放牧系统单元为内核的划区轮牧的基本模式。划区轮牧是一种开放的农业技术体系,具有多种方式,适应于不同的农业系统,可兼顾生态与生产的需求,是草地放牧管理的重大进步。本研究以美国为代表,剖析了历时300年的放牧现代化转型过程。我国囿于传统农耕文化,对放牧管理系统误解甚多,损失严重,而对放牧现代化转型几乎浑然不觉。这是我们面临的重大历史任务,亟待补上的一课。 相似文献
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试验于2010年6～9月在中国农业科学院草原研究所农牧交错区试验示范基地的混播人工草地上进行。试验分为划区轮牧组和连续放牧组,轮牧组与连续放牧组各设3个重复,轮牧区每个重复各有5个小区,每个小区放牧时间为6d。试验结果显示,不同放牧制度对各组草地牧草的干物质产量影响不显著;对各组草地牧草的营养物质影响差异显著(P<0.05);划区轮牧组牧草的粗蛋白质(CP)含量有高于同期连续放牧草地牧草的趋势,而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量低于连续放牧草地的牧草;对绵羊增重影响组间差异不显著。 相似文献
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草地划区轮牧饲养原则及设计 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了推进北方草地可持续集约放牧饲养管理,促进完善划区轮牧实验设计及目的,本文总结了放牧国际划区轮牧的10条原则:单位时间的产草量确定载畜率,拔节期指示春季放牧开始时间,开始恢复再生的时间决定放牧时间天数,放牧间隔日数决定放牧频次,计算确定区块数及区块面积,满足牲畜采食行为,充分利用饲草质量和营养,保证牲畜饮水充足,环境友好、易执行、可操作、有弹性。在此基础上,设计了1个划区轮牧实践参考方案,并论述了划区轮牧目标及管理评价标准,讨论了1条北方草地可持续集约养羊畜牧业的发展途径。 相似文献
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《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2020,73(6):796-810
A comprehensive understanding of multipaddock, rotational grazing management on rangelands has been slow to develop, and the contribution of adaptive management (Briske et al. 2011) and sufficient scale (Teague and Barnes 2017) have been identified as key omissions. We designed an experiment to compare responses of vegetation and cattle in an adaptively managed, multipaddock, rotational system with that of a season-long, continuous system at scales comparable with those of a working ranch. We hypothesized that 1) year-long rest periods in the adaptively managed, rotational pastures would increase the density and productivity of perennial C3 graminoids compared with continuously grazed pastures and 2) adaptive management, supported with detailed monitoring data, would result in similar cattle performance in the rotational as in the continuously grazed pastures. However, we found little supporting evidence for grazing management effects on C3 graminoid abundance or production under either above-average or below-average precipitation conditions during the 5-yr experiment. Furthermore, adaptive rotational grazing resulted in a 12–16% reduction in total cattle weight gain relative to continuous grazing each year. Our work shows that the implementation of adaptive management by a stakeholder group provided with detailed vegetation and animal monitoring data was unable to fully mitigate the adverse consequences of high stock density on animal weight gain. Under adaptive rotational grazing, C3 perennial grass productivity and stocking rate both increased following above-average precipitation. But when adaptive rotational management was directly compared with continuous grazing with the same increase in stocking rate, continuous grazing achieved similar vegetation outcomes with greater cattle weight gains. We suggest that managers in semiarid rangelands strive to maintain cattle at stock densities low enough to allow for maximal cattle growth rates, while still providing spatiotemporal variability in grazing distribution to enhance rangeland heterogeneity and long-term sustainability of forage production. 相似文献
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L.A. Smith G. Marion D.L. Swain P.C.L. White M.R. Hutchings 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2009,91(2-4):95-106
In grazing systems, heterogeneous distributions of forage resources and faeces result in localised accumulations of nutrients and parasites (both macroparasites and microparasites), creating trade-offs between the costs of exposure to infestation or infection and the benefits of nutrient intake. Each contact between livestock and faeces in the environment is a potential parasite/pathogen transmission event. Thus, herbivores must make foraging decisions in complex environments which will affect their intake of both nutrients and parasites. However, the pattern of forage and faecal resources in agricultural environments will also be affected by the grazing management system in place. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of grazing management on the risk of infection/infestation to livestock. We used a spatially explicit individual based stochastic foraging model to simulate livestock contact (both grazing and investigative) with faeces in the environment. The model was parameterised to simulate cattle grazing under three types of grazing management: set stock (i.e. where sward growth and cattle intake are in equilibrium in a single field); a two pasture rotation grazing system with increasing number of rotations; and a rotational grazing system with two rotations and increasing subdivisions of the pasture. Overall the amount of cattle contact with faecal-contaminated patches was similar in both set stocking and rotational grazing scenarios, suggesting no difference in the risk of infection or infestation between the different systems. However, the timing and absolute amounts of peak contact varied greatly indicating that different grazing management systems expose livestock to risks of different types of parasites at different times of the grazing season. Intensive rotational systems with small pasture blocks (especially the first grazing period) maximised livestock contact with fresh faeces, and thus exposure to microparasites (e.g. bacterial pathogens). Livestock re-entering pasture blocks in rotational systems and set stocked livestock had the highest contact with old faeces and thus have a greater risk of macroparasite transmission (gastrointestinal nematodes). This study highlights how livestock management affects the highly dynamic interaction between livestock and distributions of parasites in the environment and thus the levels of livestock exposure to parasites and pathogens via the faecal–oral route. 相似文献
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Richard W.S. Fynn 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2012,65(4):319-329
Most of the world's rangelands are subject to large spatial and temporal variation in forage quantity and quality, which can have severe consequences for the stability and profitability of livestock production. Adaptive foraging movements between functional seasonal resources can help to ameliorate the destabilizing effects on herbivore body stores of spatial and temporal variability of forage quantity and quality. Functional dry-season habitats (key resources) provide sufficient nutrients and energy to minimize reliance on body stores and are critical for maintaining population stability by buffering the effects of drought. Functional wet-season habitats dominated by short, nutritious grasses facilitate optimal intake of nutrients and energy for lactating females, for optimal calf growth rates and for building body stores. Adaptive foraging responses to high-quality focal patches induced by rainfall and disturbance further facilitate intake of nutrients and energy. In addition, focused grazing impact in high-quality patches helps to prevent grassland maturing and losing quality. In this regard, the design of many rotational grazing systems is conceptually flawed because of their inflexible movement of livestock that does not allow adaptation to spatial and temporal variability in forage quantity and quality or sufficient duration of stay in paddocks for livestock to benefit from self facilitation of grazing. Similarly the fixed intraseasonal resting periods of most rotational grazing systems might not coincide with the key pulses of nitrogen mineralization and rainfall in the growing season, which can reduce their efficiency in providing a functional recovery period for grazed grasses. This might explain why complex rotational grazing systems on average have not out-performed continuous grazing systems. It follows, therefore, that ranchers need to adopt flexible grazing management practices that allow adaptation to spatial and temporal variability in forage quantity and quality, allow facilitation of grazing (season-long grazing), and allow more effective recovery periods (season-long resting). 相似文献
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《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(1-3):27-35
The non-selective rotational grazing system has undergone a long and controversial development. The merits of this grazing system, where relatively large numbers of livestock are herded into numerous small paddocks for short timespans with long rests between grazings, have not been formally evaluated in a long-term monitoring experiment in the Karoo. In this study we used exclosures (controls) on a 7 000 ha farm in the Central Lower Karoo, camped into approximately 50-ha paddocks, to evaluate the impact of this grazing system on certain vegetation parameters. We report on the first four years of monitoring, after each of four replicate paddocks had received four treatments (one treatment = 40 - 60 Large Stock Unit grazing days per hectare over a period of 2 - 16 days). Concentrated defoliation with concomitant trampling, dunging, and urinating did not influence the perennial species composition, and cover of this grassy, semi-arid shrubland. Changes over time in plant composition, and cover are explained by annual, and short-term (e.g. quarterly) rainfall rather than by grazing impacts. Ephemerals were not favoured by this grazing system, but litter was more abundant in the treatment than the control areas. The dominant grass, Eragrostis lebmanniana, and shrub, Pentzia incana, are resilient to this defoliation regime, and show signs of compensatory growth. As yet there is no evidence that non-selective grazing increases diversity, but the severe defoliation and trampling may enhance the biomass turnover rate, resulting in more vigorous, and productive plants in the grazed areas. Diversity is unlkely to change rapidly in response to grazing, largely because of the persistence of grazing-tolerant perennials. Concentrating mixed herds of livestock onto small areas with lengthy rests can be a useful tool for 'kick-starting' moribund karoo veld into greater productivity. Several of the impacts hold potential for restoring the rangeland quality of degraded areas, but this needs to be tested. 相似文献
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优化草原生态脆弱期的家畜生产方式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
我国大多数的草原区,天然植被放牧是家畜生产的主要方式.而天然草原在牧草的某些物候生长期对放牧是非常敏感的,尤其是在早春牧草返青后至3叶期这一阶段,放牧会使植物生长缓慢,整个生长季的牧草产量都减少.这段时期又正值幼畜断奶高峰,家畜对营养的需求急剧增加,草原的承载能力面临着更大的挑战.因此,根据植被在此时期对放牧的反应把这个阶段称为草原生态脆弱期.生态脆弱期的家畜生产方式应与牧草物候生长阶段同步,这样才能在满足牧草的生物需要的同时,获得更高的牧草产量以及家畜后续生产性能.本研究探讨了在早春草原生态脆弱期内可供选择的家畜生产方式:人工草地放牧,天然草地轮牧补饲,舍饲育肥以及限制饲养等. 相似文献
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Skyler T. Vold Lorelle I. Berkeley Lance B. McNew 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(6):933-945
Grassland birds have undergone substantial population declines throughout much of their historic ranges in North America. Most of the remaining grassland bird habitat is restricted to rangelands managed for livestock production, so grazing management has strong implications for grassland bird conservation efforts. We conducted 1 830 point-count surveys at 305 sites during 2016–2017 to evaluate the relative effects of three livestock grazing systems on the abundance and community composition of grassland birds in a northern mixed-grass prairie ecosystem of eastern Montana, United States. Our objectives were to 1) evaluate effects of grazing management on abundance and community composition of grassland obligate birds, focusing specifically on grazing systems, stocking rates, and interactions with rangeland productivity; 2) evaluate the importance of local vegetation characteristics for grassland birds within grazing systems; and 3) assess the effectiveness of rest-rotation grazing to create patch-heterogeneity in rangeland vegetation through the alteration of structural components and the response of grassland birds to these treatments. Overall, we found inconsistent responses in abundances of grassland birds relative to livestock grazing systems and no discernable differences among grazing systems relative to community composition. However, local abundances were often driven by interactions between grazing system and rangeland production potential, suggesting the effects of livestock grazing management were generally mediated by rangeland productivity. In addition, associations between avian abundance and grazing management parameters (e.g., stocking rate) were species specific. Ubiquitous guidelines for livestock grazing systems may be inappropriate for grassland bird conservation efforts in the northern mixed-grass prairie, and high stocking rates may negatively impact populations of dense-grass obligate grassland birds in this region. 相似文献
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Wang CJ Tas BM Glindemann T Mueller K Schiborra A Schoenbach P Gierus M Taube F Susenbeth A 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2009,93(2):245-252
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of rotational and continuous grazing on herbage mass (HM), organic matter digestibility (dOM) and intake (OMI) and live weight gain (LWG) of sheep grazing on the inner Mongolian steppe, China at a stocking rate of 4.5 sheep/ha during the growing season. In the years 2005 and 2006, four 2-ha plots were used of which two were divided into four 0.5 ha paddocks each for rotational grazing, where sheep were moved each 10 days to the next paddock. The dOM was estimated from faecal crude protein concentration and OMI by oral administration of titanium dioxide. Herbage mass was similar in both grazing systems and dOM and OMI were higher (p < 0.05) at continuous grazing than at rotational grazing, but LWG did not differ probably because of extra energy expenditure for grazing and walking in a larger area. The dOM and OMI decreased (p < 0.05) with progress of the growing season and differed between years. Since precipitation during the growing season in both years was lower than the 30 years average which was probably the reason that positive effects of non-grazing periods on herbage regrowth and quality at rotational grazing could not occur, further studies are required in years with average precipitations before a final evaluation of these grazing systems can be made. Moreover, it seems necessary to quantify energy expenditure for physical activity of animals in grazing studies. 相似文献