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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):3115-3127
Abstract A new calibration of the Mehlich 3 soil test for potassium (K) is proposed for the Mississippi Delta area, based on leaf analyses and K deficiency symptoms in cotton plants. The calibration reflects the need to supply adequate K concentrations to plants during the fruiting period of greatest K demand. The lowest levels and highest percent of sites exhibiting K‐deficiency symptoms were associated with the fifth week of flowering; or at the peak bloom stage of plant growth. The fifth week of flowering was selected to base soil and plant evaluations for K needs. A 1.5% leaf K level was selected as the critical leaf K level (the level that plants experience a nutrient deficiency and yield reductions), based on visual leaf K‐deficiency symptoms observed in plants 95% of the time. Leaf K concentrations below 1.51% identifies K‐deficiency symptoms in the upper leaves through eight weeks of flowering. A simplified equation [Topsoil K (lb/A) = 480 + 5 x CEC (Milliequivalents/100g soil)] defines critical soil test K concentrations with respect to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soils. This equation can be used to determine present topsoil K needs for cotton in the Mississippi Delta area based on a 1.5% critical leaf K level during the fifth week of flowering. 相似文献
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James M. Spiers 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1059-1071
Rabbiteye blueberries grown in sand culture were subjected to varying levels of N fertilization (0 ‐ 81 mg N/liter) applied in aqueous solution at the rate of 250 ml/plant daily. Essential elements other than N were kept constant. Shoot growth and leaf concentration of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, Zn, Co, and Al were determined. Shoot growth and percent leaf N increased with increased N levels. Shoot growth increased little at N fertilization levels of 0 ‐ 9 mg/ liter but increased rapidly at higher rates. N content in leaves followed a quadratic curve, with % N in leaves increasing more rapidly from 0 to 27 mg N/liter than from 27 to 81 mg N/liter fertilization levels. Leaf concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, B, and Ca decreased linearly as N levels increased. Total content of all elements increased as N fertilization increased. Visual N deficiency became increasingly evident as % N content decreased below 1.4% N.
Nitrogen, the most utilized element in plants, is usually the first to become deficient in sandy soils low in nutrient content (1). Rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) are often grown on acidic, sandy, upland coastal plains soils that are low in cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, and available nutrients. In these acidic soils, NH4N is more available than in neutral soils (2). The NH4N source appears to be more suitable for blueberry growth, resulting in greater nutrient uptake, plant growth, and % N of leaf tissue than did the NO3N sources (5,6).
Nitrogen deficiency symptoms in rabbiteye blueberries are characterized by small, yellow and/or red leaves and stunted plants (3). Since young rabbiteye plants are very sensitive to fertilizer, similar chlorosis symptoms (yellowing or reddening of leaves) can be associated with over‐fertilization, possibly due to root damage (7). Cain (2) found that leaves from healthy container‐grown highbush (V. corymbosum L.) blueberry plants contained about 2% N and higher levels of K and Ca than field‐grown plants. Greenhouse and Field studies indicate that leaf N content in rabbiteye blueberries is usually lower, ranging from about 1.5 to 1.8 (3,7,8). Increased N fertilization decreased the nutrient uptake of other essential elements (Ca and Mg) in rabbiteye blueberries (6). In highbush, Popenoe (4) indicated that a depression of P and K might occur under conditions of high N levels.
This study was initiated to ascertain the effect of NH4N fertilization levels on uptake patterns of essential elements and to determine the relationships of N fertilization, leaf N content, plant growth, and visible deficiency symptoms. 相似文献
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Little is known about the effect of varying levels of potassium (K) on the mineral element concentration, growth, and gas exchange, characteristics of woody ornamental plants. The commercially important woody ornamental species Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis L. cv. Leprechaun was evaluated for K response in a series of three experiments with full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution, which supplied 0 to 10 mM K. Plants grown with 4 mM K in nutrient solution (2.4% leaf tissue K) had the greatest shoot growth and root extension. Gas exchange rates (net photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance) were also highest at 4 mM K compared to the control (0 mM K /0.6% leaf tissue K), 0.2, 2.0 and 10 mM K treatments. The application of 4 mM K increased net photosynthesis and tranpiration by 2.1 fold and stomatal conductance by 4.5 fold over 0 mM K controls. Increasing K in nutrient solution correlated positively with tissue K, manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), but negatively with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). There was a stronger sink for K in yonger leaves (the first to fourth fully expanded leaf from the shoot apex) which had higher K concentration than older leaves (the eighth to twelfth fully expanded leaf from the shoot apex). However, with increasing K in nutrient solution, K concentration in leaf tissue increased regardless of leaf age, and the difference between the younger and older leaf was constant. Daily application of 10 mM K resulted in 6.9% leaf tissue K and caused a decrease in plant total dry matter, net photosynthesis, compared to 4 mM K treated plants. However, these parameters remained higher in 10 mM K plants, which retained high ornamental quality than in 0 mM controls. Plants fertilized with 10 mM K, had the highest leaf tissue K and Zn, but lowest P, Ca, Mg, iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and boron (B). Nevertheless, the 10 mM K treated plants exhibited no morphological differences or deficiency symptoms; rather those plants had similar vegetative vigor and flower bud formation rate as those at 4 mM K. 相似文献
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S. R. Ivahupa C. J. Asher F. P. C. Blamey J. N. O'Sullivan 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):1095-1108
The potassium (K) nutrition and high K requirement of tropical root crops may be affected by their sodium (Na) status, as has been observed in a number of plant species. Solution culture was used to study the effects of K and Na supplies in tannia [Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott.], sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] and taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott]. At low K supply, Na ameliorated symptoms of K deficiency and increased growth in tannia, and to a lesser extent in sweet potato, but not in taro. None of the species responded to Na at adequate K supply. Differences in response to Na were attributed to differences in Na translocation to plant tops. At maximum Na supply, the Na concentration in index leaves averaged 1.82% in tannia, 0.205% in sweet potato, and 0.0067% in taro. An increase in the supply of Na resulted in a shift in the critical K concentration for deficiency (i.e., 90% of maximum yield) in index leaves from 2.9% to 1.2% in tannia, and from 4.8% to 2.5% in sweet potato. The critical K concentration in taro was 3.3%, irrespective of Na supply. To overcome the problem in tannia and sweet potato of determining the critical concentration relevant to a leaf sample of unknown K status, a relationship was established for each species relating the critical K concentration to the concentration of Na in the index leaves. 相似文献
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In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’ 相似文献
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James M. Spiers 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1073-1086
In separate tests, rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) grown in sand culture were subjected to varying levels of Ca (0–81 mg/liter) and Mg (0–24 mg/liter) applied at rates of 250 ml/plant daily. Other essential nutrients were kept constant. Leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, Zn, Co, and Al were determined. The concentration of Ca in the leaves increased linearly but that of Cu decreased in response to increasing levels of Ca fertilization. Leaf concentrations of other elements were not significantly influenced by Ca fertilization. Leaf Mg and Al concentrations increased linearly in response to increasing levels of Mg fertilization. The P content in leaves followed a quadratic curve with increased Mg fertilization. Percent P increased from the 0 to 12 mg/liter levels and then decreased from the 12 to 24 mg/liter levels of Mg. High levels of Mg fertilization resulted in reduced Cu content of leaves.
Fertilization rates of Ca or Mg had little effect on shoot dry weight except at the 0 mg/liter levels. As leaf Ca decreased below 0.20% Ca, Ca deficiency symptoms became more prevalent. Magnesium deficiency symptoms increased as leaf Mg decreased below 0.15% Mg. 相似文献
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不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻叶片营养及生理性状的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
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Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major nutritional problem for rice under sodic conditions. Seedlings (35-d old) of 30 rice genotypes were transplanted in pots at pH2 9.8 [diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) Zn 1.8 ppm] to identify genotypes tolerant to both sodicity and Zn deficiency. Ten genotypes (group A) showed potential to tolerate both the stresses. Sixteen genotypes (group B) were sensitive to Zn deficiency. However, some of the seedlings of group B genotypes were normal (without Zn deficiency symptoms). Four genotypes (group C) were sensitive to sodicity. Leaves and their leaf sheaths were analyzed at 33 d after transplanting for Ca, Mg, K, and Na. Group A genotypes (CSR-88IR15, CSR-89IR14, IR4630-22-2-5-1-2, and Trichi) had significantly less Na concentrations in their leaves and the leaf sheaths compared to group B genotypes (CSR10, CSR23, CSR-88IR1, 89H1-931098, and IR47538-3B-9-3B-1). The concentration of Na was invariably higher in the leaf sheath than its leaf in both the groups, but reverse was true for Ca, Mg, and K. Zinc deficient plants had relatively higher concentrations of Ca and Mg in their leaves and the leaf sheaths than group A. Concentration of K was somewhat better in group A than group B genotypes. Higher Na/K ratio in group B genotypes compared to group A may be attributed to increased concentrations of Na rather than decreases in K concentrations. Further studies are needed to understand the processes associated with differential uptake of Na and K by Zn deficient plants of group B genotypes resulting in higher Na/K ratio compared to group A genotypes. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):3043-3049
Abstract Boron (B) deficiency symptoms, dry matter production, and B critical values in sesame (Sesamun indicum L.) were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Boron deficiency showed a yellowing of plant tops and of the youngest leaves. Upper leaves became dark green, coriaceous, with edges curved down. Boron‐deficiency symptoms was related to 21 μg B/g in the 30‐day‐old youngest fully expanded leaf. Dry matter production of leaves, stems, pods, and roots were severely decreased when B in the leaf tissue was below 21 μg/g; however seed dry weight and seed oil content were associated to less than 39 μg/g of B in the leaf tissue. 相似文献
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Károly Hrotkó Lajos Magyar Gergő Borsos Márta Gyeviki 《Journal of plant nutrition》2014,37(9):1395-1409
The present investigation aimed to study the leaf mineral composition of sweet cherry trees on different rootstocks, since the literature data on uptake efficiency of different rootstocks is inconsistent. Results confirmed the different uptake efficiency of rootstocks. The efficiency of ‘GiSelA 6’ root is emphasized in uptake and supply of leaves with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and manganese (Mn), but trees on this rootstock tend to develop calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) deficiencies. The Prunus mahaleb rootstocks on calcareous sandy soil are efficient supplier of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Cu, but this root tends to develop Zn, B, and Mn deficiencies. Prunus avium seedling as rootstock proved to be less efficient in supply of leaves by N, P, K, Ca, and Cu. Prunus fruticosa ‘Prob’ root showed tendency in developing several leaf nutrient deficiencies. The applied fertilizer program led to low nutrient levels or even deficiency symptoms in leaves. 相似文献
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The effects of several rates of KCl (0–1500 kg/ha) were compared with K2SO4 at the equivalent K rate as 1500 kg/ha KCl on five commercial orchards of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa [A. Chev] C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv. Hayward). Leaf breakdown (marginal leaf scorch followed by necrosis and leaf drop) was induced by KCl application at four of the five sites. The symptoms developed at leaf Cl concentrations of 1.5% dry weight and the severity of symptoms increased with leaf Cl concentrations. At another site, a zero K treatment was compared to several rates of KCl (300–1500 kg/ha) and K2SO4 applied at equivalent rates of K in factorial combination with two N fertilizer rates. This site had received KCl and developed severe leaf breakdown in the previous season. Leaf Cl concentrations on the zero K and K2SO4 treatments were higher in this experiment (1.7–2.1% dry weight) than at the other five experimental sites (0.6–1.3%), and at this site mild leaf breakdown symptoms developed on these treatments. Leaf N concentrations were greater, while leaf Cl concentrations and the severity of symptoms were less at the higher N rate. At all of the experimental sites that developed leaf breakdown symptoms, the severity of symptoms increased with the rate of KCl application and were significantly correlated to leaf Cl concentrations but not other leaf nutrient concentrations. 相似文献
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Symptoms of manganese toxicity in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) In water culture experiments with bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. ?Red Kidney”?) the macro- and micro-symptoms of manganese toxicity had been studied. Typical symptoms of Mn toxicity are small distinct blackish-brown spots, first at the older leaves and at more severe toxicity also at the petals and stems. Using the autoradiographic technique on 54Mn-distribution and comparing this with corresponding light microscopic studies it could be demonstrated that the blackish-brown spots in the leaves resemble Mn-precipitations. These precipitations are Mn-compounds of higher oxidated form and are primarily localized in the walls of cells in vicinity of the vessels. The extend to which these precipitations occur is not only a function of the Mn-content of the leaves but also of their age. At comparable Mn-content the extend of the precipitation increases with the leaf age. As secondary symptom of Mn-toxicity under certain conditions (presence of silicon e.g.) induced Fe deficiency (chlorosis of the youngest leaves) and Ca deficiency (?crinkle leaf”?) may occur. It is assumed that the process of Mn precipitation within the leaves is enzymatically regulated. The severe reduction in the growth of leaf blades at Mn toxicity is presumably related to an interference with the growth hormon balance. 相似文献
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缺钾油菜叶片光合速率下降的主导因子及其机理 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
【目的】钾是油菜(Brassica napus L.)生长发育所必需的矿质元素,缺钾胁迫可导致油菜叶片光合功能的衰退,最终影响籽粒产量。本文通过比较田间条件下蕾薹期油菜叶片(长柄叶、 短柄叶和无柄叶)对缺钾胁迫的反应,探讨缺钾导致叶片光合速率下降的主导因子及其作用机理,为合理施用钾肥提高油菜产量提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验,研究不施钾(-K)和施钾(+K)条件下华油杂9号和中双9号单株重,蕾薹期不同类型叶片单叶重、 叶面积、 K含量和叶绿素含量。利用Li-6400 XT便携式光合测定系统测定各类叶片的光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(gs)等气体交换参数,以及PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学量子效率(PSⅡ)等叶绿素荧光参数。并利用胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)的变化,分析叶片光合作用的限制因子。【结果】1) 缺钾胁迫使成熟期华油杂9号和中双9号籽粒产量分别下降13.9%和27.2%。2)缺钾显著抑制了蕾薹期中双9号的生长,单株重下降了12.4%; 长柄叶的干重比正常供钾处理降低了19.2%,而对华油杂9号无影响。3) 缺钾主要影响蕾薹期长柄叶的光合生理特性,对短柄叶和无柄叶无影响。缺钾条件下,油菜长柄叶钾含量和叶绿素含量明显降低,其Pn也显著低于正常供钾处理。但缺钾对不同品种Pn的限制原因并不同,缺钾胁迫导致华油杂9号Ci显著降低,Ls增加了16.6%,即气孔因素是华油杂9号Pn下降的主要原因; 而中双9号Ci显著增加,Ls却下降了14.0%,Pn的下降是由非气孔因素引起的。4) 缺钾胁迫下中双9号长柄叶的Fv/Fm、 PSⅡ、 qP和ETR均显著降低,说明PSⅡ反应中心受损,NPQ显著上升,间接表明缺钾条件下中双9号Pn下降的原因与非气孔因素有关; 而华油杂9号各荧光参数均未受缺钾胁迫的影响。油菜收获期籽粒产量与各叶片钾素含量以及长柄叶气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数关系密切。【结论】缺钾胁迫导致蕾薹期油菜长柄叶光合功能加速衰退,影响收获期籽粒产量。中双9号长柄叶光合性能受缺钾胁迫的影响大于华油杂9号,这与品种自身对缺钾胁迫的耐受能力有关。 相似文献
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不同生长条件下槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾含量及其比例的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用田间调查与实验室分析相结合,探讨海南地区不同产量水平、不同生长年限、正常结果与黄化槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾含量变化规律.结果表明,槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾比例约为1:0.081:0.356.高产组槟榔叶片平均氮含量比中高产组和中产组的分别高10.45%和21.73%;而比低产组槟榔叶片的高了36.86%.正常结果树(低产组槟榔... 相似文献
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Tomato plants were grown for 2 years at 4 different rates of Mg fertilization on a Princeton loamy sand at pH 4.8 with 29 kg exchangeable Mg/ha. Calcareous limestone was used to provide a pH treatment in the second year. Magnesium deficiency symptoms were observed on plants grown on plots having ≤ 38 kg/ha NH4OAC‐extractable Mg. Application of 56 kg Mg/ha corrected Mg deficiency and produced a significant increase in yield. Application of calcitic limestone also produced significant yield increases, but did not affect the development of Mg deficiency symptoms. Tomato yield was increased 27.9% by Mg application and 17.7% by lime application. Highest tomato yield was obtained with application of 112 kg Mg/ha. Symptoms of Mg deficiency were observed when the Mg concentration in recently mature leaf tissue was in the 0.30 to 0.32% range. Magnesium concentration in leaf tissue increased linearly with increasing Mg rate. Leaf Mg concentration at various growth stages of the tomato plant was variable depending on Mg treatment. Magnesium fertilization rate bad little effect on Ca or K leaf concentrations. Application of Calcltic limestone increased leaf tissue Ca and reduced leaf tissue Mg and Mn concentrations. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3-4):291-303
Abstract Application of 11.2 kg B/ha and/or of 224 kg N/ha reduced the number of table beet (Beta vulgarisL. cv Detroit Dark Red) roots with B deficiency compared to low rates or no N or B application in three field experiments. In two of the three experiments, the 224 kg/ha N rate decreased B concentration in leaves when no B was added yet B deficiency of roots was reduced compared to the 56 kg/ha N rate. B application increased B concentration in leaves. Calcium concentration in leaves was higher at 224 kg N/ha than for 56 kg N/ha. Nitrogen concentration in leaves was increased by increasing the rate of N while K concentration was decreased at the higher N rate. Average number of roots with B deficiency was significantly higher for the Morse strain than for the Harris strain of ‘Detroit Dark Red’ in one experiment where the two strains were compared. There were no differences between the two strains in leaf B concentration but Ca concentration was higher in the Morse strain than for the Harris strain. Yields were higher at the 224 kg/ha rate of N than at 56 kg N/ha but were not consistently affected by B and K applications. There was no clear relationship of leaf N, Ca and K concentrations to B deficiency of roots 相似文献
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The diagnosis of Zn deficiency in cotton by means of total analysis or the appearance of deficiency symptoms is unsatisfactory. In order to obtain a better understanding of the development of Zn deficiency symptoms in relation to Zn content cotton plants were cultivated in waterculture under reproducible environmental conditions and Zn deficiency induced by different means. It was observed that deficiency symptoms developed equally, regardless of the inducing factors such as low Zn in the nutrient solution, high nutrient solution pH, high Ca and high Fe supply. High amounts of P in the nutrient solution did not induce Zn deficiency symptoms. Zn deficiency symptoms appeared first as interveinal chlorosis in the medium-aged leaves. The internodes remained short. Later red spots appeared on the leaf blades. The leaves suffering from deficiency were thicker because of enlarged palisade cells. The total Zn content of the leaves did not correlate with the symptoms. Different fractions of the Zn in the leaf (extractable with water, NaCl solution, hydrochloric acid) gave no better results. The analytically determined and calculated Zn fractions are discussed in relation to Zn deficiency inducing conditions. 相似文献
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《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2591-2602
ABSTRACT No boron (B) deficiencies have been reported for rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the United States and, when occurring elsewhere, reports often lack details of deficiency symptoms and leaf-B critical values. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of B and lime on yield, pollen viability, and to determine diagnostic symptoms of B deficiency in rice. Rice cv. “Bengal” was grown in the greenhouse on a soil acquired from a rice farm from SW Louisiana in the United States, a Caddo silt loam (Caddo sl) (Typic Glossaqualf, fine-silty, siliceous, thermic), treated with 0.44?mg?B?kg?1 (+B) or no B (?B). Split plots were limed at rates of (i) none; (ii) 224?mg?kg?1 CaO+40.3?mg?kg?1 MgO; and (iii) 673?mg?kg?1 CaO+121?mg?kg?1 MgO. Rice was also grown in ?B and +B potting media and in ?B sand culture using nutrient solution identical to that used in other studies of ours. Rough-rice yields from the +B Caddo sl treatment was 11% higher than from the ?B treatment (29.3 vs. 26.3?g?pot?1; P=0.02). The yield increase was likely due to fewer damaged pollen (8%) found from the +B than the ?B treatment (17%; P=0.014). Leaf-B at tillering was 11.3?mg?kg?1 for the B-treated rice and 7.1?mg?kg?1 from the ?B treatment. Liming did not significantly affect leaf B or yields. Boron deficiency symptoms were found only in the ?B sand-culture where yields were 1.1?g?pot?1, 96% less than that from the +B Caddo sl. Symptoms were like those found in our earlier hydroponic studies with twisted and whitish leaf tips starting at tillering and 1-cm white bands across the width of leaves. Maturity was delayed about four weeks. Boron deficiency from the Caddo sl and sand treatments occurred with leaf B≤7?mg?kg?1 and with a Caddo sl soil B of 0.18?mg?hws (hot-water soluble) B?kg?1. Given that no B deficiency symptoms were found in rice experiencing moderate yield loss grown on the rice soil, one must rely on soil and plant analyses to help detect likely candidates for moderate B deficiency. 相似文献