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作物多样性在病害防治上的应用包括多系混合、品种混合和物种混合,其中品种混合策略备受重视。对于小麦,品种混合与它的组分净种时的表现相比至少有两方面的优势,即增加籽粒产量的稳定性和减少病害的危害,特别是对减轻锈病和白粉病的危害更为明显。但是,由于病害防治而获得的产量收益比较小,一般平均只有4%~5%。对于小种专化的病原物,小麦混合群体中复杂小种（能侵染两个或两个以上混合组分）的相对频率高于简单小种的情况并不少见,因此有必要实行小组分数目品种混合系统的多样化、增加组分之间的抗性差异或增加混合组分数目。影响品种混合 相似文献
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品种混种控制小麦白粉病及其对小麦产量和蛋白质含量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究品种混种对控制小麦白粉病的效果以及对产量及蛋白质含量的影响,可为利用品种多样性持续控制白粉病提供理论依据及技术支持。2011—2012和2012—2013年度选用抗病性不同、遗传背景有较大差异的8个小麦生产品种,按每个组合3~8个品种进行田间混种,人工接种白粉菌混合菌株,比较品种混种对小麦白粉病的病害流行曲线下面积以及小麦产量、粗蛋白含量和千粒重的影响。结果表明,混种组分品种的数量对防效有影响,其中以4个品种混种的防病效果最好,但当品种数达到7个及以上时,混种也显示出较好的控病效果。2011—2012年度混种组合中有防效的占42.4%,相对防效为1.2%~26.8%,约50%的混种组合表现增产,增产幅度为0.2%~14.6%;2012—2013年度有防治效果的组合占75.0%,相对防效1.8%~45.4%,约71%的混种组合表现增产,增产范围为0.9%~16.6%。供试品种中周麦18总体表现最好,并且与其他品种混种后对控制小麦白粉病、增加产量和粗蛋白含量均有正向效应。不同混种组分品种间存在互作,其互作对病害控制及产量均有影响。 相似文献
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优良多抗性小麦抗病种质简介高胜国（河北省农林科学院植物保护研究所，河北保定０７１０００）锈病、白粉病是小麦的两大主要病害，种植抗病品种是防治该两类病害最经济有效的措施，而抗病品种的抗性常随品种种植时间的推移、种植面积的扩大、新致病力小种迅速产生而丧失... 相似文献
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小麦播期病虫害化学防治技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
秋播期是防治小麦多种病虫害的关键时期,主要防治对象有蛴螬、蝼蛄、金针虫等地下害虫和小麦吸浆虫;其次是种传或土传的小麦病害,如小麦散黑穗病、小麦腥黑穗病、小麦秆黑粉病、小麦纹枯病等;第三是小麦苗期蚜虫、红蜘蛛、锈病和白粉病.抓好秋播期防治对于控制小麦多种病虫危害可以起到事半功倍的作用.安阳县地处河南北部.根据我县常年病虫发生的实际情况,在采取农业防治的基础上,还因地制宜地采取相应的化学防治措施. 相似文献
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近年来,小麦叶锈病发生有加重趋势,培育抗病品种是减轻小麦叶锈病危害的环保有效途径。用12个小麦品种及35个含已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品系在苗期接种19个不同毒性的叶锈菌生理小种,通过基因推导和系谱分析发掘待测品种中的抗叶锈病基因,并通过分子标记检测进一步验证;在田间接种强毒性混合生理小种,进行成株期病情严重度与普遍率调查,筛选慢锈性品种。结果表明,在石新828、百农3217、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共9个品种中检测到Lr1、Lr26、Lr34、Lr37和Lr46共5个抗叶锈病基因,其中部分品种中发现多个抗性基因。成株期筛选出百农3217、平阳27、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、碧蚂4号、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共10个慢叶锈性品种,其中碧蚂4号和小偃6号等品种是我国小麦育种的骨干亲本,探究这些品种中的抗病基因对培育小麦抗叶锈病品种具有重要意义。 相似文献
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小麦慢叶锈品种具有侵染率低、潜伏期长、孢子堆小、产孢量少、严重度低、病害进展曲线下面积小和病害虽流行但产量损失不显著等特点.潜伏期和扬花期平均病害严重度与产量损失的关系最密切,因此测定某一小麦品种的潜伏期(x_1)和平均病害严重度(x_2)(田间感病对照品种发病达50%或95%时),可以作为衡量该品种慢(快)叶锈性的两个指标和选种的依据.用y=94.67-3.10x_1+0.51x_2估测由叶锈造成的小区产量损失(y)有一定可靠性(R=0.96).用聚类分析法把供试品种分为慢锈、中慢、中快和快锈品种类型.苗期和成株期慢叶锈性有一定的吻合性. 相似文献
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冬小麦亲本的抗病性筛选和遗传评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来随着小麦产量水平的提高和肥水条件的改善,白粉病日趋严重;此外,因条锈病抗源单一和新的生理小种不断出现,致使品种抗条锈性也日渐有所下降。两种病害的发生、蔓延对小麦高产、稳产构成严重威胁。为此,评价、筛选兼抗白粉病和条锈病的亲本,开发利用新的抗病基因已成为当务之急。 相似文献
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小麦种质纹枯病抗性评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近年来 ,小麦纹枯病在我国广大麦区 ,特别是主产和高产的黄淮冬麦区迅速蔓延、危害严重 ,已上升为小麦的主要病害 ,1998年 ,河北省主要粮食作物普遍发生较重 ,现已成为危害该省粮食生产的主要障碍之一。众所周知 ,小麦纹枯病是土传病害 ,药剂防治难度大 ,因此迫切需要选育和推广抗病品种 ,这是小麦产量进一步提高所必须解决的关键问题之一 ,拥有数量多、质量好的种质是抗纹枯病育种成功的关键 ,但目前普通小麦中筛选出的抗源过硬的尚未发现免疫材料 ,急需鉴定、选拔抗源材料或抗病品种 ,另外通过远缘杂交 ,将小麦近缘属的抗性基因导入普通小… 相似文献
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W. Aufhammer H. Kempf E. Kubler H. Stützel 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1989,163(5):319-329
Effects of cultivar (wheat) and species (wheat, rye) mixtures on grain yield of desease-free stands
Cultivar mixtures (winter wheat) and species mixtures (winter wheat/winter rye) grown free from pests and diseases in different environments are compared to pure stands and analyzed with respect to inter-component relationships relevant for yield. All mixtures consisted from two components which were planted 1:1. Mixing effects (i.e. deviations from arithmetic mean of respective components grown in pure stands) on grain yield/ha and yield structure were dependent on components and growing conditions, particularly nitrogen availability. Under conditions suboptimal for one component, ontogenetic differences between components resulted in positive mixing effects on grain yield since the yield proportion of the accompanying partner increased more than proportionally. In several instances, yield proportions shitted without leading to mixing effects. In some experiments and/or mixtures mixing effects could not be observed at all. 相似文献
Cultivar mixtures (winter wheat) and species mixtures (winter wheat/winter rye) grown free from pests and diseases in different environments are compared to pure stands and analyzed with respect to inter-component relationships relevant for yield. All mixtures consisted from two components which were planted 1:1. Mixing effects (i.e. deviations from arithmetic mean of respective components grown in pure stands) on grain yield/ha and yield structure were dependent on components and growing conditions, particularly nitrogen availability. Under conditions suboptimal for one component, ontogenetic differences between components resulted in positive mixing effects on grain yield since the yield proportion of the accompanying partner increased more than proportionally. In several instances, yield proportions shitted without leading to mixing effects. In some experiments and/or mixtures mixing effects could not be observed at all. 相似文献
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研究旨在探讨小麦播种前土壤喷施微生物复合营养剂‘赛土丰’对小麦植株生长和产量提高的调控效应，以期为促进植株生长发育、提高产量调控技术的研究提供参考。试验于2016—2017 年进行田间试验，试验品种‘郑麦379’，设置空白不施肥（处理1）、清水（处理2，常规施肥）、‘赛土丰’复合营养剂（处理3，常规施肥），于生长期调查株高、次生根、叶色、病虫害等农艺性状指标，于成熟期考察其产量及产量构成因素各指标。结果表明：在小麦播种前土壤喷施‘赛土丰’微生物复合营养剂对小麦植株茎高、病虫害防御起一定的积极作用，尤其对小麦植株根的发育作用效果甚大。通过对产量及产量构成因素进一步分析发现，与处理2 叶面喷施清水相比，两试验地的喷施‘赛土丰’处理3 在成穗数、穗粒数上有所提高，但幅度不明显，然而在千粒重和产量上分别提高了13.09%、12.44%和4.67%、4.64%，提高幅度较为明显。综上说明，在冬小麦播种前土壤喷施‘赛土丰’微生物复合营养剂主要是通过提高小麦粒重来提高产量，且效果显著。 相似文献
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Z. Wang Y. Yin M. He Y. Zhang S. Lu Q. Li S. Shi 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2003,189(5):280-285
Grain yield in wheat is dependent on photosynthate production and allocation. Light intensity is one of the main factors affecting photosynthate production and allocation, and grain yield. This study was conducted to determine whether cultivars varying in grain number per spike and grain weight respond differently to pre‐anthesis shading (PRE) and post‐anthesis shading (POST), and to characterize the responses in production and allocation of photosynthate, yield and yield components, and spike traits. Both PRE and POST caused a decrease in both dry matter (DM) accumulation and allocation to grain. Cultivar Lumai 22, which has a large spike and large grains, was more sensitive to either PRE or POST. PRE reduced photosynthate production and partitioning to the spike in Lumai 22 at anthesis. In contrast, PRE had little influence on these parameters in the small‐spike, small‐grain cultivar Yannong 15. POST reduced the partitioning to the grain, especially in Lumai 22, for which marked reductions in biomass and grain yield were found for both the PRE and POST treatments. Changes in yield components attributable to shading varied with cultivars. The number of spikes m?2 was not affected by either PRE or POST. Lumai 22 was more seriously affected by shading than Yannong 15 in terms of grain number per spike and weight per grain. The decreases in grain number or weight per spikelet in both the PRE and POST treatments took place mainly in the upper and basal spikelets, especially in Lumai 22. We concluded that the adaptability of the small‐spike, small‐grain cultivar Yannong 15 to either PRE or POST was much greater than that of the large‐spike, large‐grain cultivar Lumai 22 in terms of many characteristics closely related to grain yield. Hence, we suggest that, in areas where low light intensity often occurs, the small‐spike, small‐grain cultivar would be more likely to produce high, stable grain yields. 相似文献
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秸秆还田和品种对土壤水盐运移及小麦产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
本试验设置秸秆还田和不还田两种方式,选用抗盐小麦德抗961和普通小麦鲁麦10,以探明秸秆还田和品种选择对盐渍土水盐运移和小麦产量的影响。研究结果表明,秸秆还田能够减少水分散失,提高土壤含水量,同时减轻盐分在表层土壤的富集,有利于提高小麦产量。选用抗盐小麦品种不仅提高了小麦的抗盐能力,也降低了表层盐分的进一步富集。小麦产量的提高利益于产量构成因素的综合改善,其中公顷穗粒贡献较大。从减轻盐分表层富集和提高产量幅度来看,品种选择的效果优于秸秆还田。因此,选用抗盐品种,并结合秸秆还田,可以显著提高盐渍土小麦产量。 相似文献
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A.S. Lithourgidis D.N. Vlachostergios C.A. Dordas C.A. Damalas 《European Journal of Agronomy》2011,34(4):287-294
Intercrops of pea (Pisum arvense L.), a popular legume used in intercropping systems with winter cereals for forage and silage production, with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) in two seeding ratios (60:40 and 80:20) were compared with monocrops of pea and cereals for two growing seasons. Growth rate, dry matter yield, and N uptake were determined in each intercropping system. Furthermore, several indices were used to evaluate the intercropping systems and analyze the competition and the interrelationships between mixture components. Growth rate of cereals was lower in the mixtures than in the monocrops. Dry matter yield was higher in triticale monocrop, followed by its two intercrops, and the pea–wheat 80:20 intercrop. Moreover, triticale monocrop, pea–triticale intercrops, and pea–wheat 80:20 intercrop showed the highest crude protein yield and N uptake. The land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (K), actual yield loss (AYL), and system productivity index (SPI) values were greater for the pea–triticale mixtures and the pea–wheat and pea–rye mixtures (80:20), indicating an advantage of intercropping. In most intercrops, the values of partial K, AYL, aggressivity, and competitive ratio (CR) indicated that the cereal was more competitive than pea. The highest values of monetary advantage index (MAI) and intercropping advantage (IA) were recorded for the pea–triticale and the pea–wheat mixtures (80:20). Overall, pea–triticale and pea–wheat mixtures (80:20) were more productive and produced better forage quality than the other mixtures and thus could be adopted by the farmers as alternative options for forage production. 相似文献
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旱地条件下冬小麦产量和农艺性状对养分投入的响应 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以9个旱地冬小麦品种为材料,通过田间试验研究其产量及主要农学性状与养分投入水平的关系。与不施肥对照相比,在低、高水平养分投入条件下小麦籽粒产量分别提高20%和40%,生物量提高17%和35%,单位面积穗数增加11%和25%,穗粒数增加8%和10%。高产品种的生物量、单位面积穗数、穗粒数及其随养分投入增加而提高的幅度显著高于低产品种。千粒重不受养分投入水平的影响。旱地条件下,不同小麦品种的产量、生物量、单位面积穗数和穗粒数均随养分投入水平的提高而显著提高,并且存在品种间差异。高生物量、高单位面积穗数和穗粒数是旱地高产品种的重要特征,它们对养分投入的敏感响应是高产品种养分投入提高后产量提高的主要原因。 相似文献
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干旱是影响作物生长发育和产量的主要因素之一,对旱地小麦产量特征进行探索具有重要意义。以抗旱闻名的山西省旱地小麦育成品种为材料,在雨养和灌溉2种水分处理下分析了不同年代小麦品种产量构成因素的变化趋势以及各年代小麦品种的抗旱性,探明品种改良过程中产量提升的生理及形态机制,对未来旱地小麦育种的性状选择提供指导。结果表明,山西旱地小麦品种平均产量随年代逐渐增加,1990s前产量的年均增益明显高于1990s后,1990s-2010s间产量增加差异不显著;有效穗数和千粒重随年代呈增加趋势,而穗粒数和抗旱性随年代呈波动性变化。山西省旱地小麦产量整体偏低,通过遗传改良提升产量仍具有较大的空间。综合产量因素的改良趋势,在今后的旱地小麦育种中应继续增加有效穗数和千粒重,以提高小麦穗粒数作为重要途径和手段。 相似文献
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A study was carried out at Mushaqqar Agricultural Experiment Station located in the Central Highlands of East Jordan. The objectives were to study and compare three crop rotations: Duck foot fallow–wheat; chemical fallow–wheat; and wheat–wheat, on soil moisture conservation and storage and on wheat yield.
Results indicated that, the storage efficiency for the duck foot fallow treatment was higher than that of chemical fallow (13.4 and 8.7% respectively). Also it was found that two duck foot or chemical fallow applications, for weed control, were needed before June.
Wheat yield was the highest after the duck foot fallow, followed by chemical fallow. Wheat yield had decreased from 3.34 Mg/ha to 1.08 Mg/ha, for continuous wheat. 相似文献
Results indicated that, the storage efficiency for the duck foot fallow treatment was higher than that of chemical fallow (13.4 and 8.7% respectively). Also it was found that two duck foot or chemical fallow applications, for weed control, were needed before June.
Wheat yield was the highest after the duck foot fallow, followed by chemical fallow. Wheat yield had decreased from 3.34 Mg/ha to 1.08 Mg/ha, for continuous wheat. 相似文献