共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
低温高湿变温解冻库的研制与应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为解决现有冻肉解冻库解冻速率慢、营养流失大、解冻过程氧化劣变严重等问题,研制了一种新型的低温高湿变温解冻库,该解冻库由绝热库体、蒸汽加热加湿系统、变频制冷系统和控制系统组成。通过各系统的协调运作,使库内温度始终维持在2~8℃,相对湿度始终保持在90%以上,从而实现冻肉解冻过程中的有效保鲜。同时通过低温高湿变温解冻库解冻20 t冷冻牛肉的加热负荷、制冷负荷、加湿蒸汽量及总蒸汽量等工艺参数的优化计算,研制出用于冷冻肉解冻的20 t低温高湿变温解冻库,并进行了生产验证试验,比较分析了该解冻库与常规4℃解冻库对解冻牛肉品质的影响。结果表明,该低温高湿变温解冻库解冻入库平均温度为-18℃的20 t冷冻牛肉耗时约12 h,加热负荷为95.94 kW,制冷负荷为18.77 kW,加湿蒸汽量为8.78 g/s,需要总蒸汽量为49.19 g/s;与常规4℃解冻库相比,低温高湿变温解冻库解冻汁液流失率、汁液蛋白含量及解冻牛肉蒸煮损失率分别显著降低了44.17%,21.61%及20.30%,解冻牛肉肌红蛋白含量显著增加了41.04%,高铁肌红蛋白含量显著降低了58.69%,硬度及咀嚼性分别显著增加了39.86 N及15.11 N,实现了冷冻牛肉的保鲜解冻。该研究为低温高湿变温解冻库的研制提供了参考,有利于解决冷冻肉解冻过程中的品质劣变问题。 相似文献
2.
低压静电场下不同隔距冻结-解冻对牛肉品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为研究低压静电场(low voltage electrostatic field,LVEF)辅助冻结-解冻对牛肉品质的影响,采用牛背最长肌作为试验材料,探究与静电场发生板隔距分别为15、30、45、60 cm处(试验组,冻结温度为?18℃,解冻温度为4℃)和自然冻结-解冻(未施加静电场,对照组,条件同上)肉样冻结-解冻过程中的品质变化。对比分析了温度曲线、色泽、解冻汁液流失、汁液中蛋白含量、蒸煮损失及质构特性等指标变化,显微观察肌肉纤维组织中的冰晶形态和肌肉微观结构。结果表明:与对照相比,试验组牛肉在冻结过程中通过最大冰晶生成带时间较短,组织中的冰晶较对照组体积小、数目多、分布均匀;肉样解冻速度较快,解冻后肉色更新鲜,咀嚼性、嫩度较高,解冻汁液流失率、汁液中蛋白含量及蒸煮损失率均显著降低(P0.05);扫描、透射电镜结果表明,试验组肉样解冻后肌肉微观结构遭破坏程度较轻,肌纤维束排列相对紧密。其中,与静电板隔距为30 cm处冻结-解冻的肉样亮度值、红度值和色彩饱和度值分别为39.47、21.77和23.71,显著高于对照组的31.74、17.76和20.73(P0.05);解冻汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率及解冻汁液中蛋白质量分数较对照分别降低4.18、8.28、0.7个百分点,咀嚼性增加32.68 N,差异显著(P0.05)。试验结果表明低压静电场辅助能显著缓解牛肉在冻结和解冻过程中的品质劣变,提高解冻牛肉品质,肉样在与静电板隔距为30 cm处冻结-解冻较为适宜。 相似文献
3.
为探究不同解冻方式对羊肉理化品质和微观结构的影响,本研究将冻结的羊半膜肌及背最长肌分别采用室温空气解冻、静水解冻、冷藏解冻、超声波解冻及微波解冻5种方式进行解冻,通过测定相关品质指标,分析各解冻方式对肌肉品质的影响。结果表明,冷藏解冻后羊半膜肌及背最长肌的解冻损失(1.08%、3.10%)、蒸煮损失(21.18%、21.97%)、高铁肌红蛋白含量(36.1%、43.6%)及挥发性盐基氮值(7.02、7.45 mg·100g-1)均显著低于其他解冻方式(P<0.05),微观结构破坏程度较小;超声波解冻、微波解冻后半膜肌与背最长肌的解冻损失(3.34%、7.01%及7.63%、9.59%)、蒸煮损失(25.54%、26.17%及26.45%、28.46%)高于其他解冻方式(P<0.05);室温空气解冻、静水解冻后两种肌肉的挥发性盐基氮(27.5、21.4及21、23.51 mg·100g-1)、菌落总数[3.52、3.89及3.46、3.9 lg(CFU·mL-1)]显著高于其他解冻方式(P<0.05);微波解冻后肌肉纤维发生严重卷曲和断裂。综上,冷藏解冻的羊肉品质较好,这为实际生产中冻结羊肉的解冻方式选择提供了理论依据。 相似文献
4.
不同冻结和解冻速率对猪肉保水性和超微结构的影响 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
采用均匀设计研究不同个体、冻结和解冻速率对猪肉保水性和组织结构的影响,结果显示：解冻速率对解冻汁液流失率的影响成非线性关系，在一定的范围内存在最佳解冻速率使解冻汁液流失率最低；蒸煮损失率的主要影响因素是冷冻速率，不同的肉品来源对猪肉的蒸煮损失率有显著影响；肉品的加压系水力主要与肉的来源相关，与肉品的冷冻工艺无关；解冻速率对全蛋白的溶解性有一定的影响，且成非线性关系；冻结和解冻操作对于肉品的超微结构有一定的影响，解冻速率越大对于肉品超微结构的破坏作用也越大。 相似文献
5.
常规冷冻冻藏对猪肉保水性和组织结构的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
调查了在生产中常规冷冻工艺条件下冻结的肉块,经-18℃冷库冻藏一定时间之后,在固定解冻条件下解冻后,肉的保水性、蛋白溶解度和组织结构的变化规律。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,冷冻猪肉的保水性逐渐降低,主要表现为:解冻汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率和加压失水率等逐渐升高。肉样的蛋白溶解度逐渐降低,主要是全蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度降低。随着冻藏时间的延长,冰晶在冻结肉样中逐渐长大,导致肌束受压聚集。这可能是肉的保水性降低的一个重要原因。冻藏1个月对于肉样的各种品质特性影响不大,2个月后指标的变化比较明显,5个月后指标的变化非常明显。 相似文献
6.
为探索不同解冻方式对猪肉饼品质和蛋白质氧化程度的影响,本试验将-18℃冻藏的调理猪肉饼分别采用室温解冻、冷藏解冻、流水解冻以及盐水解冻4种方式进行解冻,通过测定解冻后肉饼的保水性(解冻损失率、离心损失率)、pH值、TBARS值、TVB-N值,并测定猪肉饼肌原纤维蛋白羰基含量、巯基含量、蛋白溶解等,分析不同解冻方式对其蛋白氧化程度的影响。结果表明,解冻对调理猪肉饼保水性有较大影响,其中空气解冻与冷藏解冻组的保水性最好,解冻损失维持在5.03%~5.75%之间,离心损失率在31.02%~32.19%之间;同时与新鲜肉饼组相比,空气解冻、盐水解冻和流水解冻组猪肉饼TVB-N值显著上升(P<0.05),盐水解冻组TVB-N值上升至3.17 mg·100g-1;但解冻对调理肉饼pH值、TBARS值、色泽的影响均不显著(P>0.05);通过对肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度的测定发现,解冻会引起肌原纤维蛋白羰基含量上升、巯基含量和溶解度下降,SDS-PAGE试验也证明解冻会引起蛋白质发生不同程度的降解。本研究为实际生产中冻结肉制品解冻工艺的选择与优化提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
7.
为探讨细点圆趾蟹在冷藏过程中的肌肉品质变化机理，本研究对不同部位肌肉在冷藏过程中的各项生理生化指标进行分析；在4℃冷藏过程中，以细点圆趾蟹胸部和螯足中肌肉为对象，通过感官定量描述、理化指标及肌原纤维蛋白功能特性等分析手段，研究了细点圆趾蟹可食肌肉的贮藏品质变化。结果发现，在4℃冷藏过程中，细点圆趾蟹胸部和螯足肌肉感官特性、持水力及水分含量、水溶性及盐溶性蛋白含量、钙离子ATP酶活性、总巯基及活性巯基含量等均呈逐渐下降趋势，其中胸部肌肉蛋白质功能特性下降幅度高于螯足部位肌肉；此外，两部分肌肉中水分活度、pH值、挥发性盐基氮和三甲胺含量均呈整体显著上升趋势，同时胸部肌肉蛋白质的贮藏稳定性低于螯足肌肉；十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）结果分析显示，两部分肌肉中主要蛋白质均出现了不同程度的降解现象，其原因可能主要来自于肌肉组织内源酶和微生物的降解作用。综上，在4℃冷藏过程中，细点圆趾蟹胸部和螯足部位肌肉蛋白质劣变逐渐加剧，各项感官评价分值降低，肌肉蛋白质逐渐发生变性和降解，其中螯足肌肉蛋白质贮藏稳定性优于胸部肌肉。本研究结果为明确细点圆趾蟹肌肉品质变化规律、进一步开发细点... 相似文献
8.
超高压解冻对不同方式冻结的鸡肉品质的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
冻结、解冻的方法和技术对三黄鸡肉品质的冷冻保存起着及其重要的作用。该文以汁液流失量、色差、质构、蛋白变性为指标,研究通过不同的冻结方式（冰箱冻结、鼓风冻结、浸渍冻结）和不同的解冻方式（传统解冻方式、高压解冻）对三黄鸡肉品质的影响。高压解冻的压力设为100、150、200 MPa;介质温度为20℃;解冻时间按照Plank方程求出。结果表明：高压解冻能够明显的缩短解冻时间,但是汁液流失量较常压下解冻明显增大,而且差异显著（P＜0.05）;浸渍冻结方式与预期的效果相反,汁液流失量反而更大;150 MPa的汁液流失量要小于100、200 MPa的汁液流失量;亮度值（L*）、黄蓝值（b*）、总色差值（ΔE）经过高压解冻后都有很明显的增大趋势,与常压相比差异显著（P＜0.05）,而且不同大小的压力解冻对L*、b*的差异性显著（P＜0.05）,均随着压力的增大而增大;高压解冻后其硬度、咀嚼性都大于常压下解冻的值。高压解冻后,其Ca2+-ATPase活性和盐溶性蛋白含量急剧下降,与常压相比差异性显著（P＜0.05）;当高压超过100、150 MPa时,分别导致肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白的急剧变性,同时发现肌浆蛋白的变性程度要小于肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白的变性程度;DHpeakⅠ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ值经过高压解冻后急剧下降,与常压相比差异性显著（P＜0.05）。综上所述,超高压解冻虽然可以减少解冻的时间,但是解冻后的指标与新鲜的三黄鸡相差甚大,因此超高压并不适合于三黄鸡的解冻。 相似文献
9.
基于CFD数值模拟的豆腐干软罐头杀菌工艺优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对豆腐干软罐头恒温热杀菌工艺中存在的因杀菌过度而品质不佳问题,开展了杀菌工艺优化。首先利用CFD软件数值模拟杀菌过程获取节点温度历史,筛选出杀菌值3 min且蒸煮值能够有效减小的梯度升温方法,再利用试验对该方法进行验证,通过比较实际杀菌过程的杀菌值、蒸煮值及具体品质指标,同时,结合工业生产的需要,最终确定一种升温模式作为优化杀菌工艺。研究最终得到一种即能满足安全指标且品质劣化程度显著降低的豆腐干软罐头梯度升温杀菌工艺:第一阶段升温到100℃恒温20 min;第二阶段继续升温到120℃保温杀菌15 min。该工艺杀菌值为3.739 23 min,表面蒸煮值和体积平均蒸煮值分别比原有的恒温杀菌工艺(30 min/116℃)降低10.1%和8.69%(P0.01);杀菌后豆腐干亮度值、红度值和黄度值分别比原有工艺提升3.75%、27.4%和43.4%,含水率提升1.58%,剪切力降低30.1%,表面硬度降低78.9%同时表面凝聚性提高551%;该杀菌工艺温度峰值能够满足工业化生产需求。研究结果为固体软罐头食品的变温杀菌工艺优化提供参考。 相似文献
10.
适宜冻结温度保持牛肉蛋白稳定性抑制水分态变 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
为进一步明确肉品工业中不同冷冻温度对肉品品质的影响,探究了?18、?23及?38℃冻结后解冻（4℃）对牛肉蛋白稳定性及水分态变的影响。采用差示扫描量热（differential scanning calorimeter,DSC）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared,FTIR）、低场核磁共振波谱（low filed nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）及H质子成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）等技术,对比分析了?18、?23及?38℃冻结后解冻（4℃）过程中牛肉冻结-解冻曲线、蛋白质热稳定性、蛋白质二级结构、蛋白质表面疏水性、水分态变、解冻汁液流失等指标,研究了3种温度条件下冻结-解冻过程中蛋白质稳定性与水分态变规律。结果表明,牛肉的冻结点温度为?1.1℃,冻结温度越低,通过最大冰晶生成带所用的时间就越短,而肉样解冻至中心温度为4℃时所需时间也越长;?38℃冻结过程中肌原纤维蛋白的抗变性能力与热稳定性较好;冻结后牛肉肌原纤维蛋白发生部分程度的变性,而解冻后牛肉蛋白又会发生复性;冻结导致牛肉蛋白质表面疏水性显著升高（P<0.05）,而解冻后牛肉蛋白质表面疏水性显著降低（P<0.05）。FTIR、LF-NMR及MRI等结果相互佐证,表明?38℃冻结牛肉蛋白质二级结构的稳定性最好,解冻后蛋白质复性、水分回吸,不易流动水态变成自由水的趋势显著低于?23℃和?18℃冻结（P<0.05）,解冻汁液流失也最少（P<0.05）。试验结果揭示了冻结温度对牛肉蛋白质稳定性及水分态变的影响。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献