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1.
为阐明喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度分布特征及有机碳储量空间分布格局,采用野外布点采样、实验室测定和地统计学分析相结合的方法,利用2 755个详细调查的剖面样地和23 536个土壤样品,定量研究了喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳密度、碳储量的空间异质性及分布特征。结果表明:后寨河小流域表层(0—20cm)土壤有机碳含量和密度的平均值为分别为25.07g/kg和5.23kg/m~2,剖面土壤(0—100cm)土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度分别为20.71g/kg和10.21kg/m~2,两层土壤有机碳含量和密度均属于中等变异强度。10cm土层深度有机碳储量为1.48×10~8 kg,20cm土层深度有机碳储量为2.65×10~8 kg,30cm土层深度土壤有机碳储量3.43×10~8 kg,100cm土层深度有机碳储量5.39×10~8 kg。各层土壤有机碳储量的块金值C_0随着土层深度的增加而增加,而0—100cm的块金值C_0最大。4种土层深度土壤有机碳储量呈现为中部低,四周高,南部最低的趋势。海拔、坡度、岩石裸露率和石砾含量是影响喀斯特小流域土壤有机碳储量空间异质性的主导因子。 相似文献
2.
土地利用变化与长期施肥对黑土有机碳密度的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
土壤管理方式影响土壤碳库储量,进而影响土壤的源汇功能。该研究通过测定草地(GL)、裸地(BL)、农田无肥(NF)、化肥(NP)和化肥配施有机肥(NPM)处理的有机碳含量和土壤容重,估算了不同土地利用和施肥管理方式下的土壤有机碳密度的变化及农田的固碳潜力。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量表层最高而且变化较大,向下逐渐降低且变化较小。对于不同植被覆盖的3个处理,草地0-20cm土层土壤有机碳含量比裸地和无肥分别高出20.6%和16.4%。对于不同施肥管理方式,化肥有机肥配施土壤有机碳含量比无肥和化肥分别高出25.4%和15.5%,所有处理有机碳含量在160-200cm土层没有显著差异。0-40cm土层及0-100cm土体有机碳密度的变化趋势是NPMGLNPNFBL;40cm以下有机碳储量无规律性变化,表现出较大的变异性,这可能与土壤本身的空间异质性有关。草地100cm土体有机碳储量比裸地和无肥分别增加6.8%和5.7%,裸地和无肥无显著差异;化肥加有机肥100cm土体有机碳储量比化肥和无肥分别增加10.4%和5.9%。经估算,松嫩平原黑土区0-100cm土体有机碳库储量约为1.35Pg,农田有机培肥后碳库储量可达到0.96Pg,其固碳潜力约为0.05Pg。0-100cm土体有机碳密度与0-20cm土层有机碳含量及有机碳密度呈极显著正相关(r=0.99;r=0.97,P0.01),表明土壤表层有机碳含量及密度对0-100cm土壤有机碳库具有决定作用。 相似文献
3.
干旱半干旱区农田土壤碳垂直剖面分布特征研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
以中国干旱半干旱区农田土壤为研究对象,通过收集自然农田和长期定位站点(178个剖面,0~100 cm土层)农田土壤碳的数据并对其进行整合,分析了农田土壤有机碳和无机碳含量的垂直剖面分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,随土层深度增加,农田土壤有机碳呈下降趋势,表层含量高于底层;不同地区农田土壤无机碳含量变化趋势不一,随土壤深度增加整体呈现升高的趋势,但是也有一些地区呈现下降趋势。土壤剖面深度为100 cm的农田土壤有机碳和无机碳密度平均值分别为8.33和15.83 kg m-2,农田土壤无机碳储量大约是土壤有机碳的2倍。土壤深度为0~30 cm的有机碳占100 cm总有机碳含量的45%,无机碳仅占100 cm总无机碳含量的29%;土壤无机碳主要集中在30~100 cm土层,占100 cm总无机碳含量的71%,远高于有机碳在此土层占100 cm总有机碳含量的百分比(55%)。综合自然农田和长期定位站点农田土壤碳的数据,土壤容重与土壤p H是影响农田土壤有机碳和无机碳分布特征的重要因素:自然农田土壤有机碳与土壤p H(R2=0.61,p0.01)和土壤容重(R2=0.64,p0.01)呈显著负相关;长期定位站点土壤无机碳与土壤p H(R2=0.56,p0.01)和土壤容重(R2=0.63,p0.01)呈显著正相关。中国干旱半干旱区农田土壤有机碳和无机碳的分布特征与影响因素,将为陆地生态系统碳储量估算提供数据基础与理论支撑。 相似文献
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半干旱区县域农田土壤有机碳固存速率及影响因素——以甘肃庄浪县为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过对甘肃省庄浪县梯田土壤采样分析,结合第二次土壤普查及庄浪县耕地质量评价数据,估算梯田土壤固碳速率并分析其影响因素。结果表明: 1）该县农田土壤沟谷台地的有机碳含量最高,沟谷、 梁峁坡地次之,沟谷川坪地有机碳最低,不同地形有机碳含量差异显著（P0.05）; 2）80% 的样点土壤有机碳含量在6.0~11.0 g/kg之间,总体上020 cm农田土壤有机碳含量呈现正态分布,剖面有机碳含量从上至下呈逐渐递减规律; 3）现阶段庄浪县020 cm农田土壤有机碳密度为20.02 t/hm2,低于全国耕层土壤有机碳密度平均水平（33.45 t/hm2）,近30年020 cm 土壤固碳速率为C 63 kg /(hm2a),近5年固碳速率为 C 26 kg /(hm2a); 4）在半干旱区县域尺度上,地形部位可解释43%的有机碳变异性,有机肥、 坡向和田面坡度三者之和可解释47.1% 的有机碳变异性,土壤类型可解释9.9% 的有机碳变异性。综合分析表明,庄浪县农田土壤有机碳密度在过去30年间呈增加趋势,可能与庄浪县在60年代开始的大规模梯田建设和水土流失治理有关。 相似文献
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杭州市城市土壤有机碳的积累和特性 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：23
杭州市城市土壤有机碳具明显的积累并具较大的空间变异性,城区土壤表土(0~10 cm)和0~100 cm深度土壤平均有机碳贮量约为远郊区土壤的4.3和5.7倍。城市土壤有机碳中含较高比例的碳黑、颗粒态碳和较低比例的易氧化态碳,表明城市土壤有机碳较为稳定。随着人为影响程度的增加,土壤碳黑、颗粒状碳量增加,易氧化态碳的数量减少。 相似文献
6.
长期施肥对土壤有机碳和无机碳的影响 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
利用18年长期定位试验,研究了在不同施肥条件下,土壤有机碳和无机碳在0~50 cm土层分布特征。结果表明,施肥对土壤有机碳的影响随着土层深度的增加而下降,0~7.5 cm土层的土壤有机碳比7.5~15 cm、15~30 cm、30~50 cm分别增加了4.6%、22.0%、63.1%,而无机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而增加,与有机碳的变化规律正好相反。不同种类的肥料对土壤有机碳的影响也不相同,化肥、有机肥长期配合施用和长期施用有机肥可以在0~30 cm土层增加土壤有机碳含量,降低土壤中的无机碳含量,而长期单施化肥对土壤的有机碳和无机碳含量无明显差异。 相似文献
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由于果树经济效益高,关中平原地区广泛推广农田转为果园。为明确关中平原地区农田转变为果园后土壤有机碳(SOC)组分含量及土壤碳库指数的差异,采用了野外调查和室内分析的方法,探究了关中平原地区农田生态系统中果园和农田的土壤碳组分及碳库管理指数的变化。结果表明,在0～20、20～60、60～100 cm土层中,果园土壤活性有机碳(LOC)含量较农田分别增加了33.91%、49.95%和35.37%;与农田相比,果园显著增加了20～60和60～100 cm土层LOC/SOC值,提高了深层土壤碳库活性,促进了土壤有机碳的利用;在0～100 cm土层的垂直梯度上果园和农田LOC含量均随土层深度增加而减少,土壤总有机碳含量无显著差异;果园的碳库指数(CPI)和碳库管理指数(CPMI)均大于农田,增幅分别达6.12%和72.72%。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳组分、碳库活度、碳库管理指数与土壤主要肥力因子如有效磷、速效钾相关性密切,可以作为该地区农田生态系统土壤肥力的主要监测因子。研究表明,关中平原土地利用方式从农田转变为果园,将有效活化深层土壤的固有碳库,促进有机碳的分解与利用,土壤性能向良性发展。 相似文献
8.
农田土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统最重要的土壤碳库之一,明晰农田土壤有机碳的空间分布特征与影响机制,可为农田土壤肥力及固碳能力评价提供采样依据和理论基础。以江汉平原典型农业灌排单元（面积45 hm2）为研究对象,测定了104个样点0—200 cm深度范围内1 560个土壤样品的有机碳含量,并计算碳密度,揭示土壤有机碳密度的空间分布特征,并分析耕作方式和耕作历史对其分布的影响。结果表明：（1）0—200 cm农田土壤剖面内,20,200 cm厚度土层有机碳密度的均值变化范围分别为1.75~3.77,11.67~34.24 kg/m2,随着土层深度的增加,农田土壤有机碳密度先急剧降低后缓慢增加,且100—200 cm土层的有机碳密度约占整个土壤剖面的45.26%,深层有机碳储量需引起重视;（2）在灌排单元尺度上,0—20 cm土层和0—200 cm剖面有机碳密度均具有较强空间自相关性,表明成土母质和地形等结构性因素是影响灌排单元尺度土壤有机碳空间空间分布特征的主导因子;（3）耕作方式和耕作历史影响农田土壤的有机碳密度,稻田所有土层的有机碳密度均高于旱地,0—200 cm剖面的有机碳密度是旱地的1.31倍;老稻田所有土层的有机碳密度均高于新稻田;林地改稻田和旱地改稻田样地在0—200 cm剖面有机碳总密度差异较小,但林地浅层土体的碳密度更大;合理的增加稻田面积是快速提高农田碳储量的有效途径之一;（4）灌排单元尺度农田土壤有机碳密度的代表性稳定深度为180—200 cm,在进行土壤有机碳密度调查时应尽量延伸采样深度。研究结果为提高农田土壤有机碳密度估算的准确性与采样设计的合理性,以及农田土壤的固碳能力评价提供了科学依据。 相似文献
9.
近年来大气臭氧危害加剧,臭氧浓度升高影响植物—土壤系统进而影响土壤有机碳库周转。本研究在开放条件下,采用Chan修订的Walkley-Black方法,研究了连续5年增加稻—麦轮作系统大气臭氧浓度(较周围大气高50%)对麦季农田土壤不同活性有机碳库的影响。结果表明,大气臭氧浓度升高致使0~3 cm、10~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量显著降低,累积导致耕层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳含量下降18.4%(p0.05)。臭氧浓度升高显著降低了0~3、3~10、10~20 cm 3个土层中的活性有机碳含量;臭氧升高使0~3 cm土层的受保护缓性有机碳含量增加了10.8%(p0.05),并使未受保护缓性有机碳含量降低了59.7%(p0.05);臭氧升高条件下10~20 cm土层的受保护缓性有机碳含量降低了59.6%(p0.05)。臭氧升高对不同活性碳占总有机碳比例的影响受活性碳类型和土壤层次的制约,显著降低了3~10 cm土层活性有机碳所占比例(p0.05),未对耕层各层次上的稳定有机碳含量及其分配产生显著影响。臭氧升高导致土壤中占土壤有机碳比重59.3%~69.8%的活性碳库的库容变小,应是土壤有机碳库下降的直接原因。本研究表明长期大气臭氧浓度增加具有降低土壤有机碳含量并改变不同活性有机碳库分配与周转的态势。 相似文献
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高寒山区地形序列土壤有机碳和无机碳垂直分布特征及其影响因素 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
地形、生物气候条件具有明显差异的青藏高原约占我国陆地面积的五分之一,开展该地区土壤有机碳和无机碳分布特征的研究对于理解青藏高原土壤碳循环过程与陆地碳库的精确预测以及应对全球气候变化具有重要意义。研究选取位于祁连山中段的阴、阳坡地形序列土壤,分析了不同坡向间以及同一坡向内随海拔高度变化土壤有机碳和无机碳的垂直分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:阴、阳坡有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而下降,但阳坡下降的速率(66%~91%)明显高于阴坡(31%~77%);阴坡土壤中碳酸钙基本淋失,通体无机碳含量较低(5.0 g kg-1),阳坡B层土壤无机碳含量是A层的2倍,表现为明显富集。阴坡和阳坡1 m土体总碳密度相当(分别为16.1~33.9 kg m-2和11.8~32.8 kg m-2),其中,阴坡以有机碳为主(占总碳密度的82%~99%),而阳坡有机碳和无机碳密度变化均较大(分别占总碳密度的27%~81%和19%~73%)。因此,坡向是影响高寒山区土壤碳垂直分布和组成的重要因素。此外,降雨量和植被类型对地形序列土壤有机碳和无机碳含量的空间变异也具有重要影响:降雨量每增加1 mm,表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳含量增加0.4 g kg-1,而淀积层(40~80 cm)土壤无机碳含量下降0.2 g kg-1;植被类型在一定程度上影响了土壤有机碳的富集程度。本研究揭示了青藏高寒山区土壤碳循环及其碳库预测应充分考虑微地形对坡面尺度下土壤碳垂直分布、碳库组成和空间变异的影响。 相似文献
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Suyundukov Ya. T. Suyundukova M. B. Bezuglova O. S. Khabirov I. K. Khasanova R. F. Semenova I. N. Rafikova Yu. S. Ilbulova G. R. 《Eurasian Soil Science》2022,55(1):27-35
Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific... 相似文献
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Kholodov V. A. Farkhodov Y. R. Yaroslavtseva N. V. Ziganshina A. R. Maksimovich S. V. 《Eurasian Soil Science》2022,55(7):998-1004
Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,... 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):1631-1646
Abstract Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados. 相似文献
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Ye. V. Rogozhina N. V. Kostina L. S. Malyukova 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2011,66(1):32-35
An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and
pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the
course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation
was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the
acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils
of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn
periods. 相似文献
17.
The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements. 相似文献
18.
物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。 相似文献
19.
荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。 相似文献
20.
Max Frenzel Philip James Sara K. Burton Steven J. Rowland Hilary M. Lappin-Scott 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(2):129-136
Background, aim and scope Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants.
Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is
a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which
have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory
studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation
of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified
and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich
and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay,
UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin
(MBCHT)).
Materials and methods Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months.
Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual
enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single
bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT.
Results The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared
with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days.
Discussion The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant
losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds.
Recommendations and perspectives Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification
of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation
strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs. 相似文献