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1.
《农机化研究》2021,43(10)
为了有效去除水稻行间、株间杂草,提高机械除草的作业效率,研制了一种高效型水田行-株间同步机械除草装置。该装置与水田插秧机底盘配套,分别配备株间和行间除草部件,可同时对株间、行间杂草及土壤进行剪切、翻耕,并采用二级仿形机构配合除草部件完成作业。田间试验结果表明:影响除草率和伤苗率的主次顺序均为前进速度除草轮类型;随着机具前进速度增加,除草率和伤苗率均先降后升。综合试验结果表明:伞状除草轮(A)平均除草率最高,在0.7m/s和1.0m/s前进速度下,株间平均除草率为74.6%,整机平均除草率为83.6%,平均伤苗率为1.6%,符合水稻田机械除草作业的技术指标。 相似文献
2.
复合式水稻田除草机的设计与试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了有效灭除行、株间杂草,减少伤苗率,降低化学除草剂的投入量,研制了一种复合式水稻田除草机。该机与12k W水田拖拉机后悬挂配套,分别配备行间机械除草部件与株间除草剂喷施系统,通过机械除草部件对土壤及杂草的剪切、翻耕作用以及喷施选择性除草剂共同完成除草作业。田间试验结果表明:除草效果最佳组合为机具前进速度为0.6m/s,除草轮入土深度为6cm。由综合试验结果可知:该机平均除草率为86.7%,单位面积雾滴沉积数为35.1滴/cm2,符合机械除草与喷雾除草作业质量的要求。 相似文献
3.
弹齿式苗间除草装置关键部件设计与试验 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
设计了一种水田苗间除草作业的弹齿式除草装置,采用钢丝软轴传动,除草盘为弧形。分别在秧苗生长到第7天和第14天时采用二次旋转正交设计进行土槽试验,利用Design-Expert软件分析,获得除草盘转速、机器前进速度、耕作深度之间交互作用及对除草率和伤苗率的影响。最终确定第7天作业时除草装置的最佳工作参数为：除草盘转速230r/min、机器前进速度1.02m/s、耕作深度18mm,此时除草率73%及伤苗率0.13%;第14天作业的最优组合为：除草盘转速230r/min,机器前进速度0.48m/s,耕作深度27mm。根据第7天试验最佳工作参数组合进行验证试验,结果表明此参数组合能满足除草率要求,且伤苗率最小。 相似文献
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3ZCF-7700型多功能除草机能够满足玉米、大豆等作物株间、行间松土除草农艺要求,但不适合在作物残茬、茎秆多的田间进行除草作业。为了解决除草机作业单体机构结构复杂、适应性差、前后梳齿驱动盘横向间距不能调整等问题,对作业单体机构进行了改进设计。针对株间除草作业过程中梳齿易缠草、堵塞和入土能力弱等问题,设计了行星轮梳齿式株间除草机构,确定了除草机构的主要参数。以除草率和伤苗率为评价指标,在自制的室内试验台架上进行了单因素试验,获得影响其作业性能的主要因素及各因素的取值范围。以梳齿入土角、梳齿最深入土位置和梳齿最深入土深度为试验因素,在大豆田间进行L9(34)正交试验,考察试验因素对除草机构作业性能的影响。试验结果表明,各因素对除草率影响的主次顺序依次为梳齿最深入土深度、梳齿最深入土位置、梳齿入土角;各因素对伤苗率影响的主次顺序依次为梳齿入土角、梳齿最深入土深度、梳齿最深入土位置;最优水平组合为:梳齿入土角10°、梳齿最深入土位置80 mm、梳齿最深入土深度47. 5 mm。以最优水平组合进行了田间验证试验,结果表明,株间除草率平均值为86. 3%,伤苗率平均值为2. 66%,作业性能稳定。 相似文献
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设计了一种适合玉米和大豆作物株间作业的组合梳齿式除草机构,为优化该机构的设计并确定其关键参数的最优组合,利用正交试验方法对试验数据进行处理,通过极差分析,确定了除草部件工作参数对株间除草率和伤苗率的影响程度,优化出最佳工作参数组合。试验结果表明,梳齿数目和梳齿盘转速对株间除草机构的性能影响显著。最佳优化方案:梳齿数目6、梳齿间距50mm、梳齿盘转速180r/min 和作业速度2.3m/s,该条件下苗间除草装置的伤苗率为2.73%、苗间除草率可达87.6%。研究结果为设计性能可靠的株间除草机构提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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为了解决现有茶园除草人工除草效率低下、化学除草农残超标、密植茶园行距较小等问题,设计了一种小型自走式茶园除草机。详细介绍了机具的基本结构、工作原理和性能参数,重点对该机动力、除草轮和传动系统进行了选配设计,最后通过4因素3水平的正交试验,找出影响除草效果的因素。试验结果表明:对除草率的影响程度大小依次为除草轮转速、除草深度、除草刀个数、机具前进速度;综合功率消耗的情况,得出除草效果最优组合为除草轮转速为350r/min、机具前进速度0.8m/s、除草深度30mm、除草刀个数为6;此时的除草率为80.7%,能够达到较好的除草和控草效果。 相似文献
8.
马铃薯中耕前期圆盘式中耕机设计与试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对现有马铃薯中耕机在第1次中耕作业时存在作业效果不佳、易伤苗的问题,对圆盘式马铃薯中耕机进行设计与试验。阐述了该机的工作原理,通过理论计算对其关键部件进行设计,根据农艺培土、除草等作业要求,确定了圆盘式马铃薯中耕机主要结构参数和作业参数;采用单因素和二次旋转正交组合试验,以耕作深度、机车前进速度、调节角为试验因素,以除草率及伤苗率为试验指标进行了样机试验。试验结果表明,当耕作深度为0.13 m、机车前进速度为4.6 km/h、调节角为52°时,除草率为95.2%,伤苗率为3.9%,满足国家标准伤苗率不大于5%、除草率不小于90%的要求。 相似文献
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针对水田机械除草作业效率低、除草过程中伤苗率高、化学除草容易引起的环境污染及水稻品质下降等问题,研制了一款六行水田除草机。该机由3.8kW汽油机提供动力,工作幅宽为1.8m,一次作业可覆盖6行栽植行宽为0.3m的水稻,并配备了执行机构摆动块。作业前,根据操作者身体情况调节摆动块,使机器重心达到适宜的位置,并可根据杂草高度利用摆动块调节浮筒高度,使整机满足除草深度的农艺要求。此外,根据水田土壤特性和现有除草部件的特点,除草机构旋转时对土壤及杂草根部的剪切作用、翻耕作用使杂草脱离土壤,在碾压轮的作用下完成压碎与掩埋,从而实现中耕除草作业。以除草率和伤苗率为试验指标开展田间试验,结果表明：新型六行水田除草机在前进速度为0.9m/s、除草深度为6cm的条件下,除草率可达94.4%,伤苗率仅为3.6%,满足水田中耕除草的农艺要求,可为水田机械除草提供一种新方法。 相似文献
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为提高机械除草作业效率,减轻劳动强度,解决稻田除草机作业过程中除草率低、伤苗率高等问题,结合水田行间除草农艺要求,设计了一种基于遥控转向的稻田行间除草机。阐述了整体结构及工作原理,建立除草机的力学模型,通过分析获得了主动除草轮所需最大驱动力矩为49.42N·m,根据阿克曼转向原理设计了梯形转向机构,通过分析确定了梯形转向机构的结构参数,对转向过程进行力学分析得到梯形转向机构所需最大驱动扭矩理论值为4.57·m,并对转向控制系统进行设计,实现远程控制除草机转向及接收反馈信息功能。进行了除草机转向性能试验,记录除草机实际转角与理论转角并进行对比,试验结果表明,理论转角与实际转角最大偏差为1.3°,控制系统精度较高,满足田间实际作业时的转向要求;进行了除草性能试验,田间试验结果表明,除草机除草率均不低于77.9%,伤苗率均不高于3%,满足水田除草农艺指标的要求。 相似文献
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Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Playn O. Prez-Coveta A. Martínez-Cob J. Herrero P. García-Navarro B. Latorre P. Brufau J. Garcs 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(6):645-658
Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m−1) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day−1. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day−1), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day−1 was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。 相似文献
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对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。 相似文献
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对《种子法》存在问题的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李鹏 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(6):129-130
《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。 相似文献
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About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered. 相似文献
16.
在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。 相似文献
17.
Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
18.
在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。 相似文献
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车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。 相似文献