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1.
Histochemical organization of the Caudata olfactory system remains largely unknown, despite this amphibian order showing phylogenetic diversity in the development of the vomeronasal organ and its primary centre, the accessory olfactory bulb. Here, we investigated the glycoconjugate distribution in the olfactory bulb of a semi‐aquatic salamander, the Japanese sword‐tailed newt (Cynops ensicauda), by histochemical analysis of the lectins that were present. Eleven lectins showed a specific binding to the olfactory and vomeronasal nerves as well as to the olfactory glomeruli. Among them, succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (s‐WGA), soya bean agglutinin (SBA), Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin‐I (BSL‐I) and peanut agglutinin showed significantly different bindings to glomeruli between the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. We also found that s‐WGA, SBA, BSL‐I and Pisum sativum agglutinin preferentially bound to a rostral cluster of glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb. This finding suggests the presence of a functional subset of primary projections to the main olfactory system. Our results therefore demonstrated a region‐specific glycoconjugate expression in the olfactory bulb of C. ensicauda, which would be related to a functional segregation of the olfactory system.  相似文献   

2.
Diverse glycoconjugates are expressed in the vertebrate olfactory bulb and serve as guidance cues for axons of nasal receptor neurons. Although the involvement of glycoconjugates in the segregation of the olfactory pathway has been suggested, it is poorly understood in salamanders. In this study, lectin histochemistry was used to determine glycoconjugate distribution in the olfactory bulb of the Chinese fire-bellied newt (Cynops orientalis). Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (sWGA), Ricinus communis agglutinin-I and Lens culinaris agglutinin showed different bindings in the nerve fibre layer or glomerular layer, or both, between the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. We then investigated the lectin-binding pattern after the removal of terminal sialic acids using neuraminidase. Desialylation resulted in a change in the binding reactivities with seven lectins. Wheat germ agglutinin, sWGA, soybean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin showed different degrees of binding between the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. In addition, SBA showed a heterogeneous labelling of glomeruli in the rostral region of the main olfactory bulb. Our results suggest that terminal sialic acids mask the heterogeneity of glycoconjugates in the olfactory bulb of C. orientalis.  相似文献   

3.
The distribution of binding sites for the lectins Ulex europaeus agglutinin I. Soybean agglutinin, Bandeiraea simplicifolia agglutinin I-isolectin B4, and Vicia villosa agglutinin in the mink olfactory bulb was investigated. All lectins except Ulex europaeus agglutinin I bound exclusively and systematically to a single area of the olfactory bulb. This area corresponded to that in which the vomeronasal nerves terminate, indicating that it is the accessory olfactory bulb, as confirmed by microdissection and by the study of transverse and parasagittal series of the olfactory bulb. The results, moreover, indicate that the accessory olfactory bulb of the mink comprises three isolated eminences, the largest in the dorsal part of the olfactory bulb, and the other two in the lateral and medial parts.  相似文献   

4.
Several lines of evidence have shown that the olfactory system of the fish contains the main and accessory olfactory systems. However, morphological data indicate that the accessory olfactory bulb, the primary centre for the accessory olfactory system, will not differentiate in the fish. Therefore, the fish olfactory bulb is supposed to engage in both main and accessory olfactory systems. To examine this possibility, we investigated the olfactory bulb of the barfin flounder ( Verasper moseri ) by histochemical examination using lectins. The olfactory bulb of the barfin flounder showed a laminar structure with four layers, and diffuse glomerular architecture was observed in the glomerular layer. Based on the expression patterns of sugar residues, the glomerular layer of the barfin olfactory bulb was largely divided into three portions. Heterogeneity in the lectin-binding pattern among olfactory glomeruli was clearly demonstrated by the fluorescent double-lectin staining. The results of this study suggest that the fish olfactory bulb contains both regions equivalent to the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and they are subdivided into small subsets with different functions.  相似文献   

5.
Xenopus laevis has three distinctive olfactory neuroepithelia. We examined the axonal projection from each of these epithelia to the olfactory bulb by Di-I labeling, and confirmed that the Xenopus primary olfactory pathways involve the dorsal pathway from the olfactory epithelium to the dorsal region of the main olfactory bulb, the ventral pathway from the middle chamber epithelium to the ventral region of the main olfactory bulb, and the vomeronasal pathway from the vomeronasal epithelium to the accessory olfactory bulb. We next examined expression patterns of glycoconjugates in the three olfactory pathways by lectin-histochemistry using 21 biotinylated lectins. Fourteen out of 21 lectins stained the Xenopus primary olfactory system. RCA-I stained the three olfactory pathways uniformly. PHA-E stained only the dorsal pathway. LEL, STL, PNA, ECL and UEA-I stained the dorsal pathway more intensely than the ventral pathway, and among them, only UEA-I stained the vomeronasal pathway. In contrast, s-WGA, DBA, SBA, BSL-I VVA, SJA and PHA-L showed intense stainings in the ventral pathway and moderate stainings in the vomeronasal pathway, but faint or weak stainings in the dorsal pathway. These observations suggest that the ventral pathway expresses glycoconjugates shared commonly with either the dorsal or the vomeronasal pathway. In addition, from the binding patterns of the lectins with a binding specificity for N-acetylgalactosamine, glycoconjugates containing this saccharide seem to play an important role for the organization of the olfactory pathways.  相似文献   

6.
Expression of neurofilament 200 (NF200)-like immunoreactivity was examined in the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system of the Japanese newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, using anti-porcine NF200 monoclonal antibody (clone N52) to investigate the differences in phenotypical characteristics between these systems. The entire nasal cavity was a flattened single chamber consisting of the main nasal chamber (MNC) and the lateral nasal sinus (LNS) communicating with each other. The olfactory epithelium (OE) was present in the MNC, and the vomeronasal epithelium (VNE) was in the LNS. The OE possessed only a small number of NF200-like immunoreactive receptor neurons. The olfactory nerve and the olfactory nerve layer of the main olfactory bulb also contained a small number of NF200-like immunoreactive axons. In contrast, the VNE possessed many NF200-like immunoreactive receptor neurons. The vomeronasal nerve and the vomeronasal nerve layer of the accessory olfactory bulb contained many NF200-like immunoreactive axons. These findings in the Japanese newt indicate that NF200-like immunoreactive receptor neurons constitute a major subpopulation in the VNE and a minor subpopulation in the OE. In addition, NF200-like immunoreactivity seems to be a useful marker to distinguish the vomeronasal system from the other nervous systems including the main olfactory system in the Japanese newt. The localization of a few NF200-like immunoreactive receptor neurons in the OE might indicate that pheromone-sensitive receptor neurons are intermingled in the OE of the Japanese newt.  相似文献   

7.
The phylogenic significance of the subdivision of dual olfactory system is reviewed mainly on the basis of our findings by electron microscopy and lectin histochemistry in the three amphibian species. The dual olfactory system is present in common in these species and consists of the projection from the olfactory epithelium (OE) to the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and that from the vomeronasal epithelium (VNE) to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). The phylogenic significance of subdivisions in the dual olfactory system in the amphibian must differently be interpreted. The subdivision of the MOB into its dorsal region (D-MOB) and ventral region (V-MOB) in Xenopus laevis must be attributed to the primitive features in their olfactory receptors. The middle cavity epithelium lining the middle cavity of this frog possesses both ciliated sensory cells and microvillous sensory cells, reminding the OE in fish. The subdivision of the AOB into the rostral (R-AOB) and caudal part (C-AOB) in Bufo japonicus formosus must be regarded as an advanced characteristic. The lack of subdivisions in both MOB and AOB in Cynops pyrrhogaster may reflect their phylogenic primitiveness. Since our lectin histochemistry to detect glycoconjugates expressed in the olfactory pathway reveals the subdivisions in the dual olfactory system in the amphibian, the glycoconjugates may deeply participate in the organization and function of olfactory pathways in phylogeny.  相似文献   

8.
Lectins have been used in several areas of biomedicine and are particularly useful for histochemistry. Their ability to map the distributions of various kinds of cell- borne glycan, and thereby to identify particular cell populations, has allowed clarification of a number of issues in neuroscience. In the case of the olfactory system, for example, lectins may be involved in development, in the continual regeneration of olfactory neurons and even in the processing of olfactory information. Whereas in mammals and amphibians lectins have been widely employed for the study of the olfactory and accessory olfactory systems, little information regarding lectin labelling is available in fish. We have used a panel of 11 lectins (UEA, BSI-B4, DBA, LEA, VVA, SBA, PSA, WGA, WGA-s, ECA, LTA) in paraformaldehyde fixed and paraffin embedded specimens of a Chondrostei fish, the sturgeon ( Acipenser baeri ). Our preliminary findings show that the olfactory receptor cells, the olfactory nerve fibres and their terminals in the olfactory bulbs were labelled with BSI-B4, DBA, VVA, SBA, PSA, WGA and WGA-s. The presence of glycoproteins, whose terminal sugars are detected by lectin binding, might be related to the reception of an odour stimulus and its transduction into a nervous signal or to the histogenesis of the olfactory system.  相似文献   

9.
The distribution of different carbohydrates in dog major and minor salivary glands was investigated using a peroxidase-labelled avidin-biotin method to demonstrate binding of six lectins (Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin [Con A], Dolichos biflorus agglutinin [DBA], Arachis hypogaea (peanut) agglutinin [PNA], Glycine max agglutinin [SBA], Tetragonolobus purpurea agglutinin [TGP] and wheat germ agglutinin [WGA]). With PNA, there was only weak staining in serous acini of parotid glands. Other lectins bound, to different degrees, to different components of the salivary glands; differences could be detected between glands and between binding of different lectins to serous and mucous acinar cells and to the epithelial cell cytoplasm, luminal surface and contents of ducts. These results provide a basis for the comparison of possible changes in carbohydrates which may occur in salivary gland diseases.  相似文献   

10.
Most mammals have two different structures in which we found glomerular layers at the same time: the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Both bulbs have the same pattern of organization, but there are some differences: although the size is considerably bigger in MOB than in AOB, probably the most important difference is that the principal cells are not differentiated into mitral and tufted cells in the AOB, and are usually described as mitral/tufted cells. We have previously observed that in some mammals, like pigs and sheep, the AOB reaches maturity before birth, but this is not a rule for other species. Surprisingly, mice need several days of life to achieve full stratification of its cellular components. We have studied the chronology of this process, focusing our attention on the glomerular layer, the last to appear. We concluded that there are two critical periods, between E11.5 and E16.5 (migration phase) and between E17.5 and P3.5–7 (true morphological constitution).  相似文献   

11.
Most mammals have two different structures in which we found glomerular layers at the same time: the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Both bulbs have the same pattern of organization, but there are some differences: although the size is considerably bigger in MOB than in AOB, probably the most important difference is that the principal cells are not differentiated into mitral and tufted cells in the AOB, and are usually described as mitral/tufted cells. We have previously observed that in some mammals, like pigs and sheep, the AOB reaches maturity before birth, but this is not a rule for other species. Surprisingly, mice need several days of life to achieve full stratification of its cellular components. We have studied the chronology of this process, focusing our attention on the glomerular layer, the last to appear. We concluded that there are two critical periods, between E11.5 and E16.5 (migration phase) and between E17.5 and P3.5–7 (true morphological constitution).  相似文献   

12.
We histologically examined lectin binding patterns in the olfactory bulb of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) using 21 biotinylated lectins. Positive staining for the N‐acetylglucosamine‐specific lectins (Bandeiraea simplicifolia II, Datura stramonium, Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum tuberosum, Triticum vulgare), galactose or N‐acetylgalactosamine‐specific lectins (Artocarpus intergrifolia, Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, Ricus communis) and the mannose‐specific lectins (Lens culinaris and Pisum sativum) was observed in the olfactory nerve and glomerular layers. Canavalia ensiformis staining showed a similar pattern to that obtained with the lectins and there was also faint staining in the mitral cells. Olfactory nerve axons terminate in the glomeruli, where they make excitatory synapses with the dendrites of mitral cells. This finding indicates that glycoconjugates that bind Canavalia ensiformis play an important role in formation of glomeruli. No positive staining for the other lectins was seen in the olfactory bulb. Based on these results, we conclude that cell surface sugar moieties of the olfactory bulb in mallard ducks express N‐acetylglucosamine and mannose residues rather than N‐acetylgalactosamine residues. The carbohydrate composition of mallard duck olfactory bulb differed from that of other vertebrates found in previous studies.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The olfactory organ is a primary infection site for Edwardsiella ictaluri, the etiologic agent of enteric septicemia of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The olfactory mucosal surface is a major interface between host and pathogen where commonly occurring carbohydrates may act as receptors for bacterial attachment. In this study, d-mannose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, d-galactose, and l-fucose were histochemically localized in the olfactory mucosa of channel catfish by using lectins that preferentially bind these carbohydrates. These lectins were Concanavalin A (ConA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), pokeweed agglutinin (PWA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I), respectively. The olfactory mucosa expressed d-mannose ubiquitously, whereas l-fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid expression was specific to the apical mucosal surface. The carbohydrates d-galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine were most abundant in the sensory mucosa, specifically olfactory receptor neurons and cells near the basal lamina. Edwardsiella ictaluri was assayed for carbohydrate affinities by colloidal gold immunolocalization and transmission electron microscopy. Of the anti-lectins examined, those against WGA and UEA-I cross-reacted most intensely with Edwardsiella ictaluri, whereas cross-reactivities of anti-ConA, -SBA, and -PNA were more moderate. Double immunofluorescence labeling of experimentally infected catfish showed E. ictaluri adherent to cell surfaces or intercellularly associated with labeled carbohydrate components of the olfactory mucosa. Preincubation of the olfactory mucosa with soluble d-galactose significantly reduced bacterial adhesion compared with controls. Our results indicate a specific pattern of carbohydrates present in the catfish olfactory mucosa and suggest carbohydrates participate in initial E. ictaluri attachment by acting as ligands for pathogen constituents.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Cell surface glycoconjugate expression of endothelial cells in canine cutaneous hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas was compared to normal cutaneous endothelial cells using eight different lectins (with and without neuraminidase pretreatment) in an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Direct comparison of lectin binding pattern of neoplastic endothelial cells with adjacent normal endothelial cells revealed minor changes in the binding intensity of several lectins (enhanced: Wheat germ agglutinin [WGA]; reduced: Griffonia simplicifolia-I [GS-I], Ricinus communis agglutinin-I [RCA-I], Soybean agglutinin after neuraminidase pretreatment [Neu-SBA], and Wheat germ agglutinin after neuraminidase treatment [Neu-WGA]). Neoplastic endothelial cells in some tumors exhibited varying binding of Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I; not binding to normal canine endothelial cells) and no Soybean agglutinin (SBA) binding (variably binding to normal endothelial cells in small cutaneous vessels). Lectin binding of neoplastic cells was rather heterogenous within one tumor compared to the uniform binding pattern of normal endothelial cells. These lectin binding studies demonstrate the phenotypic heterogeneity of neoplastic endothelial cells, indicating changes of cell surface glycosylation during neoplastic transformation.  相似文献   

16.
The testes of prepubertal and adult horses were investigated using 10 horseradish peroxidase conjugated lectins combined with sialidase digestion and potassium hydroxide treatment, to localise the oligosaccharide sequences of glycoconjugates during spermatid maturation. In adult animals, the lectins showed a variable affinity for spermatids and Sertoli cell apical extensions. Soybean agglutinin (SBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA-I) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) bound to the acrosomal structures of spermatids, whereas Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin (GSA-II) labelled these structures only during Golgi and cap phases. These results suggested that glycoproteins of mature acrosomes contain both N- and O-linked oligosaccharides and that these carbohydrate chains undergo modifications during spermiogenesis. Sialic acid residues were not detected throughout the acrosomal development. The lectin binding pattern of Sertoli cells was very similar to that of acrosome of spermatids during the maturation phase. In sexually immature horses, only the degenerated germinal cells and the Leydig cells showed reactivity towards lectins. The first cells reacted with SBA and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), the latter with SBA, PNA, WGA, GSA-II, Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin (ConA), Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) and also with DBA after sialidase digestion.  相似文献   

17.
An experimental model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was produced by removing the lacrimal gland and the gland of the third eyelid from the left eye of 6 cats. The right eye of each cat was left intact and used as a control. After 2 weeks, cats were euthanatized and the central portion of the upper eyelid from both eyes of each cat was excised. Histologic sections were stained with either hematoxylin and eosin or with a battery of biotinylated lectins including concanavalin A (conA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (S-WGA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and PNA pretreated with neuraminidase. Consistent differences in histologic features were not observed between conjunctivas with KCS and control conjunctivas. A variable degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the substantia propria was observed in control conjunctivas and those with KCS. In both groups, conjunctival goblet cell density decreased and epithelial stratification increased as the degree of submucosal inflammatory cell infiltration increased. Lectin binding sites for DBA, WGA, S-WGA, UEA, PNA, and PNA pretreated with neuraminidase were detected on conjunctival goblet cells of conjunctivas with KCS and control conjunctivas. The mucus/glycocalyx layer of conjunctival epithelial cells in both groups of conjunctivas bound lectins RCA, WGA, UEA, and conA, but inconsistently bound S-WGA. In both groups, DBA principally bound to the mucus layer overlying normal epithelium, whereas PNA pretreated with neuraminidase consistently bound to the mucus layer of stratified epithelial surfaces free of goblet cells. Binding of SBA to goblet cells and the mucus/glycocalyx layer was variable.  相似文献   

18.
Although it has been commonly believed that birds are more dependent on the vision and audition than the olfaction, recent studies indicate that the olfaction of birds is related to the reproductive, homing, and predatory behaviors. In an attempt to reveal the dependence on the olfactory system in crows, we examined the olfactory system of the Japanese jungle crow (Corvus macrorhynchos) by histological, ultrastructural, and lectin histochemical methods. The olfactory epithelium (OE) of the crow occupied remarkably a small area of the nasal cavity (NC) and had the histological and ultrastructural features like other birds. The olfactory bulb (OB) of the crow was remarkably small and did not possess the olfactory ventricle. The left and right halves of the OB were fused in many cases. In the lectin histochemistry, soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA) stained a small number of the receptor cells (RCs) in the OE and the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) and glomerular layer (GL) on the dorsocaudal region of the OB. Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin-E (PHA-E) stained several RCs in the OE and the ONL and GL on the ventral region of the OB. These results suggest that 1) the crow has less-developed olfactory system than other birds, and 2) the dedicated olfactory receptor cells project their axons to the specific regions of the OB in the crow.  相似文献   

19.
In the present study, we investigated the ischaemia-related neurodegeneration in the main and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) after 5 min transient forebrain ischaemia in the Mongolian gerbil using the acid fuchsin staining method. Between 5 and 15 days after ischaemia, acid fuchsin positive cells markedly increased in the external plexiform layer (EPL), mitral cell layer (ML) and glomerular layer (GL) of the main olfactory bulb (MOB), and in the mixed cell layer (MCL) and GL of the AOB. By 30 days after ischaemia reperfusion, acid fuchsin positive neurons were shrunken and showed low acidophilia in somata. Many necrotic vacuoles were found in the EPL and GL of the MOB 30 days after ischaemia. At this time, necrotic vacuoles were very few in the AOB. Therefore, our results suggest that the GL and EPL of the MOB are vulnerable to ischaemic damage at a later time after ischaemic insult, and that the AOB is more resistant to ischaemic damage as compared with the MOB.  相似文献   

20.
通过低温处理打破细叶百合(Lilium pumilum)鳞茎休眠,利用荧光差异凝胶电泳和质谱技术,借助生物信息学分析手段,分析百合鳞茎休眠解除过程中蛋白质组的变化,以期进一步理解百合鳞茎休眠机制奠定基础。结果表明,分离得到31个差异表达蛋白点;相对于休眠鳞茎,休眠解除鳞茎中上调表达的蛋白点有15个,下调表达的蛋白点有16个;应用MS质谱成功鉴定12个差异蛋白点,按功能划分为6类,主要为胁迫类蛋白,可能涉及鳞茎内物质的代谢过程,进而调控鳞茎的休眠解除;根据细叶百合鳞茎休眠解除过程中差异蛋白表达谱比较,获得了几种与鳞茎休眠相关的蛋白质,鳞茎休眠时胁迫类蛋白高表达,休眠解除时蛋白水解酶类高表达。  相似文献   

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