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1.
《Field Crops Research》2005,91(2-3):207-215
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is rather unusual among field crops in that it is not the seed that is of economic value, but rather the stalk. Sucrose is extracted from the large stalks that are produced by sugarcane plants. Considering their economic value, it is rather surprisingly that there is very little information concerning the development and size of the individual internodes over the length of sugarcane stalks. The objective of this study was to document internode volume over the sugarcane stalk of four cultivars and to observe changes in individual internode volume later in the growing season and in response to lodging. When harvested in August, the size of the internodes varied in a continuous manner along the stalk with the largest internode occurring at the bottom of the plant at approximately internode #15. One cultivar (CP80-1743) had much less of a decrease in internode volume below internode #15 than the other cultivars, indicating that growth was more concentrated in the lower internodes of this cultivar. Since the internode volume diminished as the apex was approached, much of the harvested material was concentrated in the bottom nodes. Comparison of a mid-season harvest (August) and a final harvest (January) indicated both that additional internodes were added to the stalk and that the size of all internodes increased. That is, plant growth was distributed all along the stalk and not focused on one particular zone. Similarly, the negative impact of plant lodging was uniformly distributed over the entire stalk, although there appeared to be differences in cultivars in the extent to which the growth of the stalk was decreased. 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》1996,48(1):27-36
Information on the processes controlling the accumulation of sucrose over time can be used to assess the physiological basis of yield variation and consequently the scope for yield improvement in sugarcane. As commercial yield is commonly expressed on a fresh weight basis, and dry weight measures of sucrose accumulation aid biological interpretation, there is a need to study yield accumulation on both a fresh and dry weight basis. This study analysed the pattern of sucrose accumulation in the stalk in relation to crop biomass, and the concentration of sucrose in the stalk on a fresh and dry weight basis of two contrasting cultivars (Q117 and Q138) of sugarcane during the same season in tropical Australia, with irrigation and under plant and ratoon crop conditions. Over the 15 month season, 11 crop samplings were conducted. The key findings were that (1) greater than 95% of the aboveground sucrose accumulation is in the stalk; (2) a logistic relationship described the time trend in stalk sucrose accumulation, with maximum sucrose yield occurring 100 days before final harvest; (3) stalk biomass rather than stalk sucrose concentration was the major determinant of stalk sucrose accumulation; (4) maximum stalk sucrose concentration was stable across cultivars and crop classes at a value of 0.48 g g−1 stalk dry weight; (5) commercial yield expressed as the fresh millable stalk yield plateaued up to 230 days before final harvest and well before the attainment of maximum stalk biomass and sucrose yield due to increases in dry matter content during growth; (6) maximum stalk sucrose concentration on a fresh weight basis was obtained at a later crop age and was more variable across crops than maximum stalk sucrose concentration on a dry weight basis. The study highlighted the major influence that stalk dry matter content has on the relationship between sucrose yield and commercial yield, and that biological interpretation of crop response to climatic and management factors is difficult based on commonly available fresh weight measures of productivity. Optimising economic return from commercial sugarcane production requires further understanding on the factors controlling the dynamics of stalk dry matter content. 相似文献
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中国主栽甘蔗品种生物学特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究以中国5个主栽甘蔗品种‘桂柳05-136’‘桂糖42号’‘云蔗05-51’‘福农41号’‘新台糖22号’为研究材料,分别在新植蔗和宿根蔗的伸长初期、伸长盛期、成熟期,对不同品种甘蔗叶面积指数（LAI）,完全展开绿叶（+1、中部、基部）的叶面积,株高和茎径进行测定。在甘蔗伸长盛期、成熟期对甘蔗叶片总数、绿叶数进行测定,在甘蔗成熟期对产量、蔗糖分、纤维分、干物质含量等品质指标进行测定,并分析甘蔗的表型发育特征与成熟期产量和糖分的相关性。结果表明,伸长初期各品种新植蔗株高生长速度高于宿根蔗,‘云蔗05-51’的生长速度最快;‘福农41号’的新植蔗和宿根蔗茎径高于其他品种;各品种叶片LAI呈先上升后降低的趋势,伸长盛期宿根蔗LAI高于同时期新植蔗;宿根蔗叶面积在伸长初期显著高于新植蔗,新植蔗叶面积呈现先上升后降低的趋势;宿根蔗较新植蔗具有更高的绿叶率,其中‘桂柳05-136’各时期绿叶率均处于最高。成熟期甘蔗产量和品质检测表明：‘云蔗05-51’产量最高,‘桂柳05-136’蔗糖分最高,‘桂糖42号’纤维分和干物质含量最高,新植蔗‘桂糖42号’产糖量最高,宿根蔗‘桂柳05-136’产糖量最高。相关性分析表明,新植蔗蔗糖分与伸长初期株高、茎径、叶面积显著负相关,宿根蔗产量与生长各时期株高呈显著正相关。本研究发现‘桂柳05-136’宿根蔗具有较好的单位面积产糖量,‘桂糖42号’新植蔗单位面积产糖量较高,‘云蔗05-51’具有较高的产量,不同品种具有的生物学特性有所差异,应结合气候条件和栽培模式,因地制宜地选择合适的品种进行种植。 相似文献
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采用RACE技术从甘蔗体内克隆出一个新型蔗糖转运蛋白基因,命名为ShSUT4（GenBank登录号为GQ485583.1）,预测其编码501个氨基酸,存在GPH（蔗糖/H+共转运体）超家族保守结构域,具有12跨膜结构。初步研究结果表明,ShSUT4在甘蔗根茎叶中均有表达;且在9个不同甘蔗品种成熟茎中表达量存在差异,在其中8个品种中ShSUT4表达量的高低与所测茎节中锤度高低呈正相关性,推测ShSUT4可能参与调控甘蔗体内蔗糖的积累。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》2002,76(1):71-84
Partitioning of dry matter (DM) in sugarcane is of interest for two fundamental reasons. Firstly, sugar production depends directly on partitioning of crop biomass to the stalk and then to sucrose stored largely in stalk parenchyma. Secondly, various DM components of the stalk and particularly sucrose concentration are used to calculate the value of cane consignments delivered to the mill. In this study we review data from serial harvesting experiments in South Africa and Australia to discover similarities and differences in DM partitioning of sugarcane grown in a wide range of conditions and to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing DM partitioning as a basis for improving functional responses in sugarcane simulation models. Firstly, climatic and genetic variations in DM partitioning to various above ground plant components of sugarcane and to sucrose within the stalk component, are examined at a broad level. We then assess the robustness of sucrose partitioning rules used in the two international sugarcane models (APSIM and CANEGRO) and provide enhancements on predictions of sucrose content (SC) on a DM basis in sugarcane stalks.Well-adapted cultivars in widely different climatic conditions were similar with respect to partitioning of biomass to various above ground organs. The trash component (dead leaves and dead stalks) was one that varied most between cultivars and growing conditions. The stalk fraction of green biomass (biomass less trash) reached a maximum of about 0.85 when green biomass yield exceeded 60 t ha−1 regardless of cultivar or extremes of water regime. Opportunities for further improvements of this trait through breeding were not obvious but harvesting could be delayed to ensure that stalk fraction is as high as possible.Variations in SC with respect to age, biomass and seasonal variation in climate, were explained by a simple conceptual model of cane stalk segments which are rapidly filled with sucrose when young and may remobilise sucrose when carbohydrate is required for rapid expansive growth. Season and age effects on whole stalk SC are due to varying proportions of young segments with low SC and older segments with high SC. A mechanistic model capturing these concepts is required but as an interim measure an empirical model based on stalk mass, leaf number per stalk, leaf area index and temperature accounted for a large proportion of the variation in SC across Australian and South African cultivars and conditions. Uses for this model together with CANEGRO or APSIM include improved SC through manipulating irrigation and the harvest schedule and more realistic targets for cane quality. 相似文献
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甘蔗砍收后堆放过程中,耐贮性与品种有直接关系。本研究以 5 个甘蔗品种（系）为供试材料,观测砍收后 7 d 内,其甘蔗蔗糖分、重力纯度、简纯度、还原糖分、纤维分、单茎重等指标变化情况。采用相关分析、因子分析法 进行分析,对测定指标间相关性及 5 个甘蔗品种（系）品质变化进行评价。结果表明,随着堆放时间延长,甘蔗蔗糖 分、重力纯度、简纯度均呈下降趋势,甘蔗纤维分、还原糖分和单茎重损失均呈上升趋势,重力纯度和简纯度指标间 极显著正相关,还原糖分与简纯度指标间显著负相关;6 个指标可简化为 2 个因子,其达到所有指标 91.297%的信息量; 利用因子得分对供试甘蔗品种（系）进行聚类分析,可分为 3 个类群。在 5 个品种（系）中,热甘 11-1559 耐贮性最 好,ROC22 和热甘 14-291 次之,热甘 11-122 和热甘 12-60 最差。 相似文献
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甘蔗砍收后堆放过程中,耐贮性与品种有直接关系。本研究以 5 个甘蔗品种（系）为供试材料,观测砍收后7d 内,其甘蔗蔗糖分、重力纯度、简纯度、还原糖分、纤维分、单茎重等指标变化情况。采用相关分析、因子分析法进行分析,对测定指标间相关性及 5 个甘蔗品种（系）品质变化进行评价。结果表明,随着堆放时间延长,甘蔗蔗糖分、重力纯度、简纯度均呈下降趋势,甘蔗纤维分、还原糖分和单茎重损失均呈上升趋势,重力纯度和简纯度指标间极显著正相关,还原糖分与简纯度指标间显著负相关;6 个指标可简化为 2 个因子,其达到所有指标 91.297%的信息量;利用因子得分对供试甘蔗品种（系）进行聚类分析,可分为 3 个类群。在 5 个品种（系）中,热甘 11-1559 耐贮性最好,ROC22 和热甘 14-291 次之,热甘 11-122 和热甘 12-60 最差。 相似文献
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国家甘蔗品种第五轮区试漳州蔗区试验结果评价 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
在2005-2006年漳州蔗区进行的2新1宿国家甘蔗品种区域试验中,参试的14个国家甘蔗品种在农艺性状方面表现为出苗率较好,分蘖力强,植株高大。对蔗茎产量和蔗糖分进行综合分析,表现最好的品种是MEX105、LCP85-384、闽糖96-1409,这3个品种蔗茎产量高、蔗糖分好;表现较好的品种是闽糖93-730、桂糖96-154、HoCP92-648、HoCP91-556、福农98-1103和云蔗99-596,这6个品种蔗茎产量、蔗糖分和含糖量都比较好;其余品种在各个方面表现一般。 相似文献
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本研究通过调查2008—2017年广西甘蔗新品种区域试验中‘新台糖22号’（‘ROC22’）的农艺性状,结合分析同期该品种在广西蔗区的生产性状表现,以及种植面积、经济效益变化等情况,结果表明,‘ROC22’的分蘖能力和宿根发株能力随年份增加而逐渐减弱,株高和茎径则在一定范围内波动。2012年之后,平均甘蔗单产持续下降,蔗糖分也出现一定程度下降,以11月蔗糖分下降较为显著;黑穗病发病率迅速上升,从2.94%上升至9.02%,已成为广西甘蔗生产的最主要病害;螟虫危害程度逐年加重,枯心苗率从2.29%上升至4.27%。该品种种植面积于2011年达到顶峰,之后迅速下降,从756.4×103 hm2下降至255.9×103 hm2,占比从69.5%下降至31.6%。广西蔗农种植该品种所获取的原料蔗经济收入从2011/2012榨季的340.4亿元下降至2017/2018榨季的115.2亿元。可见,‘ROC22’在广西作为主栽品种多年,为广西蔗糖产业发展作出了巨大贡献,但随着种植年限的增加,其种性已明显退化,病虫对该品种为害加重,甘蔗产量和蔗糖分显著下降,被其他优良新品种替代已不可避免。 相似文献
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通过对引进甘蔗种质资源24个杂交后代的的10个农艺性状进行主成分分析、回归分析与通径分析,科学评价引种甘蔗种质资源在广西本地的农艺性状表现,探究各农艺性状间的协同制约关系,为甘蔗种质资源的精准评价和杂交育种材料的科学选配提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)主要农艺性状变异系数为6.79%~29.44%,24个甘蔗种质在分蘖和蔗糖产量上有较大的遗传改良潜力。(2)主成分分析将这10个农艺性状凝聚成4个主成分,分别为产量因子、有效茎因子、糖分因子和出苗因子,贡献率分别是35.2%、16.5%、15.3%、12.1%,累计贡献率达到79.1%;(3)通径分析中各性状对糖产量的直接通径系数大小依次为:蔗茎产量(0.927)>蔗糖分(0.399)>单茎重(0.039)。表明:甘蔗品种(系)GUC23-1、GUC15-2、GUC23、GUC34、GUC25在广西的丰产性最优,在甘蔗引种和选育中,考虑将蔗茎产量、蔗糖分、单茎重作为主要选择性状。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》2003,82(1):59-73
Stalk water content is an important variable for a sugarcane simulation model as sugar industries in many countries use cane yield and sucrose content on a wet mass basis for payment and yield reports. The prime objective was to develop a stalk water content module (SWCM) that can be incorporated into a sugarcane simulation model. SWCM starts from consideration of the dynamics of water concentration (ρ, g water g−1 dry matter) along stalks and through seasons. The quantities of stalk water were modelled separately for the top and basal sections of the millable stalks. Field observations showed that the stalk water concentration (ρ) declined from 7.8 to 11.8 in the top internodes to 1.6–2.9 g water g−1 dry matter in bottom internodes. In the basal section, ρ ranged from 1.98 in winter to 2.83 g water g−1 stalk dry matter in summer. A two-parameter equation was used to model ρ and resulted in a range of coefficients of determination from 0.8 to 0.97 for six varieties. The SWCM was developed to simulate both the effects of seasonal variation and the age of internodes on the quantity of stalk water. The module was incorporated into a process oriented model of sugarcane growth for validation against field observations in tropical and subtropical areas of Australia and Hawaii, USA. Comparison of observed yields with cane yield simulated by the model that included the SWCM, gave an average of R2 of 0.95, compared with the average of R2 of 0.97 for simulation of stalk dry matter. The average relative root mean squared error (RMSE) was 15.2% in simulation of cane yield and 15.1% for simulation of cane dry weight. The module can be readily incorporated into a model that simulates sugarcane dry matter so that commercial crop yield can be estimated. 相似文献
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根据海南甘蔗产业现状, 选用新台糖10号、粤糖92/126、粤糖93/159进行品种比较试验,结果表明：粤糖93/159品种分蘖力较强,单位面积有效茎数多,早熟、高产、高糖;榨季多年多点新宿平均,粤糖93/159单位蔗茎产量分别比对照新台糖10号和粤糖92/126增产26.6 %和9.11 %;蔗糖分比新台糖10号、粤糖92/126分别提高0.23、0.26个百分点,含糖量增产31.86 %、39.48 %。另通过对粤糖93/159的应用效果及经济效益分析可知：其引种适应性研究增产增糖效果显著,具有显著的推广应用价值,并对粤糖93/159的大面积推广提出了几点建议。 相似文献
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W.H. White R.P. Viator E.O. Dufrene C.D. Dalley E.P. Richard Jr. T.L. Tew 《Crop Protection》2008,27(9):1256-1261
The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is the key insect pest of sugarcane, Saccharum spp., grown in Louisiana. For more than 40 years, Louisiana sugarcane farmers have used a value of 10% internodes bored at harvest as the economic injury level (EIL). Three plant-cane studies were conducted to re-evaluate the long-standing sugarcane borer EIL level using the most recently released varieties of sugarcane. Varieties were exposed to artificially enhanced borer infestations; the experimental treatments consisted of borer control with insecticides or no control. Data were collected on infestation intensity, damage intensity, and associated yield losses. Crop yields from plots were obtained by mechanical harvesting, and losses were classified as field losses, e.g. losses of gross tonnage in the field and factory losses, e.g., losses that were realized at the factory as cane is being milled. Farm income is based on the product of these two measures of yield, i.e. cane yield×sugar yield. In our study, seasonal stalk-infestation counts did not reveal any indication of preference by the borer moths for a specific variety; infestation pressure was generally uniform within a season among the varieties that we planted. Significant differences were detected among the varieties for harvest percentage of internodes bored as well as yields between borer-controlled and non-controlled plots (P<0.05). In general, varieties were less susceptible to losses in the field (sugarcane yields) than in the factory (sugar yields). As a group, the most recent varieties released to Louisiana growers exhibit more tolerance to the borer than varieties grown 40 years ago. The percent reduction in sugar/ha loss per 1% internodes bored has decreased from an average of 0.74 for varieties grown in the 1960s to 0.61 as a mean for the newly released varieties. Although the cost associated with an insecticide application for sugarcane borer control has increased nearly 4-fold from 1971 to present, sugar yields have increased by approximately 60% allowing farmers to offset some of these increased costs. Our economic analysis indicates that the EIL of 10% internodes bored is too high, considering the high yielding potential and susceptibility of currently grown varieties. For the most at risk farmer, the tenant farmer, a more appropriate value for the EIL is 6% internodes bored. However, this EIL can be raised 12% if a resistant variety is grown. 相似文献
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为探索干旱胁迫对小麦花后不同器官果聚糖生理代谢和转运的影响,以抗旱性有显著差异的两个冬小麦品种为材料,在干旱胁迫(drought stress,DS)和正常灌溉(well watered,WW)条件下,研究了小麦花后主穗颖壳和主茎不同节位果聚糖代谢转运动态规律及其与籽粒灌浆的相关性。结果表明,小麦灌浆期不同器官果聚糖代谢转运受基因型、器官、花后天数和水分环境以及各因子互作显著影响;器官、花后天数和花后天数与水分互作是调控小麦花后果聚糖代谢转运的主要影响因子。小麦花后不同器官果聚糖含量均呈先升后降趋势。与正常灌溉处理相比,干旱胁迫缩短了果聚糖含量峰值出现的时间(提前5d),对果聚糖代谢的影响表现为"先促积累、后促降解"效应,此效应在抗旱品种陇鉴19和小麦颖壳、穗下节和倒二节等器官中更显著。干旱胁迫显著抑制了小麦花后蔗糖:蔗糖果糖基转移酶(1-SST)活性,提高了果聚糖外水解酶(FEH)活性;果聚糖含量与FEH酶活性正相关。小麦粒重与不同器官的1-SST活性、倒二节和倒三节的FEH活性呈显著或极显著负相关;灌浆速率与不同器官的果聚糖含量、颖壳和穗下节的FEH活性呈显著或极显著正相关。干旱胁迫显著促进了小麦不同器官果聚糖的转运和再分配,其转运率和对籽粒粒重的贡献率分别达6.86%~70.52%和0.07%~4.93%,其中,花前显著高于花后,陇鉴19高于Q 9086,穗下节和倒二节高于颖壳和倒三节。 相似文献
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选育及推广应用甘蔗良种能带给蔗糖产业最大化的经济效益,从市场经济的角度客观高效地筛选和评价甘蔗品种对蔗糖生产的可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究旨在对甘蔗的多个目标性状进行经济权重模型的构建,客观评价目标性状的相对重要性,为完善甘蔗育种评价体系和甘蔗良种的推广应用奠定基础。依据云南省18家糖厂3个榨季的调查问卷数据和云南省多年从事甘蔗生产的农户及农场管理人员的调研反馈数据,对整个蔗糖产业各个环节进行成本核算,计算不同经济性状的经济权重,获得了如下主要结果：（1）构建了甘蔗11个育种目标性状的经济权重模型,包括3个直接目标性状（蔗茎产量、甘蔗蔗糖分、纤维分）,8个间接目标性状（茎径、有效茎、株高、蒲心、脱叶性、57号毛群、侧芽、芽突起程度）;（2）基于新植产量63 t/hm 2、糖分12.5%、纤维分12.0%和甘蔗1 a新植2 a宿根生产周期总产量170.73 t/hm 2的条件下,每吨糖的总生产成本为4643.99元,蔗农的生产成本占总成本的68.15%,糖厂的生产成本占总成本的31.85%;当每吨甘蔗的收购价格为440元时,蔗农每吨甘蔗的收益为44.38元,当市场糖价突破每吨糖5000元时,糖厂每吨糖的收益超过356.01元;（3）基于目前人工收获生产模式条件下,甘蔗11个目标性状的绝对经济权重值为：蔗茎产量（t/hm 2）37.95元、商业糖分（%）328.44元、纤维分（%）-22.28元、茎径（cm）320元、有效茎（条/m 2）-80元、株高（cm）0元、蒲心（分级）-760元、脱叶性（分级）-320元、57号毛群（分级）-160元、侧芽（分级）-159.82元、芽突起程度（分级）-63.26元;（4）结合性状遗传增益的分析得到11目标性状的相对经济权重值,依次为商业糖分400.99元、蔗茎产量130.51元、茎径36.93元、株高0元、芽突起程度-5.22元、纤维分-8.25元、脱叶性-21.15元、侧芽-24.30元、有效茎-28.61元、毛群-30.72元、蒲心-200.04元。通过对整个蔗糖产业各个环节成本的核算,利用边际效益的方法构建的目标性状经济权重模型可为甘蔗品种选育和推广应用提供参考和依据。 相似文献
19.
研究应用飞机大规模喷施抗旱型增糖增产剂的实际效果,为在生产上提高甘蔗的抗旱性,实现增产增糖提供依据。本研究在2008/2009和2009/2010两个年度于广西蔗区甘蔗生长后期应用飞机大面积喷施抗旱型甘蔗增糖增产剂共2 400 hm2,以后分别调查其对甘蔗品质及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明:喷施抗旱型甘蔗增糖增产剂后甘蔗绿叶数和叶绿素都有所增加,并提高了蔗汁锤度和重力纯度、甘蔗纤维分和蔗糖分,降低了蔗汁还原糖分,其中以2009～2010年度喷施50 d时表现最为明显,新植和宿根蔗平均甘蔗蔗糖分比对照提高2.23%(绝对值,下同),新植蔗增糖效果优于宿根蔗;不同时期总平均甘蔗蔗糖分比对照提高1.33%。甘蔗株高、茎径、单茎重有一定的提高,平均甘蔗产量比对照增加14.3%,以宿根蔗增产效果优于新植蔗。应用抗旱型甘蔗增糖增产剂可以防止甘蔗叶片早衰,实现增糖增产,节本增效。 相似文献
20.
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) breeding programs in Louisiana have made improving sucrose content a top priority because a short growing season limits cane yield. Using a recurrent selection strategy, the cultivars with the highest sucrose content are crossed, and a new generation of cultivars is selected from the progeny. This study was designed to determine how selection primarily for sucrose content has modified physiological characters, and impacted sucrose content and yield. Five cultivars were randomly selected from each of seven generations of recurrent selection in Louisiana and planted in two experiments. The plant and first stubble crops were harvested late in the harvest season from each experiment. Cane yield and juice quality were determined. Cultivars from the last three generations were superior to cultivars from the first three generations for Brix % cane, sucrose % cane, purity, theoretically recoverable sugar (TRS), cane yield and sugar yield. Fiber % cane was not different among the generations. Selection primarily for sucrose has increased Brix % cane from 14% to 16%, sucrose % cane from 12% to 14%, purity from 82.5% to 87.3%, and TRS from 98 to 122 kg Mg−1. A plateau in juice quality and sucrose yield in the last three generations may indicate that: (1) Louisiana's short growing season may restrict sucrose accumulation; (2) the genetic potential for late season juice quality has been reached with currently available germplasm; or (3) the inclusion of lower juice quality Saccharum spontaneum germplasm into the breeding program in order to increase disease tolerance, cold tolerance, and ratooning ability has diluted the effect of recurrent selection for sucrose. 相似文献