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1.
负压反馈射流喷头(简称射流喷头)是中国自主研发的新型中程灌溉喷头。喷管是喷头的重要组成部分,对喷头水力性能影响重大。为针对性研究喷管参数(仰角、长度组合)对射流喷头水力性能的影响,寻找最优喷管参数,开展了不同喷管参数下射流喷头与PY_210摇臂式喷头水力性能对比试验。结果表明,在相同主喷嘴尺寸时,不同工作压力和不同喷管参数下,射流喷头均同比摇臂式喷头射程远1～2.5 m;射流喷头水量分布中近程呈现较好的"三角形"分布,远处出现水量"凸峰"。最后对试验数据采用综合评分法和熵权法进行分析,同时综合考虑实际喷头野外抗风性能和单一造价,确定最优综合评分下的主副喷管参数为:主副喷管长度组合4.2 cm×4.2 cm,工作压力为0.20～0.30 MPa时,主副喷管仰角40°×40°;工作压力为0.35 MPa时,主副喷管仰角30°×30°。 相似文献
2.
为解决固定式旋转喷头低压喷灌时,水射流向末端集中形成水量分布不均匀的问题,提出水气两相射流进行喷灌的方法。在摇臂喷头结构的基础上,增加掺气结构,形成掺气射流喷头,以相同工作水压力、射流仰角、喷嘴出口流量相同为约束,以及不考虑副喷嘴对喷洒的影响,对比了掺气与不掺气2种情况下 PY20喷头的射程、径向水量分布、1倍射程间距的正方形组合喷灌均匀系数,雨滴粒径等参数。试验结果表明：原不掺气摇臂喷头出口直径7 mm,安装内径2 mm 的掺气管后出口直径改为8.3 mm,此时两者具有相同的出口流量,2种喷头在相同工作压力下具有近似相等的射程;在掺气喷头工作水压低至100 kPa 情况下,喷头仍具有76 mm 水银柱高差的掺气负压能力;掺气摇臂喷头改善了径向水量分布线射程中段的水量,使水量分布线发生了中段略微增高、末端略下降的变化,从而使1倍间距的正方形组合喷灌均匀系数在低于国家标准工作压力的200 kPa 情况下,从62.8%提高到68.8%;采用激光雨滴谱仪测量射程中部和末端2个地方的水滴粒径表明：掺气状态下射程中部的水量累积百分比中位直径 d50远大于不掺气状态,射流末端对比 d50则小于不掺气状态,说明掺气改变了喷头的雨滴粒径分布。该文试验结果证明掺气摇臂喷头在农业喷灌中应用具有可行性。 相似文献
3.
旋转式喷头空间流道设计及低压水力性能试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
喷头在低压工况下存在均匀性较差、射程变短及工作不稳定等问题。为了扩宽喷头的工作压力范围,该研究设计了旋转式喷头空间流道结构。以空间流道仰角、中间截面偏置角、出口截面偏置角为因素,以喷头空间流道出口平均速度和旋转驱动力为指标,采用CFD数值模拟正交设计,分析了空间流道结构参数对喷头水力性能的影响,并对旋转式喷头与相同规格的NelsonR33喷头在不同压力工况下进行水力性能对比试验。结果表明：空间流道各参数对喷头出口平均速度影响顺序依次为：空间流道仰角、中间截面偏置角、出口截面偏置角;对喷头旋转驱动力的影响顺序依次为：中间截面偏置角、空间流道仰角、出口截面偏置角。空间流道结构最佳参数组合为：出口截面偏置角为3°、中间截面偏置角为3.5°和空间流道仰角为30°。在工作压力为150及200 kPa下,旋转式喷头的水量分布更为均匀,组合均匀性系数更高。为扩宽喷头工作压力范围以及提高喷头低压下水力性能提供依据。 相似文献
4.
负压反馈射流喷头主副喷嘴直径及流道结构参数的优化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
负压反馈射流喷头是一种基于射流脉冲特性设计的全圆旋转灌溉喷头。喷头的主副喷嘴尺寸组合对该型喷头脉冲特性和水力性能影响较大。为确定主副喷嘴直径的设计区间及各流道结构参数对喷头性能的影响,首先利用单因素数值模拟方法确定具有良好脉冲效果的主副喷嘴直径设计区间,再以进口流量和射程为评价指标,进行了九因素四水平正交试验。采用极差分析法和相对影响指数评价法处理正交试验结果,得到了喷头主副喷嘴最佳尺寸组合与内部最优流道参数,加工优化后样机进行优化前后喷头水力性能对比试验和数值模拟验证试验。结果表明,在0.15～0.30 MPa工作压力范围内,主、副喷嘴直径的设计区间分别为4.0～4.5 mm、3.5～4.5 mm,最优流道结构具体参数为位差比0.475、侧壁倾角12.0°、劈距比9.0、深宽比2.5、相对曲率半径比3.0、主副喷管相对长度组合8 cm×6 cm、主副喷嘴组合4.5 mm×3.5 mm、仰角30°。优化后的样机比优化前的进口流量降低了12.1%～14.6%、射程增加了6.5%～9.4%,优化后喷头的中近程降水深较优化前减小,远处降水深增加。优化后试验值与模拟值的归一化均方根误差指标分别为4.2%和6.7%,说明优化效果较好,水体模型精度较高。研究提出的最优流道结构参数及研究过程可为喷头后续设计提供参考。 相似文献
5.
全射流喷头喷洒水滴动能分布规律 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
喷灌动能是评价喷头水力性能优劣的重要指标之一。该文在0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30和0.35 MPa工作压力下,采用激光雨滴谱仪测量技术(laser precipitation monitor,LPM)对全射流喷头的水滴直径、速度和水量分布等参数进行试验,研究了单个水滴动能、单位体积水滴动能、动能强度分布规律及动能强度均匀性系数与组合间距之间的关系。结果表明:全射流喷头的单个水滴动能分布与水滴直径之间的关系与该文所建立的模型拟合较好,呈幂函数关系;单位体积水滴动能沿径向呈一次函数关系增大,与压力的-0.556次方呈正比关系;动能强度沿径向逐渐增大,而在射程末端迅速减小至0,随压力增大而减小,且沿径向距离的增大而动能强度减小程度越大;在各工作压力下,全射流喷头的矩形最佳组合间距分别为1.2、1.0、1.1、1.0、1.1倍喷头射程;所对应的动能强度均匀性系数分别为56.6%、71.1%、76.2%、77.2%、72.9%。该结果对研究喷头外特性、优化喷头结构、喷灌系统优化配置提供了一定的理论价值。 相似文献
6.
摇臂式喷头组合喷洒均匀性的改进 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
该文针对摇臂式喷头副喷嘴为圆形,径向水量分布中部较高不利于组合的问题,根据水射流原理,设计出一种新型结构的副喷嘴,其上端设有盖板,起到阻挡水流的作用,使副喷嘴水流射出后主要分散在近处,从而有利于提高组合喷洒的均匀性。分别对15PY、20PY、30PY摇臂式喷头副喷嘴改进前后的水量分布进行了对比试验,同时,以正方形布置方式为例,计算出不同组合间距下的喷洒匀性系数。结果表明：副喷嘴的改进消除了改进前喷头中间部分水量,使径向水量分布呈“三角形”。改进副喷嘴后提高了均匀性系数,不同组合间距下的值均为80%以上,平均喷灌强度符合喷灌规范中的要求。最后,提出副喷嘴改进后15PY,20PY,30PY摇臂式喷头的最佳组合间距分别为1.2R,1.3R,1.1R,计算出组合均匀性系数值分别为85.6%,86.3%,85.3%。改进后的副喷嘴对喷洒均匀性有较好的改善作用。 相似文献
7.
隙控式全射流喷头性能特点及与摇臂式喷头的比较研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
研制了一种新型旋转式喷头——隙控式全射流喷头，介绍了其结构形式及工作原理。首次对二种PX10型号的全射流喷头及一种PY210摇臂式喷头的水力性能进行了对比试验及分析。研究表明：隙控式全射流喷头的流量大于试验用PY2摇臂式喷头8％左右，射程比摇臂式喷头的射程明显加大，最大增幅达到31％。全射流喷头水量分布均匀性与摇臂式喷头相当，但末端雨滴直径小于摇臂式喷头。由于其独特的射流元件及反向机构，全射流喷头结构简单，性能优良，价格低廉，具有显著的节能效果及良好的市场前景。 相似文献
8.
摇臂式喷头(impact sprinkler,PY)出口流体为单相水,全射流喷头(complete fluidic sprinkler,PXH)出口流体为气液两相流,为了深入探索2种类型喷头水滴分布的存在规律及差别,该文采用激光雨滴谱仪测量技术对PY及PXH喷头的水滴分布进行试验研究,采用体积加权法分析了这2种喷头在工作压力为150、200、250、300和350 k Pa情况下,距喷头不同距离处的水滴频率分布、水滴累计频率及中数直径的变化规律。结果表明:1)PXH喷头水滴频率普遍小于PY喷头。PXH喷头和PY喷头水滴频率分布分别符合对数正态分布和正态分布;2)PXH喷头水滴累计频率变化更加均匀,2种喷头的水滴直径分布均符合指数函数分布规律,在距离喷头距离较小时,PXH喷头比PY喷头的拟合精度更高,在距喷头距离为4 m下,PXH喷头拟合函数的R2值较PY喷头高3.5%;3)在低压条件下距喷头不同距离时,PXH喷头的水滴分布更加连续及均匀。建立了2种喷头中数直径与工作压力及距喷头距离的函数。该结果完善了多类型喷头喷洒水力学特性,对研究射流运动模型及喷洒的外特性提供了参考。 相似文献
9.
Teejet雾化喷头的水力性能试验及工作参数优选 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究Teejet雾化喷头工作参数对单喷头及组合喷洒水力性能的影响,进而得到雾化喷头的较优配置工况,该研究通过试验分析、理论计算和综合评价相结合的方法,探究等效直径、安装高度、工作压力对雾化喷头水力性能的影响规律;定量分析得到安装高度、工作压力、等效直径、组合间距与组合均匀性系数之间的关系;构建综合评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法确定雾化喷头最优配置方案。结果表明：1）随着工作压力的升高,喷头喷灌强度峰值逐渐增长;随着安装高度的升高,喷头的喷洒范围增大,水量分布更加均匀;相同安装高度和工作压力条件下,喷嘴的喷灌强度峰值与等效直径呈正比。2）3种等效直径喷头组合均匀性系数随工作压力和组合间距的变化趋势基本一致,组合间距对组合均匀系数的影响最为明显,随着喷头组合间距的增加,喷头的组合均匀系数大多呈先减小后增加再减小趋势。3）雾化喷头最优配置工况为喷嘴等效直径1.81 mm、安装高度0.6 m、组合间距0.2 m、工作压力400 kPa。该研究可为适用于温室的移动式微喷灌机组的参数配置提供依据,并为该机组在全国范围内的推广应用提供理论支撑。 相似文献
10.
摇臂式喷头副喷嘴的主要作用是增加喷头近处的喷水量,从而提高喷头的喷灌均匀度,因此对摇臂式喷头副喷嘴的研究具有重要意义。该文采用流场模拟和试验相结合的方法对摇臂式喷头的副喷嘴结构参数进行了优化设计。首先采用逆向工程的设计方法,运用Pro/E建立了摇臂式喷头的三维结构,选择副喷嘴的仰角和位置为待优化参数,设计出9种副喷嘴结构的摇臂式喷头。运用Pro/E和Hyper Mesh软件建立了9种副喷嘴结构摇臂式喷头的三维内流道模型,利用CFD软件FLUENT对9种喷头的内流道进行三维模拟,运用快速成型技术加工出喷头样品进行试验验证,在矩形组合方式下运用4种插值方法(距离插值法、线性插值法、立方插值法和三次样条插值法)计算喷灌组合均匀度,并且利用Sprinkler3D软件通过二维插值的方法建立了9种喷头的压力水量分布模型,对喷头喷洒均匀性进行评价。结果表明,6号喷头(副喷嘴位置参数为19.8 mm、仰角参数为18°)的模拟流量和速率较大,试验水量分布在2~12 m之间能够保持较好均匀性,且射程达到14 m以上,喷灌均匀度在压力为250和300 k Pa下都达到80%以上。因此,副喷嘴位置参数19.8 mm、仰角参数18°为摇臂式喷头副喷嘴的最佳结构参数。该研究为摇臂式喷头结构设计和喷灌系统优化等提供参考。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献