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1.
三峡库区香溪河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究流域降雨侵蚀力变化规律,利用三峡库区香溪河流域内10个雨量站1971—2010年的日降雨资料,采用降雨侵蚀力日降雨简易模型,分析该流域降雨侵蚀力的年内分配和年际变化规律。在Arc GIS软件支持下,采用克里格插值研究流域降雨和降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征。结果表明:香溪河流域降雨侵蚀力多年变化范围为2 465.26~7 419.29 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),多年平均均值为4 535.63 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),降雨侵蚀力R值的年际分配差异明显,最大年R值为最小年R值的3倍;流域侵蚀力空间变化趋势为从西向东逐渐递减;流域近40多年的降雨和降雨侵蚀力系列比较平稳,经Mann-kendall检验无显著的变化趋势。流域降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量和降雨侵蚀力年内分布较集中,汛期降雨量、汛期侵蚀性降雨量、汛期降雨侵蚀力占全年的比例分别为85.4%、92.4%和94.0%。 相似文献
2.
海南省东方市60年来降雨量及降雨侵蚀力变化趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]分析海南省东方市降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力在不同时间尺度上的趋势变化及其相关性,为该区生态环境建设、水土流失治理及土壤侵蚀机理研究提供科学支持。[方法]根据该地区1956-2015年60a的逐日降雨量数据资料,采用变异系数、趋势系数和气候趋势率分析不同时间尺度的降雨、侵蚀性降雨和降雨侵蚀力的变化趋势。[结果](1)东方市1956—2015年60a来年均降雨量、年均侵蚀性降雨量、年均降雨侵蚀力分别为982.9±36.9mm,816.1±37.6mm和9 441.7±554.2 MJ·mm/(hm~2·h·a),变异系数分别为29.1%,35.7%,45.5%。(2)60a来降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力年际变化均呈一定的增加趋势,趋势系数分别为0.129,0.156,0.198。季、月尺度上变化差异较大,但总体变化格局相似,均呈单峰型分布。(3)降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量及降雨侵蚀力两两之间有极强的线性相关性,且乘幂方程较线性回归方程能更好的反映两两之间的关系。[结论]60a来降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量、降雨侵蚀力均呈现较明显的年际增加趋势,且两两之间呈幂函数关系。 相似文献
3.
依据定西关川河流域1995-2010年的水文站监测数据,分析了该地区降雨特征及其水土流失效应。结果表明:(1)流域降雨事件主要发生在5-9月,7-8月降雨量达到全年最高值,而侵蚀性降雨主要发生在7-8月15a间侵蚀性降雨日数占总降雨日数的9.53%侵蚀性降雨量占总降雨量的39.41%。(2)15a间共观测到1|123d降雨,降雨总量达4866.98mm多年平均降雨量304.19mm,年际变化趋势不明显,每年约10%的侵蚀性降雨事件造成土壤侵蚀。(3)河川径流量与输沙量呈极显著正相关关系(p<0.001),二者均呈波动减少的趋势当表层土壤处于缺水状态时,降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响延迟。(4)由于影响土壤水蚀的因素错综复杂,降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量和降雨侵蚀力均不能独立反映流域土壤侵蚀过程。 相似文献
4.
渭河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]揭示渭河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,为区域水土保持规划提供依据。[方法]根据渭河流域及其周边范围30个气象站点1957—2014年逐日降雨资料,采用章文波日降雨量侵蚀模型计算各站点的降雨侵蚀力,分析其空间分布规律和年内分布特征。[结果]渭河流域多年平均降雨侵蚀力值分布范围为806.25~3 510.81 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),平均值1 798.97 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),与多年平均侵蚀性降雨的空间分布基本一致,总体呈现西北低东南高的趋势。渭河流域降雨侵蚀力年内变化呈单峰型,主要集中在7—9月,占全年降雨侵蚀力的63.91%。北部黄土高原地区和关中平原发生水土流失的时期集中在7—9月,而秦岭北麓地区5—10月均有可能发生较大的水土流域,侵蚀风险由西北向东南递增。流域降雨侵蚀力年际波动较大,年际变率Cv值在34%~56%之间,整体而言,流域西北部地区的降雨侵蚀力年际变化幅度大于东南部地区。除洛川、长武、环县、平凉4个站点降雨侵蚀力在研究时段内有所增大外,其余地区降雨侵蚀侵蚀力呈不同速率的减小趋势。[结论]渭河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布差异显著,尽管流域降雨侵蚀力呈减弱趋势,由于流域地处黄土高原,水土保持与水源涵养工作仍需高度重视。 相似文献
5.
嘉陵江流域水土流失严重,是长江流域重点产沙区之一,研究流域输沙量演变规律及其影响因素,对揭示其水土流失规律及人类活动水文效应具有重要意义。基于嘉陵江北碚站月及年输沙量,分析了流域输沙量演变规律及流域内人类活动对输沙量的影响。结果表明:年输沙量总体呈降低趋势,1980s—1990s年输沙量波动程度相对较大;流域年输沙量在1992年发生突变,突变年份后年径流量有所增加,年输沙量明显减少,突变年份后年输沙量波动程度加剧;年内输沙量主要集中在汛期(7—9月),占全年72%以上,总体变化呈单峰型;根据北碚站1956—2008年降雨—输沙双累积曲线,流域输沙量相对降雨量在1984年发生突变,降水和人类活动在突变年份前后对输沙量衰减的影响分别为25%和75%,人类活动的影响占据了主导地位。 相似文献
6.
[目的]探讨近十年来赣江流域上游主要支流水沙变化的基本特征，阐明赣江上游水土保持措施与河川输沙量的关系，为赣江流域的水土流失综合治理提供科学依据。[方法]以赣江流域上游4条主要支流把口站2011—2020年水沙实测资料为基础，采用累积距平、双累积曲线等方法对支流水沙变化特征进行分析，并结合相关水土保持措施统计数据对输沙模数进行线性回归分析。[结果](1)赣江上游主要支流的降雨量和径流量的变化趋势大体相同，主要支流的输沙量呈现“丰水丰沙，贫水贫沙”的特征。(2)四条支流的输沙量均表现出持续2～3 a的上升(下降)随后出现下降(上升)的间歇性态势。除平江流域外其他流域输沙能力受非自然因素影响较大，影响因素较为复杂。(3) 2011—2020年赣江流域上游支流中平江、桃江及贡水流域输沙模数与5个水土保持因子无显著相关关系。章水流域输沙模数与新增水保林面积呈显著正相关。章水流域输沙模数与水土保持措施因子的关系方程如下：Mz=0.019S水保林+5.126(Mz表示章水的年输沙模数，S水保林代表对应支流流域内... 相似文献
7.
[目的]降雨是黑土坡耕地水力侵蚀的动力来源,研究天然降雨条件下坡耕地土壤侵蚀特征对水土流失防治具有重要意义。[方法]基于黑龙江省海伦市光荣小流域2021—2022年不同坡度(3°,5°和7°)顺坡垄作径流小区观测的43场次侵蚀性降雨事件,采用K-Mean聚类法对比分析不同雨型和坡度下径流与输沙特征,并探讨影响坡耕地径流与输沙的影响因素。[结果]研究区以短历时、大雨强、小雨量的降雨(雨型3)为主,其次是中等历时、中等雨强、中等雨量的降雨(雨型2),长历时、小雨强、大雨量的降雨(雨型1)极少发生。相同雨型下,累积径流深和输沙量均随坡度的增加而增大。相同坡度下,不同雨型对累积径流深响应不同,累积输沙量整体表现为雨型3贡献最高(50.90%～57.90%),雨型2次之(37.60%～44.10%),雨型1最低。雨型2事件降雨侵蚀力和坡度对径流深产生直接影响,径流深和坡度对输沙量产生直接影响。雨型3事件降雨侵蚀力通过直接和间接作用影响径流深,进而影响输沙量。[结论]对所有雨型事件,降雨侵蚀力和坡度是影响坡耕地径流深的主控因子,径流深和坡度是影响坡耕地输沙量的主控因子。 相似文献
8.
利用汾河上游出口控制站兰村水文站1954—2013年汛期降雨、径流和输沙实测资料,采用线性趋势分析和双累积曲线法分析了汾河上游汛期悬移质输沙变化特征和驱动力对输沙的影响。结果表明,(1)近60年来汾河上游汛期悬移质输沙量和径流量下降显著,且输沙量变化幅度大于径流量。(2)近60年来汾河上游汛期降雨量变化不显著,但降雨量与径流量(P0.01)、降雨量和输沙量(P0.01)均显著线性相关。(3)近60年来特别是2000年以后汾河上游发生洪水特别是较大洪水的次数显著减少。(4)近60年汾河上游悬移质输沙量的变化大致分为4个阶段,1959年、1981年和2002年是3个转折点。1959年以前主要受降雨和径流的影响;1959—1981年,汾河水库的修建是悬移质输沙量减少的主要驱动力;1981—2002年,降水减少、经济活动和水土保持使得径流量减少,输沙能力减弱;2002年以后,降雨减少特别是暴雨减少,经济活动和水土保持使得径流量和输沙量继续减少,而汾河二库的建设,则使得兰村站悬移质输沙量变为0。 相似文献
9.
降雨侵蚀力表示降雨引起土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,对土壤侵蚀定量预报及评价研究有重要意义。利用三峡库区香溪河流域兴山气象站1990—2009年20 a的逐日降雨量资料,采用日降雨侵蚀力模型估算了研究区的降雨侵蚀力,分析了降雨侵蚀力的年内、年际演变特征,并以此为基准值建立了降雨侵蚀力简易算法模型。结果表明:香溪河流域年内降雨侵蚀力R主要集中在5—8月,占全年的71%,峰值与侵蚀性降雨峰值一致,均出现在7月;R值年际变化较大,变异系数达到0.36,多年平均降雨侵蚀力为4 361.55（MJ·mm）/（hm2·h）,R值与年降雨量和年侵蚀性降雨量年际变化趋势基本一致,但也存在少数异常年份,多年降雨侵蚀力年际变化趋势系数为0.106,呈增加趋势;简易算法模型决定系数均在0.9以上,相对误差较小,均能满足要求,可应用于研究流域,但降雨侵蚀力精确值未知,模型参数有待进一步优化。 相似文献
10.
[目的]揭示黄土高原典型多沙粗沙区河口—龙门区间降雨时空分布特征及其与流域产沙的关系,为区域水土保持规划的制定提供科学依据。[方法]基于降雨和产沙模数资料,采用泰森多边形加权变差系数法、K-means聚类分析以及线性回归分析,系统研究河口—龙门区间降雨和产沙的空间变异规律。[结果] 1959—2015年期间,河龙区间汛期降雨和汛期降雨侵蚀力具有相同的空间分布特征,但是汛期降雨侵蚀力表现出更强的空间变异性,两者在年内和年际时间尺度上分别表现出相同的空间分布特征,并且具有纬度地带性(p0.01)。汛期降雨和汛期降雨侵蚀力在支流尺度上的空间变异性差异不大,具有同增同减的变化趋势。[结论] 1959—2015年期间,水土流失大规模治理以前,河口—龙门区间流域产沙主要受降雨的影响(p0.01),水土流失治理以后,流域产沙量锐减,降雨和流域产沙模数无显著相关关系。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
15.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献