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1.
玉米拔节期冠层叶绿素含量多光谱图像检测 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为了探索大田玉米冠层叶片叶绿素指标的快速检测方法。采用自主研发的2-CCD多光谱图像成像系统采集了大田玉米拔节期冠层图像,并同步获取了样本叶绿素含量指标SPAD值。对多光谱图像进行了平滑滤波,并基于HSI颜色空间实现了冠层图像的分割。提取了玉米冠层可见光(blue(B),green(G),red(R);400~700 nm)和近红外(near-infrared,NIR,760~1 000 nm)4个波段平均灰度值并计算了平均灰度值计算比值植被指数(RVI,ratio vegetation index)、归一化植被指数(NDVI,normalized difference vegetation index)、修改型二次土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI2,modified soil-adjusted vegetation index)等8种常见植被指数作为图像检测参数。分析了这12个检测参数与叶绿素指标之间的相关性,讨论了图像检测参数的多种组合,建立了叶绿素指标的多元线性回归分析(MLRA,multiple linear regression analysis)模型。研究结果表明:R、G、B波段的平均灰度值与叶绿素指标成较高负相关,相关系数分别为-0.73,-0.71和-0.71,植被指数中相关性较好的是NDVI、MSAVI2和RVI,相关系数分别为0.83、0.81和-0.81。基于这6个参数组合建立的叶绿素指标估算模型拟合度最好,其建模集决定系数为0.79,验证集决定系数为0.71,研究结果为无损检测玉米拔节期叶绿素含量提供了支持。 相似文献
2.
冬小麦苗期叶绿素含量检测光谱学参数寻优 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
光谱分析技术是作物生长检测的主要手段,为了解决大田漫反射采集所造成的光谱基线漂移和偏移问题,研究采集了冬小麦冠层325~1 075 nm范围反射光谱,采用多元散射校正方法对小麦原始光谱进行预处理。采取遗传算法对光谱特征参数寻优并结合相关分析结果,选取486、599、699和762 nm波长处反射率值并组合计算了RVI(ratio vegetation index),DVI(difference vegetation index),NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)和SAVI(soil-adjusted vegetation index)共12个植被指数,分析了各植被指数与叶绿素含量值之间的相关关系,结果显示:DVI和SAVI可抑制苗期土壤背景干扰并对叶绿素含量响应较为敏感,与叶绿素含量相关性最优的参数分别为DVI(762,599)、SAVI(762,599)、DVI(762,699)和SAVI(762,699),与叶绿素含量的相关系数都达到0.6以上。基于相关性最优光谱植被指数DVI(762,699)和SAVI(762,599)利用最小二乘-支持向量回归建立冬小麦叶绿素含量预测模型,建模集决定系数为0.681,验证集决定系数为0.611。该模型可用于无损检测冬小麦苗期叶绿素含量,以期为后续施肥决策提供支持。 相似文献
3.
基于成像光谱技术的寒地玉米苗期冠层氮含量预测模型 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了探索寒地玉米冠层氮素含量,以不同氮素水平下玉米大田试验为基础,利用高光谱成像技术探讨苗期玉米冠层光谱,通过相关矩阵法选择植被指数的变量,并依据叶片氮素含量与植被指数的相关性,建立玉米冠层氮素含量预测模型。结果表明:根据玉米冠层高光谱图像,选择与各波段相关性较强的525、566、700、715、895 nm作为植被指数的变量,构建与氮素含量相关性强的植被指数归一化植被指数NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)、归一化光谱植被指数NDSI(normalized difference spectral index)、比值光谱指数RSI(ratio spectral index)、差值光谱指数DSI(difference spectral index)。以与叶片氮素含量相关性较高的植被指数为自变量,建立单变量、多变量回归预测模型。采用单变量NDVI二次函数回归模型作为0、50 kg/hm~2施氮量下玉米冠层氮素含量预测模型,其R~2分别为0.719、0.803。在100 kg/hm~2施氮量下玉米冠层氮素含量的预测模型为3变量回归模型,其R~2达到0.657。用置信椭圆F检验法检验预测模型,其F值均小于F0.05,估测值与实测值间R2分别是0.724、0.798、0.655,标准误差RMSE分别为0.156、0.140、0.156 mg/g,表明实测值和估测值间的差异不明显,预测模型可用。 相似文献
4.
为了利用冠反射光谱特征监不同筋力小麦品种的生理特征差异,利用不同筋力小麦冠层反射光谱的差异,可对不同小麦品种进行遥感识别与监测。试验以低筋小麦品种扬麦13和高筋小麦品种徐麦31为材料,结合不同生育时期两品种叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量和叶片氮含量的变化,以及相应的光谱参数,分析不同筋力小麦冠层反射光谱的变化特征。结果表明,在近红外和可见光波段,从拔节期到蜡熟期,扬麦13的冠层光谱反射率均高于徐麦31,在孕穗期两品种的差异最显著;LAI、叶片叶绿素和氮含量均在开花时达最大值,扬麦13的叶绿素含量明显高于徐麦31,而LAI和叶片氮含量则低于徐麦31。比值植被指数(RVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)与LAI;红边位置(λr)、红边幅值(Dr)与叶绿素含量,氮素反射指数(NRI)、抗大气植被指数(VARIgreen)与叶片氮含量极显著相关,表明RVI、NDVI可以反演LAI;λr、Dr可以反演叶绿素;NRI、VARIgreen可以反演叶片氮含量的变化。以上光谱参数能反映小麦相关指标的变化情况,不同时期可运用小麦冠层反射光谱进行不同筋力小麦品种识别,孕穗期为最佳识别时期。通过本研究,以期为不同筋力小麦品种的遥感识别提供依据。 相似文献
5.
基于遥感监测多品种玉米成熟度进而掌握最佳收获时机，对提高其产量和品质至关重要。该研究在玉米成熟阶段获取无人机多光谱影像，同步采集叶片叶绿素含量（chlorophyll content，C）、籽粒含水率（moisture content，M）、乳线占比（proportion of milk line，P）等地面实测数据，以此构建玉米成熟度指数（maize maturity index，MMI），从而定量表征玉米成熟度。通过MMI与植被指数构建回归模型和随机森林模型，验证MMI适用性，并分析无人机遥感对不同品种玉米成熟度的监测精度。结果表明：1）不同品种玉米的叶片叶绿素含量、籽粒含水率、乳线占比的变化速率均存在差异。2）MMI与所选植被指数的相关性均可达到0.01显著水平，其中与归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetation index，NDVI）、转换叶绿素吸收率（transformed chlorophyll absorbtion ratio index，TCARI）相关性最高，相关系数均为0.87。3）该研究基于不同组合的数据集进行了模型验证，其中随机森林模型对MMI的估测精度最高，测试集决定系数（coefficient of determination，R2）为0.84，均方根误差（root mean squared error，RMSE）为8.77%，标准均方根误差（normalized root mean squared error，nRMSE）为12.05%。此外，随机森林模型对不同品种MMI的估测精度较好，京九青贮16精度最优，其中R2、RMSE、nRMSE为0.76、10.67%、15.88%，模型精度证明了可以利用无人机平台对不同品种玉米成熟度进行监测。研究结果可为多光谱无人机实时监测农田多品种玉米成熟度的动态变化提供参考。 相似文献
6.
基于GF-1 WFV数据的玉米与大豆种植面积提取方法 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
准确掌握农作物的空间种植分布情况,对于国家宏观指导农业生产、制定农业政策有重要意义。针对黑龙江省玉米与大豆生育期接近、光谱特征相似,较难区分的问题,以多时相16 m空间分辨率高分一号(GF-1)卫星宽覆盖(wide field of view,WFV)影像为数据源,选择归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)、宽动态植被指数(wide dynamic range vegetation index,WDRVI)、归一化水指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)4个特征,结合实地调查样本点,采用随机森林分类算法,提取黑龙江省黑河市嫩江县玉米与大豆种植面积。研究表明,区分玉米与大豆的最佳时段为9月下旬至10月上旬,即大豆已收获而玉米未收获的时段,在4个待选特征中,NDVI、NDWI与WDRVI指数组合表现最佳;随机森林算法与最大似然算法、支持向量机算法相比,分类精度更高,其总体分类精度为84.82%,Kappa系数为77.42%。玉米制图精度为91.49%,用户精度为93.48%;大豆制图精度为91.14%,用户精度为82.76%。该方法为大区域农作物的分类提供重要参考和借鉴价值。 相似文献
7.
利用无人机多光谱估算小麦叶面积指数和叶绿素含量 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
利用无人机遥感的方式进行农作物长势监测是目前精准农业、智慧农业发展的重要方向,为了探究无人机多光谱反演小麦叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)和叶绿素含量的模型估算潜力,该研究在3个飞行高度(30、60、120 m)采集多光谱影像,通过使用全波段差值光谱指数(Difference Spectral Index,DSI)、比值光谱指数(Ratio Spectral Index,RSI)、归一化光谱指数(Normalized Spectral Index,NDSI)和经验植被指数与地面实测数据进行相关性分析,获得不同高度下的光谱指数与LAI和叶绿素含量的关系模型及其决定系数,以决定系数为依据分别构建多元逐步回归、偏最小二乘回归和人工神经网络模型,分析不同飞行高度无人机多光谱反演小麦冠层LAI和叶绿素含量SPAD(Soil and Plant Analyzer Development)值的精度。结果表明:1)30 m高度下,绿-红比值光谱指数与小麦LAI的相关性最高,相关系数为0.84;60 m高度下,红-蓝比值光谱指数与小麦叶绿素含量的相关性最高,相关系数为0.68;2)在60 m高度下,经验植被指数与小麦LAI和叶绿素含量的相关性较好,最大相关系数分别为0.77和0.50;3)利用偏最小二乘回归反演小麦LAI的精度最高,决定系数为0.732,均方根误差为0.055;利用人工神经网络模型反演小麦叶绿素含量的精度最高,决定系数为0.804,均方根误差0.135。该研究成果可为基于无人机平台的高通量作物监测提供理论依据,并为筛选无人机多光谱波段实现作物长势参数快速估测提供应用参考。 相似文献
8.
高光谱信息量巨大,如何选取最佳组合波段构建高精度光谱模型,是植被参数遥感反演模型研究的重要工作基础。该研究将最佳指数与相关系数通过熵权评价值进行融合,提出最佳指数-相关系数法(optimum index factor and correlation coefficient,OIFC)。基于OIFC法选取了小麦叶片叶绿素含量的最佳组合波段,并利用最佳组合波段的高光谱数据建立小麦叶片叶绿素含量预测模型。结果表明:利用OIFC法所提取的小麦叶绿素最佳组合波段是760、1 860、1 970 nm;对比最佳指数法(optimum index factor,OIF)、最大相关系数法(maximum correlation coefficient,MCC)提取波段以及归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、土壤调和植被指数(soil-adjusted vegetation index,SAVI)所建立的叶片叶绿素含量高光谱模型,基于OIFC法构建的模型预测值与实测值具有显著的线性关系,决定系数达0.827,且均方根误差最小(RMSE=5.44)。可见,基于OIFC法构建的小麦叶绿素含量模型具有更高的精度,该结果验证了利用OIFC法提取高光谱特征波段的可行性,并且能够获得更高建模精度的特征波段。 相似文献
9.
通过两年两个不同品种水稻在不同供氮水平下的田间试验，测定了水稻冠层在生长过程中不同时期的高光谱反射率及对应的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量，分析了微分光谱对消除水稻冠层光谱的背景影响和植被指数在农学参数测定中的作用。结果表明：由微分光谱所得的红边位置、红边斜率与盖度和供氮水平之间有一定的相关性，与叶面积指数、地上生物量及冠层叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量有显著相关；水稻多光谱植被指数RVI、NDVI与叶面积指数LAI及其地上部生物量之间有极显著相关性；高光谱植被指数及其变量与植被盖度、供氮水平、叶面积指数、地上生物量及叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量之间存在相关性。这表明，用微分光谱技术与植被指数方法来监测水稻的色素含量和长势应该是可行的。 相似文献
10.
利用HJ-1-A/B CCD2数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
叶面积指数是十分重要的作物生理生态参数,为提高利用国产环境减灾小卫星CCD数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数的精度,该文以5种常用的植被指数(归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI),增强植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI),双波段增强植被指数(2-bands enhanced vegetation index,EVI2),比值植被指数(ratiovegetation index,RVI),土壤调节植被指数(soil-adjusted vegetation index,SAVI)为基础,结合3种常用的回归模型,按生长阶段比较分析了不同植被指数和回归模型反演叶面积指数的精度。结果表明,除生殖生长阶段外,叶面积指数和5种植被指数之间均有较强的相关关系;指数模型和一元线性模型分别为全生育期和营养生长阶段的最佳拟合模型;EVI在全生育期拟合时的表现好于其他4个指数(R2=0.9348),SAVI则是营养生长阶段表现最佳的指数(R2=0.9404)。该研究为进一步利用植被指数反演叶面积指数提供了参考。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献