共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 593 毫秒
1.
采用间歇法模拟研究醋酸-醋酸铵缓冲体系中草酸对高岭石的溶解特征,以了解低分子量有机酸溶解高岭石时,其质子和配体的相对贡献.试验表明:反应液中Al、Si浓度随草酸浓度提高、反应液pH降低及反应时间的推移而增加,当草酸浓度为10 mmol/L,反应液pH为3.5,反应1 656 h后A1、Si的浓度达到最高,分别为2.27和1.86 mmol/L;且配体(RL)促进速率随着反应液酸度的增强而升高;低浓度草酸(1 mmol/L)时,增幅随pH的降低而大幅增加,高浓度草酸(≥5 mmol/L)时,随着酸度的升高,增幅大幅减弱;相对于质子对高岭石的溶解作用,本试验浓度及酸度范围内,配体对高岭石溶解的贡献是主要的. 相似文献
2.
采用间歇法(batch method)模拟研究醋酸-醋酸铵缓冲体系中柠檬酸对高岭石的溶解特征。结果表明:反应液中Al、Si浓度随柠檬酸浓度提高、反应液pH降低及反应时间的推移而增加;且低浓度柠檬酸(1mmol L-1)时,随着酸度的升高,配体促进溶解速率(RL)减小;高浓度柠檬酸(≥5mmol L-1)时,随着酸度的升高,配体促进溶解速率(RL)增加,但增幅随pH的降低而大幅减弱;且随着酸度的升高,配体对高岭石溶解的贡献相对减弱,但相对于质子,本试验柠檬酸浓度及酸度范围内,其对高岭石溶解的贡献仍是主要的。 相似文献
3.
醋酸棉酚对土壤脲酶动力学特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过不同浓度醋酸棉酚存在下的土壤脲酶催化尿素水解试验,研究醋酸棉酚对土壤脲酶的抑制作用,得到酶促反应的降解动力学参数和有关的热力学参数.结果表明,醋酸棉酚对土壤脲酶活性的抑制能力随醋酸棉酚浓度的增大而增强.由尿素浓度的倒数和水解速率的倒数为横纵标的双倒数曲线得到米氏常数(Km)和最大速率(Vmax),随着醋酸棉酚浓度的增大,酶促反应的Km和Vmax降低.在温度30℃时,Km由3.918 mol/L降到1.164 mol/L,Vmax由1.185×10-4 mol/(g·h)降到5.6×10-6 mol/(g·h).在醋酸棉酚的影响下,酶促反应的热力学参数包括活化能(Ea)、活化焓变(△H)和温度系数(Q10)有所下降. 相似文献
4.
盐池沙地不同土壤水分条件下沙柳的光响应研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在半干旱的盐池沙区,运用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统,测定了3 a生沙柳在不同水分条件下叶片光合和蒸腾作用的光响应特性.结果表明;0～2 000μmol/(m2·s)PAR范围内,沙柳在土壤水分为2%,4%,8%,12%时的光饱和点分别为1 340,1 520,1 550和1 633 μmol/(m2·s),随土壤含水量的增大而增大;Tr随PAR的增高不断增大;最大Pn分别为8.7,9.1,9.47和19.52 μmol/(m2·s);维持较高的Pn,即净光合速率达到最大的80%时,最低光照强度均在500μmol/(m2·s)以上;既保证较高的光能利用效率又维持较高的水分利用效率的光强600～1 500 μmol/(m2·s).沙柳平均Pn随着土壤含水量的增大而增大,而平均WUE在土壤含水量为8%时达到最大值,因此,沙柳的光能利用效率和水分利用效率都比较好的SWC应该为8%左右. 相似文献
5.
桑色素络合测定酸性土壤溶液中无机单核铝的方法比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
选择桑色素(Morin)作络合试剂,运用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和荧光分光光度计测定了酸性土壤溶液中的无机单核铝。由分析试剂与铝的比例、络合试剂的溶解介质及缓冲液的pH等的不同形成三种不同的方法。通过比较三种方法的线性范围、准确度和精密度及方法间的相关性,结果表明,采用乙醇溶解的桑色素(1.0×10-4mol L-1)在pH4.0的1.0 mol L-1乙酸铵-乙酸缓冲体系中反应后,荧光分光光度计(Ex=403.3 nm,Em=490 nm)测定酸性土壤溶液中无机单核铝更适宜。 相似文献
6.
用自行设计的动力学装置,研究了酸性条件下Cu在可变电荷土壤表面的反应动力学吸附特征。结果表明,在酸性条件下,Cu吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应。从一级动力学方程拟合的参数可知,3种土壤的最大吸附量依次为砖红壤〉赤红壤〉红壤,Cu最大吸附量随酸度增加显著下降;用Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程常数b值,解释离子的表观扩散速率,3种土壤的b值依次为砖红壤〉赤红壤〉红壤,且随酸度的增大而降低。从相关系数的比较看,Elovich方程在描述Cu的吸附数据比一级动力学方程和抛物线扩散方程要差。在Cu吸附过程中,pH为5．5和4．3时,红壤和赤红壤流出液中有质子释放,质子的释放可能涉及铜离子的水解;而砖红壤在pH为5．5有质子的释放,pH4-3时有质子的消耗。当原液pH为3.3和3．8时,都存在质子的消耗。3种土壤H＋的消耗过程有较大的区别,砖红壤上快速消耗H＋鱼-远远大于红壤和赤红壤。反应初期,H＋质子的消耗是快速反应,主要包括土壤交换阳离子的缓冲作用、土壤表面的质子化及硫酸根专性吸附释放的羟基中和H＋质子;而以后的反应中,H＋质子对矿物的溶解是一缓慢过程。 相似文献
7.
伊犁河流域新垦区杨树水保林水分生态效益研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对伊犁河流域新垦区两种造林密度杨树水保林林地土壤水分渗透速率、土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤蒸发量、杨树蒸腾速率进行了测定,结果表明:(1)加水初期(0～4 h)内3种测地土壤水分渗透速率排序为2 m×4 m＞1.5 m×2 m＞对照地.(2)加水后土壤含水量以2 m×4 m林地变幅最大(2.09%),其水分增加值分别为对照地和1.5 m×2 m林地的1.47倍和4.18倍.(3)2 m×4 m林地1天中最高地温(23.87℃)出现在16:00,而1.5 m×2 m林地地温在14:00-18:00较高.(4)全天各时段2 m×4 m林地的蒸发量均大于1.5 m×2 m林地,2 m×4 m林地土壤日蒸发总量为2.47 g/(dm2·d),比1.5 m×2 m林地高0.91 g/(dm2·d).(5)1.5 m×2 m林地杨树日蒸腾量为111.47 g/(dm2·h),2 m×4 m林地仅有87.81 g/(dm2·h). 相似文献
8.
黔中喀斯特地区不同林型春季土壤呼吸研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统及土壤呼吸叶室6400-09对黔中喀斯特地区5种林型的土壤呼吸速率进行了测定和分析.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率日动态均呈单峰型;马尾松林土壤呼吸速率的昼夜变化值比阔叶林平均高0.91 CO2 μmol/(m2·s),其中凋落物部分平均高1.50 CO2 μmol/(m2·s);呼吸速率日均值为马尾松林(4.41 μmol/m2·s)>柏木林(3.55 μmol/m2·s)>阔叶林(3.49 μmol/m2·s)>灌木林(3.32 μmol/m2·s)>针阔混交林(3.05 μmol/m2·s);呼吸速率日极差与El呼吸速率平均值的比值为马尾松林(40.56%)>灌木林(23.91%)>针阔混交林(23.29%)>阔叶林(18.46%)>柏木林(13.70%);凋落物占土壤呼吸速率的比重为马尾松林>针阔混交林>灌木林>柏木林>阔叶林;土壤呼吸速率与5 cm土温关联较大;土壤湿度与土壤呼吸速率值呈负相关. 相似文献
9.
不同土壤水分条件下白榆的光响应研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在黄土半干旱地区,利用LI- 6400便携式光合仪的Li-6400-02B红蓝光源设定从0～2 000 μmol/(m2·s)的光强,通过人工控水的方法取得不同的水分梯度,对白榆的各生理生长参数的光响应规律进行研究,结果表明光辐射强度和土壤含水量对白榆的净光合速率,蒸腾速率和水分利用效率有十分显著的影响.白榆光合速率Pn在土壤含水量为17.68%左右时达到最大,光合利用率在光强为1 200～1 600 μmol/(m2·s)时较高.蒸腾速率Tr在各水分梯度下随光强的增大有增大的趋势,水分利用效率WUE在土壤含水量为14.86%左右达到最大,在光强为800～1 500 μmol/(m2·s)时较高.因此,白榆生长的适宜水分条件为14.86%～17.68%,光强为1 200～1 500 μmol/(m2·s)时,光能和水分利用效率都较高. 相似文献
10.
用自行设计的动力学装置研究了酸性条件下H -Ca2 在红壤表面的反应动力学能量特征。结果表明 ,酸性条件下Ca2 吸附分为快反应和慢反应。用一级动力学方程拟合的Ca2 最大吸附量随酸度增加显著下降 ,随温度升高提前达到平衡。用双常数方程描述Ca2 在吸附点位能量分布的不均匀性 ,用扩散速率常数计算的活化能 (Eb )随酸度的增加而增加 ,Ca2 扩散需克服的能障加大 ;ΔH 值为正 ,温度升高可促进Ca2 的扩散 ;ΔS 值均为负 ,说明吸附反应使体系有序度增加。原液pH为 4 .5和 5 .6时 ,流出液的pH急剧下降 ,H 表观释放量用一级动力学和双常数方程拟合为最佳模型 ,其次是Elovich方程、扩散方程和零级方程 ;pH5 .6处理时H 、Al3 扩散进入溶液克服的能障比pH 4 .5处理的小 ,后者质子扩散需热能较大而不易进行 ;H 扩散活化焓变为正 ,其扩散是吸热过程。pH 3.5时流入液比流出液的pH高 ,是由于土壤的缓冲作用、土壤表面质子化和硫酸根专性吸附释放羟基 ;当溶液中H 超过一定数量后 ,向颗粒表面扩散的H 量比向外释放的多 ,反应初期的H 消耗是快反应过程。H 消耗的活化能及热焓比其释放的低 ,更有利于H 的吸附 ,因H 对矿物的溶蚀成为速率控制步骤 ,H 对矿物的溶解可用扩散方程和Elovich方程描述 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献