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1.
基于改进极限学习机的水体溶解氧预测方法   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
为了有效地指导水产养殖生产，提高溶解氧浓度预测的精度，提出了基于因子筛选和改进极限学习机（Extreme Learning Machine，ELM）的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型。首先，利用皮尔森相关系数法计算各影响因子与溶解氧浓度间的相关系数，提取强关联因子，降低预测模型的输入量维度；采用偏最小二乘算法（Partial Least Square, PLS）优化传统ELM神经网络，避免网络中隐含层共线性问题，保障输出权值的稳定性；然后，结合新型激活函数，构建水体溶解氧浓度预测模型。最后，将SPLS-ELM（Selection Based Partial Least Square Optimized Extreme Learning Machine）预测模型应用到江苏省无锡市南泉基地某试验池塘的水体溶解氧预测中。试验结果表明：该模型的预测均方根误差为0.3232，与最小二乘支持向量机（Least Square Support Vector Machine，LSSVM）、BP神经网络、粒子群（Particle Swarm Optimization，PSO）优化LSSVM和遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm, GA）优化BP神经网络相比分别降低40.98%、44.48%、34.73%和44.18%。且该模型的运行时间仅0.6231s，预测精度和运行效率明显优于其他模型。该模型的溶解氧预测曲线接近真实溶解氧变化曲线，能够满足水产养殖实际生产对水体溶解氧预测的要求。  相似文献   

2.
主成分分析和长短时记忆神经网络预测水产养殖水体溶解氧   总被引：16，自引：11，他引：5  
为了提高水产养殖溶解氧预测的精度,提出了基于主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和长短时记忆神经网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型。首先通过主成分分析提取水产养殖溶解氧的关键影响因子,消除了原始变量之间的相关性,降低了模型输入向量维度;然后,在Tensorflow深度学习框架的基础上建立LSTM神经网络的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型;最后,利用该模型对浙江省淡水水产养殖研究所综合实验基地某池塘溶解氧进行验证。试验结果表明:该模型与BP神经网络等其他浅层模型相比,模型评价指标平均绝对误差、均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.274、0.089和0.147,均优于传统的预测方法;该模型具有良好的预测性能和泛化能力,能够满足水产养殖溶解氧精确预测的实际需要,可以为水产养殖水质精准调控提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
基于K-means 聚类和ELM神经网络的养殖水质溶解氧预测   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3  
宦娟  刘星桥 《农业工程学报》2016,32(17):174-181
为解决养殖水质溶解氧预测传统方法引入不良样本、精度低等问题,该文以2014、2015年江苏常州养殖基地水质和气象数据为基础,提出了一种基于K-means聚类和ELM神经网络（extreme learning machine,ELM）的溶解氧预测模型。采用皮尔森相关系数法确定环境因素与溶解氧的相关系数,自定义相似日的统计量－相似度,通过K-means聚类方法将历史日样本划分为若干类,然后分类识别获得与预测日最相似的一类历史日样本集,将其与预测日的实测环境因素作为预测模型的输入样本建立ELM神经网络溶解氧预测模型。试验结果表明,该模型均具有较快的计算速度和较高的预测精度,在常规天气下,平均绝对百分误差和均方根误差分别达到1.4%、10.8%;在突变天气下,平均绝对百分误差和均方根误差分别达到2.6%和11.6%,有利于水产养殖水质精准调控。  相似文献   

4.
采用改进长短时记忆神经网络的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型   总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1  
为了精确预测水产养殖溶解氧变化趋势,该研究提出了基于K-means聚类和改进粒子群优化(Improved Particle Swarm Optimization,IPSO)的长短时记忆(Long Short-term Memory,LSTM)神经网络预测模型。根据环境因子间的相似度,应用改进的K-means聚类算法将环境数据划分为若干类。在此基础上,基于LSTM神经网络算法构建改进的水产养殖溶解氧预测模型,并引入改进粒子群优化算法对模型参数进行优化,以减少经验选取参数的盲目性。在不同天气状况下利用该模型对溶解氧进行预测。试验结果表明,在良好天气情况下,该模型预测误差曲线波动较小,预测精度更高。当天气发生突变时,溶解氧预测模型评价指标平均绝对百分误差、均方根误差、平均绝对误差和纳什系数分别为0.129 5、0.645 3、0.461 3和0.902 2。该模型一定程度改善了天气突变状况下的数据缺失、鲁棒性差等问题。  相似文献   

5.
针对单一预测模型预测养殖pH值精度低等问题,提出集合经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD)和改进人工蜂群算法(improve artificial bee colony,IABC)相结合的南美白对虾工厂化养殖pH值组合预测模型。在建模过程中,利用EEMD算法对原始pH值时间序列进行多尺度分解,得到一组平稳、互不耦合的子序列;根据各子序列变化特征选择适宜的单项预测方法并建模,通过改进人工蜂群(IABC)算法优化复杂非线性组合预测模型目标函数权重系数,构建了工厂化养殖pH值非线性组合预测模型。利用该模型对广东省湛江市2014年9月8日-2014年9月15日期间工厂化养殖pH值进行预测,结果表明,该预测模型取得了较好的预测效果,与模拟退火优化BP神经网络(simulated Annealing-BP neural network,SA-BPNN)和遗传算法优化最小二乘支持向量回归机(genetic algorithm-least square support vector regression,GA-LSSVR)对比分析,模型评价指标平均绝对百分比误差MAPE、均方根误差、平均绝对误差MAE和相关系数R2分别为0.0035、0.0274、0.0224和0.9923,均表明该文提出的组合预测模型具有更高预测精度,能够满足实际南美白对虾工厂化养殖pH值精细化管理需要,也为其他领域pH值预测提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
为提高电子皮带秤连续累计称量精度,针对严重影响精度的电子皮带秤跑偏,采用对皮带秤现有原始传感器的数据挖掘实现跑偏量实时在线检测,以取代传统硬件检测设备。引入流形学习和深度学习,分别提出了基于局部切空间排列(local tangent space alignment,LTSA)+广义回归神经网络(generalized regression neural networks,GRNN)和基于连续深度置信网络(continuous deep belief networks,CDBN)的在线跑偏特征提取模型,再结合极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)以跑偏特征为模型输入进行跑偏量预测。最后通过试验对该文提出的在线跑偏量预测模型的性能进行了验证:LTSA+GRNN+ELM平均跑偏预测精度为93.33%,平均每组预测时间38.29 ms;CDBN+ELM预测精度则高达98.61%,平均每组预测时间1.47 ms。二者预测精度和实时性皆表明能取代传统硬件检测装置,为皮带跑偏检测提供了一种方法,为进一步的皮带秤在线精度补偿和故障预测提供了必要依据。  相似文献   

7.
养殖池塘溶解氧是河蟹赖以生存的重要指标,及时准确地掌握溶解氧浓度变化趋势是确保高密度河蟹健康养殖的关键。为提高溶解氧预测精度和效率,该文提出了蚁群算法(ACA)优化最小二乘支持向量回归机(LSSVR)的河蟹养殖溶解氧预测方法。采用蚁群算法对最小二乘支持向量回归机的模型参数进行优化,并以自动获取的最佳参数组合构建溶解氧与其影响因子间非线性预测模型。利用该模型对江苏宜兴市2010年7月20日～7月28日期间高密度养殖池塘溶解氧进行预测。研究表明,该预测模型取得较好的预测效果,与支持向量回归机和BP神经网络相比,模型评价指标均方根误差、相对均方误差均值、平均绝对误差和和决定系数和运行时间分别为0.0328、0.0016、0.0448、0.9916和3.3275s均优于其他预测方法,ACA-LSSVR模型不仅计算复杂度低、收敛速度快、预测精度高、泛化能力强,还能满足实际高密度河蟹养殖溶解氧管理的需要,为其他领域的水质预测提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
基于CGA-BP神经网络的好氧堆肥曝气供氧量预测模型   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为提高好氧堆肥曝气供氧量的曝气效率以及预测精度,该研究利用遗传算法（genetic algorithm, GA）对标准反向传播（back propagation, BP）神经网络的初始权值和阈值进行优化,再利用克隆选择算法（clonal genetic algorithm, CGA）优化遗传算法中的变异算子并复制算子,加快获取最优参数的速度,构建基于CGA-BP神经网络的曝气供氧量预测模型。为验证CGA-BP模型的有效性,与BP模型、GA-BP模型预测结果进行对比。试验结果表明：克隆遗传算法优化BP神经网络能加快获得最优解,效率相比BP模型和GA-BP模型分别提高了75.36%、51.30%;在曝气供氧量预测模型中,CGA-BP模型具有更准确的预测效果,预测精度为99.65%,而BP模型与GA-BP模型预测精度分别为96.99%、99.26%;CGA-BP模型评价指标的均方误差、平均绝对误差、平均绝对百分误差分别为0.003 4、0.038 9和0.350 6,均小于BP神经网络和GA-BP神经网络模型评价指标的误差;利用CGA-BP好氧堆肥曝气供氧量预测模型对好氧堆肥发酵过程进行精准...  相似文献   

9.
BP神经网络和SVM模型对施加生物炭土壤水分预测的适用性   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
生物炭作为土壤改良剂对半干旱区土壤水分有良好的吸持作用,为确定施加生物炭对土壤水分预测模型适用性的影响,依托黄土高原半干旱区固原生态站开展了小区定位试验。向土壤中施加不同种类及比例的生物炭,定期监测土壤水分含量;考虑土壤含水量的非线性特征以及生物炭对土壤水分的影响,选取BP神经网络和SVM支持向量机两种模型,建立施加生物炭土壤水分预测模型。计算预测值,并与实测值对比,分析相对误差;利用RMSE、MRE、MAE和R2评估BP神经网络和SVM模型的精度。结果表明;BP神经网络预测值的平均相对误差为3.78%,最大误差为13.14%;SVM模型的平均相对误差为0.56%,最大误差为2.42%。SVM模型的RMSE、MRE、MAE值(分别为0.34~0.17,0.07,0.56~1.27)均小于BP神经网络的(分别为1.04~1.16,0.47~0.68,3.78~4.57),且决定系数R2值SVM模型(0.96~0.99)大于BP神经网络(0.56~0.64)。BP神经网络和SVM模型均能很好地预测施加生物炭的土壤水分,但SVM模型预测结果更加稳定,精度较高,更适于施加生物炭土壤水分的预测。该研究可为半干旱地区生物炭还田土壤水分的预测及管理提供理论依据。  相似文献   

10.
基于经验模态分解与BP神经网络的农机总动力增长预测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为提高农机总动力增长变化预测结果的准确性和可靠性,根据农机总动力增长变化与其影响因素之间具有在各时间尺度明显的非线性波动特征,提出以1986—2013年农机总动力增长为研究对象,分别对农机总动力增长及其影响因素时间序列数据进行经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD),对得到的各时间尺度下的波动分量分别建立BP神经网络预测模型。将EMD-BP网络预测结果与多元线性回归、支持向量机、BP神经网络进行对比分析,结果表明:基于EMD-BP网络建立的农机总动力增长预测模型,拟合和预测平均相对误差分别为0.99%和1.29%,相关决定系数约为0.999,均方根误差为316.35 MW,模型评价等级为"好",各项精度评价指标都优于其他方法,因此该预测模型精度高、可靠性强。研究成果为农业机械化发展规划的制定和出台相关政策提供有效参考。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

15.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.  相似文献   

20.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

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